The document discusses a seminar on high capacity and high energy density cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, covering topics such as the history, advantages, and challenges of lithium-ion technologies. It focuses on various cathode materials, their characteristics, and methodologies for improving performance through innovative synthesis techniques. The document concludes with insights on future research directions for enhancing lithium-ion battery efficiency.

1. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
centre for post graduate studies, Bangalore
seminar
on
High Capacity and High Energy Density Cathode
Materials for Lithium Ion Battery
By
Under the Guidance of
Natraj
USN: 1VW12INT12
Dr. Dinesh R
Special officer, VTU CPGSB

2. INDEX
Introduction
to Battery – Timeline
Lithium
ion battery
Cathode
materials
Advantages
and Disadvantages of LI-Ion Batteries
Advances
in cathode materials
Promising
cathode materials
Methodologies
References

3. Battery
A battery
is a transducer that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy and vice versa.
It
contains
An anode - source
A cathode - sink
An electrolyte - the separation of ionic transport
and electronic transport
Types: Primary
and secondary

4. Timeline for the major events in the history of batteries

5. Introduction to Li-Ion Battery
The
name of “lithium ion battery” was given by T. Nagaura and K.
Tozawa
The
concept of “lithium ion battery” was firstly introduced by Asahi
Kasei Co. Ltd
Lithium ion
batteries were first proposed by M. S. Whittingham in
the 1970’s. Whittingham used TiS2 as the cathode and Lithium metal
as the anode.
The
1991
first commercial lithium-ion battery was released by Sony in

6. Why Li-Ion Battery?
Li
is lightest metal
one
of the highest standard reduction potentials (-3.0 V)
 Theoretical specific
capacity of 3860 Ah/kg in
comparison with 820 Ah/kg for Zn and 260 Ah/kg for Pb
performance
is related not only capacity but also to how
fast current can be drawn from it: specific energy (Wh/Kg),
energy density (Wh/cm3) and power density (W/Kg)

7. Schematic representation of a Lithium-ion cell

8. Advantages of Lithium-ion batteries

POWER – High energy density means greater power in a
smaller package.
◦ 160% greater than NiMH
◦ 220% greater than NiCd

HIGHER VOLTAGE – a strong current allows it to power
complex mechanical devices.

LONG SHELF-LIFE – only 5% discharge loss per month.
10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd

9. Disadvantages of Lithium-ion batteries

EXPENSIVE

DELICATE

REGULATIONS

10. Cathode materials
A
cathode is the electrode of an electrochemical cell at
which reduction occurs
Common
cathode materials of Lithium-ion batteries are
the transition metal oxide based compounds such as
LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, LiFePO4

11. characteristics of cathode materials
A high
discharge voltage
A high
energy capacity
A long
cycle life
A high
power density
Light weight
Low
self-discharge

12. Parameters effecting Cathode behavior
Method of
Particle
preparation
size
Morphology
Temperature

13. CATHODE MATERIALS
Material
Structur
Potential vs.
e
Li/Li+, average v
Specific
capacity,
mAh/g
Specific
energy,
Wh/kg
LiCoO2
Layered
3.9
140
546
LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2
(NCA)
Layered
3.8
180-200
680-760
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2
(NMC)
Layered
3.8
160-170
610-650
LiMn2O4
Spinel
4.1
100-120
410-492
LiFePO4
olivine
3.45
150-170
518-587

14. Ways to Improve Cathode Performance
•
Increasing Energy Density
•
Thin nano-plate materials
•
30 nm LiFePO4 nano-plates performed better than
thick material
•
Surface Coating of cathodes with either ionically or
electronically conductive material
• AlF3 coating on oxide materials is shown to improve
performance

15. Problems in the usage of Cathode materials

Raw material cost

Environmental impact of large-scale cells and mass
production

Production cost of solid-state synthesis using high and long
heating process

Heat generation from the cathode in a fully charged state

Sensitivity of safety for charge cutoff voltages

Low practical capacity of the cathode being half that of a
carbonaceous anode

16. Methodologies
There are several methods to synthesize the cathode materials of average
particle size and good crystallinity.
Hydrothermal process
Solvothermal process
Supercritical fluid process
Spray pyrolysis process

17. Conclusions and what does the future hold

In present day common Lithium transition compounds such
as
LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4 are used as cathode material in
battery cell production, and they have shown a good performance
during charge and discharge cycling

For the future there are still a number of actions of interest to further
develop the performance of derived LiFePO4/C cathode material

We expect upcoming researches on this new framework will lead to
better cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

18. References
•Directed growth of nanoarchitectured LiFePO4 electrode by solvothermal synthesis and their
cathode properties
Authors: Dinesh Rangappa, Koji Sone, Tetsuichi Kudo, Itaru Honma
•Synthesis of LiMn2O4 nanoparticles made by flame spray pyrolysis
Authors: T. J. Patey,ab R. Bu¨ chel,c M. Nakayamab and P. Nova´k*a
•Monodisperse Porous LiFePO4 Microspheres for a High Power Li-Ion Battery Cathode by
Solvothermal process
Authors: Chunwen Sun, Shreyas Rajasekhara, John B. Goodenough,* and Feng Zhou
•Flame spray-pyrolyzed vanadium oxide nanoparticles for lithium battery cathodes
Authors: See-How Ng, Timothy J. Patey et.al
•Rapid one-pot synthesis of LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn) colloidal nanocrystals by supercritical
ethanol process
Authors: Dinesh Rangappa,* Koji Sone, Masaki Ichihara, Tetsuichi Kudob and Itaru Honma*
•Recent developments in cathode materials for lithium ion batteries
Author: Jeffrey W. Fergus
more
……. and many