This document discusses different types of batteries used in electric vehicles. It describes lithium-ion batteries as the most common type due to their high energy density and power-to-weight ratio. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are also used in hybrid electric vehicles. Lead-acid batteries have short lifespans and perform poorly in cold temperatures, limiting their use. The document outlines the components, properties, and working principles of batteries, and examines applications of electric vehicle batteries in transportation, energy storage, and portable electronics. It concludes that batteries will have a large impact on reducing pollution in electric vehicle sectors.

1. Title: - Case Study of different types of batteries for e-Vehicles.
Abstract: -
We use batteries on a daily basis for numerous applications, to include
electronics (digital & video cameras/disk players/radios/portable
televisions/medical monitoring devices/calculators/cell phones/laptops etc.),
transportation (automobiles/trucks/motorcycles/dunebuggies/golf carts/self-
driven lawnmowers/spaceshuttles etc.), and numerous others activities
essential to our day-to-day existence (watches / alarms / clocks / telephones /
computers / flashlights / motorized shavers and toothbrushes /emergency
generators etc.).
Introduction: -
An electric-vehicle battery (EVB, also known as a traction battery) is a battery
used to power the electric motors of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid
electric vehicle (HEV). These batteries are usually rechargeable (secondary)
batteries, and are typically lithium-ion batteries. These batteries are
specifically designed for a high ampere-hour (or kilowatt-hour) capacity.
Electric-vehicle batteries differ from starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI)
batteries as they are designed to give power over sustained periods of time
and are deep-cycle batteries. Batteries for electric vehicles are characterized
by their relatively high power-to-weightratio, specific energy and energy
density; smaller, lighter batteries are desirable because they reduce the weight
of the vehicle and thereforeimprove its performance. Compared to liquid
fuels, most currentbattery technologies have much lower specific energy, and
this often impacts the maximum all-electric rangeof the vehicles.
The most common battery type in modern electric vehicles are lithium-ion and
lithium polymer, becauseof their high energy density compared to their
weight. Other types of rechargeable batteries used in electric vehicles include
lead–acid ("flooded", deep-cycle, and valve regulated lead acid), nickel-

2. cadmium, nickel–metal hydride, and, less commonly, zinc–air, and sodium
nickel chloride ("zebra") batteries.[1] Theamount of electricity (i.e. electric
charge) stored in batteries is measured in ampere hours or in coulombs, with
the total energy often measured in kilowatt-hours.
Methodology used (Technology used): -
Sensor & Electronic Components used: -
Cells are comprised of 3 essential components.
 The Anode is the negative or reducing electrode that releases electrons
to the external circuit and oxidizes during and electrochemical reaction.
 The Cathode is the positive or oxidizing electrode that acquires electrons
fromthe external circuit and is reduced during the electrochemical
reaction.
 The Electrolyte is the medium that provides the ion transport
mechanismbetween the cathode and anode of a cell. Electrolytes are
often thought of as liquids, such as water or other solvents, with
dissolved salts, acids, or alkalis that are required for ionic conduction. It
should however be noted that many batteries including the conventional
(AA/AAA/D) batteries contain solid electrolytes that act as ionic
conductors at roomtemperature.
Desirableproperties for anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials are noted
below.
Anode material should exhibit the following properties
 Efficient reducing agent
 High coulombic output
 Good conductivity
 Stable
 Ease of fabrication
 Low cost
 Metals such as Zinc and Lithium are often used as anode materials.

3. Cathode material should exhibit the following properties
 Efficient oxidizing agent.
 Stable when in contact with electrolyte
 Useful working voltage
 Ease of fabrication
 Low cost
 Metallic oxides such as are often used as cathode materials
The most desirable anode-cathodematerial combinations are those that result
in light-weight cells with high voltage and capacity. Such combinations may not
always be practical as a resultof extenuating factors such as material handling
difficulty, reactivity with other cell components, difficulty of fabrication,
polarization tendencies, and cost prohibitive materials.
Electrolytes should exhibit the following properties
 Strong ionic conductivity
 No electric conductivity
 Non-reactivity with electrode materials
 Properties resistanceto temperature fluctuations
 Safeness in handling
 Low cost
 Aqueous solutions such as dissolved salts, acids, and alkalis are often
used as electrolytes
Circuit Diagram & Block Diagram Flowchart: -

4. Working Principle of Batteries: -
When in operation the electrochemical cell essentially discharges its
chemical energy in favor of electric energy. If the cell is connected via an
external circuit fromthe cathode to the anode, electrons flow from the
oxidized anode and are received by the cathode, which is subsequently
reduced. The electric circuit is completed by cations and anions, within the
electrolyte, which flow to the cathode and anode, respectively.

