07 electrostatic generators
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The document describes two types of electrostatic generators: the Wimshurst machine and the Van der Graaf generator. The Wimshurst machine uses two plastic discs that generate static electricity through friction as they spin, storing opposite charges in two Leyden jars. The Van der Graaf generator uses a motorized rubber belt to continuously charge a hollow metal sphere to very high voltages through induction, causing sparks to form when objects touch the sphere.
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This document summarizes the components and working of a simple AC generator. It consists of a field magnet that produces a magnetic field, an armature coil that rotates in this field, slip rings to carry the changing current from the rotating coil, and brushes that transfer this current to an external circuit. As the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic flux which induces an electromotive force based on Faraday's law of induction, causing an alternating current to be generated. Some applications of AC generators include charging batteries in vehicles, powering diesel locomotives, and generating electricity on boats.
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dc Generator Ppt
1) DC generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy through Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an EMF is induced in the conductor.
2) The main components of a DC generator are the yoke, field electromagnets, armature, commutator, and brushes. The armature is wound with coils and rotates within the magnetic field produced by the field electromagnets to generate an EMF.
3) As the armature rotates, the commutator and brushes are used to periodically reverse the direction of current in the external circuit, thereby producing direct current. Losses in the generator arise from copper, iron, and mechanical components
Synchronous generator
1) Synchronous machines have a rotor supplied by an external DC source that produces a rotating magnetic field. This induces a voltage in the stator windings.
2) The rotor can have either salient or non-salient poles and is laminated to reduce eddy currents. DC power is supplied to the rotor via slip rings and brushes or a brushless exciter.
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1) DC generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy through Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an EMF is induced in the conductor.
2) The main components of a DC generator are the yoke, field electromagnets, armature, commutator, and brushes. The armature is wound with coils and rotates within the magnetic field produced by the field electromagnets to generate an EMF.
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2) The rotor can have either salient or non-salient poles and is laminated to reduce eddy currents. DC power is supplied to the rotor via slip rings and brushes or a brushless exciter.
3) An equivalent circuit model represents the internal generated voltage and accounts for armature reaction, inductance, and resistance effects on the terminal voltage.
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electrostatic Van de graaff generator
This kind of Van de Graaff generator is made up of:
• A motor
• Two rollers
• A belt
• Two brush assemblies
• An output terminal (usually a metal or aluminum sphere)
The strong negative charge from the roller now begins to do two things:
1. It repels the electrons near the tips of the lower brush assembly.
2. It begins to strip nearby air molecules of their electrons.
Applications:
1. It is used to generate x-rays, which is widely used in medicine field.
2. It is used in atom smasher’s, which is used in research purposes.
3. It found applications in physics, medicine, and astro physics.
Electrostatic geneartors
Brief of High Voltage DC generation "Electrostatic generators method " such as Van de graaf generator and wimshurst machine
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A.c circuits
1) Effective current in an AC circuit is 0.707 times the maximum current. Effective voltage is 0.707 times the maximum voltage.
2) Inductive reactance is directly proportional to frequency and inductance. Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency and capacitance.
3) Impedance is the total opposition to current flow in an AC circuit consisting of resistance and reactance. Power is consumed only by the resistive component of impedance and is proportional to the cosine of the phase angle.
Pmmc instrument
The document describes the construction and working of a permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) instrument. It has a rectangular coil wound with copper wire that is mounted on a pivoted aluminum former and moves freely in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is controlled by springs and damped using eddy currents produced in an aluminum cylinder. Current passing through the coil experiences an unbalanced magnetic field that produces a torque proportional to the current.
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The document discusses the construction and operation of synchronous generators. It describes how a synchronous generator works by applying a DC current to the rotor to create a rotating magnetic field, which induces a 3-phase voltage in the stator windings. It also discusses the rotor, field windings, armature windings, brushless excitation systems, equivalent circuits, phasor diagrams, and the effects of load changes on generators operating alone or connected in parallel.
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1. The syllabus covers 5 units - introduction to protection schemes, operating principles of electromagnetic and static relays, apparatus protection, circuit interruption theory, and circuit breakers.
2. Unit 2 discusses the operating principles of electromagnetic relays like overcurrent, directional, distance, differential and under frequency relays. It also introduces static relays.
3. Directional relays use both current and voltage inputs to operate only for a specific direction of power flow, while non-directional relays operate based only on current.
Transformer
Transformers can step up or step down voltages and currents, and allow AC to pass while blocking DC. They consist of primary and secondary windings wound around an iron core, with no electrical connection between windings. The voltage induced in the secondary winding depends on the ratio of turns between the windings. Auto transformers have a single winding used for both primary and secondary, providing no electrical isolation and allowing the full voltage to pass to the load if open circuited. Transformer rectifier units convert AC to DC using a transformer to step down the voltage which is then rectified.