5. Application: -
 Electric Vehicles
1. Benefits include positiveimpact on environmentvia a reduced
dependence on fossilfuels.
2. Desired properties include high specific energy/density to provide
adequate vehicle driving range, high power density to provide
acceleration, and low cost/low maintenance.
3. Research primarily centered around Sony’s (Japan) Lithium-ion and
Avestor’s (Canada) Lithium-polymer battery systems.
 Electric Hybrid Vehicles
1. Benefits include less fuel consumption per mile, and a subsequent
reduction in pollution.
2. Desired properties include high specific power and power density for
acceleration, the ability to accept high power repetitive charges
stemming fromregenerative braking, and a moderate cost.
3. Research is centered around SAFT’s (France) NickelMetal Hydride
battery system.
 Electric Utility Energy Storage
1. Benefits are primarily centered around the cost-savings derived from
additional energy availability during peak usage.
2. Desired properties include low initial cost, high reliability when
operated, and high volumetric energy and power densities.
3. Research primarily centered around Sumitomo’s (Japan) Vanadium
Redox and Power cell’s (USA) Zinc Bromine Systems.
 Storageof Electric Energy produced by Renewable Energy sources such
as Solar or Wind generators.
1. Benefits are primarily centered around cost-savings derived from
energy availability, when the energy sourceis not available. Typical
applications include village power, telemetry, telecommunications,
remote homes, etc.
2. In addition to the aforementioned characteristics of Electric Energy
Storage, target systems mustbe deemed operable in the renewable
energy environment

6. 3. Research includes Innogy’s (United Kingdom) PolysulfideBromine
Redox system.
 Improved PortableElectronics.
1. Research is primarily driven by the demand for further
miniaturization of electronic equipment.
2. Desired properties include low cost, lightweight, safesystems with
high specific energy/power and power density.
3. Research primarily centered around Lithium Ion, Nickel Metal
Hydride, ValveRegulated Lead Acid, and Nickel Cadmium systems.
Types of E-Vehicle’s batteries
1. Lithium-ion batteries
The most common type of battery used in electric cars is the lithium-ion
battery. This kind of battery may sound familiar – these batteries are also used
in most portable electronics, including cell phones and computers. Lithium-ion
batteries have a high power-to-weightratio, high energy efficiency and good
high-temperature performance. In practice, this means that the batteries hold
a lot of energy for their weight, which is vital for electric cars – less weight
means the car can travelfurther on a single charge. Lithium-ion batteries also
have a low “self-discharge” rate, which means that they are better than other
batteries at maintaining the ability to hold a full chargeover time.
Additionally, mostlithium-ion battery parts are recyclable making these
batteries a good choice for the environmentally conscious. This battery is used
in both AEVs and PHEVs, though the exact chemistry of these batteries varies
fromthose found in consumer electronics.
2. Nickel-metal hydridebatteries
Nickel-metal hydridebatteries are more widely used in hybrid-electric vehicles,
but are also used successfully in some all-electric vehicles. Hybrid-electric
vehicles do not derive power from an external plug-in sourceand instead rely

7. on fuel to rechargethe battery which excludes them from the definition of an
electric car.
Nickel-metal hydridebatteries have a longer life-cycle than lithium-ion or lead-
acid batteries. They are also safeand tolerant to abuse. The biggest issues with
nickel-metal hydridebatteries is their high cost, high self-dischargerate, and
the fact that they generate significantheat at high temperatures. These issues
make these batteries less effective for rechargeable electric vehicles, which is
why they are primarily used in hybrid electric vehicles.
3. Lead-acid batteries
Lead-acid batteries are only currently being used in electric vehicles to
supplement other battery loads. These batteries are high-powered,
inexpensive, safe, and reliable, but their shortcalendar life and poor cold-
temperature performancemake them difficult to usein electric vehicles. There
are high-power lead-acid batteries in development, but the batteries now are
only used in commercial vehicles as secondary storage.
4. Ultracapacitors
Ultracapacitors are not batteries in the traditional sense. Instead, they store
polarized liquid between an electrode and an electrolyte. As the liquid’s
surfacearea increases, the capacity for energy storagealso increases.
Ultracapacitors, like lead-acid batteries, are primarily useful as secondary
storagedevices in electric vehicles becauseultracapacitors help
electrochemical batteries level their load. In addition, ultracapacitors can
provideelectric vehicles with extra power during acceleration and regenerative
braking.
Conclusion: -
In this case study we studied and learnt aboutthe batteries and
batteries used in e-vehicles which gives us the knowledge about how batteries
work and used in e-vehicles. By the study of this paper, we got familiarize with

8. batteries and technology used in e-vehicles. Also understood that how to
utilize the batteries for e-vehicles.
Finally, we came to know the benefits of having this technology in the
vehicle which can be used to avoid the pollution in environments. On the basis
of that we conclude that batteries in e-vehicles and e-vehicles automobile
sector will haveimmensive impact on mankind.
References: -
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery
2. https://www.energysage.com/
3. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/