Circuit breakers
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Transformer
A transformer consists of two coils with a mutual magnetic field that allows it to convert alternating current of one voltage to another without changing frequency. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between the primary and secondary windings. There are several types of losses that occur in transformers like copper, eddy current, and hysteresis losses. The ratio of voltages out to voltages in depends on the turns ratio of the number of windings in the primary coil to the secondary coil. Transformers can either step up or step down voltages and are used widely in power transmission and applications requiring different voltages.
ppt on the Transformer
This document provides an overview of a training seminar on transformers presented for partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the basic principles and components of transformer operation, including mutual induction, core types, windings, and losses. Key points covered include how transformers transfer power between circuits via changing magnetic fields without altering frequency, and how the turns ratio determines the voltage ratio between primary and secondary coils. The document also describes transformer construction, testing procedures, and the core building process used in transformer manufacturing.
Electromagnetism
The document discusses how electromagnetic induction works to generate electricity using magnets and coils of wire. It explains that changing magnetic fields can induce currents in conductors and that this principle is used in electrical generators. It also describes how transformers work to change voltage levels, using step-up transformers to increase voltage for long-distance transmission and step-down transformers to decrease voltage for safe household use.
Dc voltage
This document discusses several methods for measuring high DC voltages:
1. Series resistance micrometers measure voltage by passing a known small current through a high-value resistor and measuring the voltage drop, allowing measurement up to 500kV.
2. Resistance potential dividers use two high-value resistors to proportionally step down a high voltage to a measurable level.
3. Generating voltmeters induce a small current proportional to the measured voltage without a direct connection.
4. Sphere gaps measure peak voltages up to 2500kV by measuring the sparkover voltage between two conductive spheres. Atmospheric conditions and spacing accuracy affect measurements.
Power factor
This document provides an overview of power factor, including basics, causes of low power factor, disadvantages, correction methods, and advantages of correction. It defines power factor as the ratio of true power to apparent power. Induction motors, transformers, and other inductive loads cause low power factors. Correcting power factor reduces equipment sizes and losses, improves voltage regulation, and avoids penalties under power factor tariffs. Static capacitors and synchronous condensers are common correction methods.
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electrostatic Van de graaff generator
This kind of Van de Graaff generator is made up of:
• A motor
• Two rollers
• A belt
• Two brush assemblies
• An output terminal (usually a metal or aluminum sphere)
The strong negative charge from the roller now begins to do two things:
1. It repels the electrons near the tips of the lower brush assembly.
2. It begins to strip nearby air molecules of their electrons.
Applications:
1. It is used to generate x-rays, which is widely used in medicine field.
2. It is used in atom smasher’s, which is used in research purposes.
3. It found applications in physics, medicine, and astro physics.
Electrostatic geneartors
Brief of High Voltage DC generation "Electrostatic generators method " such as Van de graaf generator and wimshurst machine
Van de graaff generator - class 12 investigatory project
The Van de Graaff generator uses a moving belt to accumulate a very high electrical potential on a hollow metal sphere, producing voltages as high as 5 megavolts. It was invented in 1929 by Robert Van de Graaff and uses electrostatic induction to continually charge a hollow conductor. Applications include demonstrating electric fields and particle acceleration for nuclear physics experiments, though modern uses are largely limited to academic demonstrations due to other acceleration methods being developed. It works by corona discharge from sharp points on a moving belt transferring charge to a spherical conductor, with the process repeating to continually build up voltage on the sphere.
Van de graff ppt
The document describes the Van de Graff generator, which uses a moving belt to generate very high voltages. It was invented in 1929 and can now produce voltages up to 5 megavolts. It works by using combs to impart negative charges to a moving belt from a grounded lower electrode and transfer those charges to an upper electrode and metal sphere at high voltage. Applications include accelerating subatomic particles for nuclear reactions and medical cancer treatments. However, it produces very low current, is costly to maintain due to its large size, and has limitations in the maximum voltage it can generate due to air ionization.
Ven de graaff generator 745
As the belt passes in front of the lower comb, it receives negative charge that escapes from its points due to the influence of the electric field around the lower pulley, that ionizes the air at the points. As the belt touches the upper roller (3), it transfers some electrons, leaving the roller with a negative charge (if it is insulated from the terminal), which added to the negative charge in the belt generates enough electric field to ionize the air at the points of the upper comb. Electrons then leak from the belt to the upper comb and to the terminal, leaving the belt positively charged as it returns down and the terminal negatively charged. The sphere shields the upper roller and comb from the electric field generated by charges that accumulate at the outer surface of it, causing the discharge and change of polarity of the belt at the upper roller to occur practically as if the terminal were grounded. As the belt continues to move, a constant charging current travels via the belt, and the sphere continues to accumulate negative charge until the rate that charge is being lost (through leakage and corona discharges) equals the charging current...............The larger the sphere and the farther it is from ground, the higher will be its final potential.
Van de graaff
Robert Van de Graaff was a scientist who invented the Van de Graaff generator in 1929. The Van de Graaff generator is a device that uses a moving belt to separate positive and negative electrical charges, creating high voltage static electricity on a metallic sphere. It works by using an electrode on a belt to transfer positive charges to a hollow metallic sphere, leaving negative charges on the opposite side of the belt.
Van De Graaff
Robert Van de Graaff invented the Van de Graaff generator in 1933, which could produce voltages over 7 million volts. He studied at the University of Alabama, Queen's College, Princeton, and Harvard Medical School. Van de Graaff used his generator and other high voltage inventions to help treat cancer with radiation and for precision radiography during World War II. He founded the High Voltage Engineering Corporation and received recognition for his scientific contributions.
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ganesh ppts on supercritical thenology
This document discusses supercritical power plants. It begins by defining critical condition as the state of a substance beyond which there is no clear distinction between the liquid and gaseous phases. It then defines a supercritical plant as one that operates above the critical condition, with water reaching this state at 374°C and 22.1 MPa pressure.
The document explains that supercritical plants have higher efficiency than subcritical plants, operating at temperatures over 580°C and pressures over 23 MPa, yielding efficiencies as high as 46%. This is more efficient than subcritical plants which operate at 455°C and efficiencies around 40%. Supercritical plants also reduce emissions by burning less coal per kWh produced.
Electromagnetic pump
This document discusses electromagnetic pumps. It begins by introducing the concept of using electromagnetic forces to pump liquid metals based on Fleming's Left Hand Rule. It then describes three main types of EM pumps: conduction pumps, induction pumps, and thermoelectric pumps. The document notes that the two main applications of EM pumps are for cooling nuclear reactors and transporting molten metals in foundries. It provides diagrams and descriptions of the internal components and functioning of EM pumps, including how they use a transformer effect to induce high currents in the liquid metal. Finally, it outlines the advantages of EM pumps having no moving parts but limited uses due to power losses and requirement of electrically conductive liquids.
Zigbee technology
ZigBee is a wireless technology standard developed for low-cost, low-power wireless networks for applications like home automation and industrial control. It uses small, low-power digital radios to form mesh networks that can self-heal and scale to thousands of devices. ZigBee networks are reliable, secure, and interoperable, allowing devices from different manufacturers to communicate. Common applications of ZigBee include smart energy, lighting controls, HVAC systems, medical devices, and more due to its ability to run for years on inexpensive batteries.
Uninterrupted power supply
A sudden loss of power will disrupt most business operations, it is not only total mains failures or
‘blackouts’ which can trigger devastating effects. Many electrical loads, for example computer
systems, are equally susceptible to power sags, brown-outs, black-outs, power spikes and surges,
noise and radio frequency interference, and supply frequency changes.
Such loads are often referred to as ‘critical loads’, partly because their continuous operation is
fundamental to the functioning of the business, and also because they require a more stable and
reliable power source than that generally offered by the utility mains supply in order to guarantee
their correct function.
Critical Load Applications
The numbers and types of load falling into the ‘critical’ category are rapidly expanding as an
ever increasing range of microprocessor-based equipment enters both the industrial and commercial
marketplaces. This is typified by the growth of on-line transaction processing and Ecommerce
where 24 hour trading demands absolute power quality with zero downtime.
Among typical critical loads are:
• Computers – e.g. data processing and control systems.
• Industrial process equipment – e.g. precision manufacturing.
• Medical equipment – e.g. life support and monitoring systems.
• Telecommunications network equipment – e.g. PABX.
• Point of sales (POS) terminals – e.g retailing environment.
• On-line business transactions – e.g. internet shopping.
The effects of an inadequate supply to a critical load can include:
• Cessation of the business process – i.e. a total inability to trade and/or communicate
• data loss or corruption due to software crashing
• Expensive hardware failure including component damage – e.g. due to power sags,
spikes etc.
• Production loss due to incorrect operation of a manufacturing process and possible
production equipment damage
• Inappropriate control system operation
• Lost business due to failed POS or telecommunications equipment
• Possible time penalty paid to repair/reset affected systems
Powerformer ppt presented by b.yedukondalachari
Powerformer ppt presented by b.yedukondalachari from pnc&viet in electrical & electronics engineering department.
1ф PWM Sine wave Inverter
This document describes a 1Ф PWM sine wave inverter project. It focuses on converting DC to pure AC sine wave output. The methodology uses low voltage DC to low voltage AC conversion followed by step up to high voltage AC. The key blocks include a sine wave generator, triangle wave generator, MOSFET bridge, driver and filter to generate a pure sine wave output. Inverters are useful for powering devices from batteries or solar panels through AC power.
Design of inter poles
Interpoles are used in DC motors and generators to reduce the effects of armature reaction. They are small poles placed between the main poles that are wound with turns carrying the full armature current. This helps neutralize the cross-magnetizing effect of armature reaction and improves commutation. The interpole windings produce a commutating EMF that aids in reversing the current in the armature coils during commutation. Together, this allows for sparkless commutation even at higher loads and currents. The design of interpoles involves determining the required mmf to overcome armature reaction effects and provide the desired flux density in the interpole gaps.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
PWM adalah teknik modulasi lebar pulsa yang digunakan untuk mentransfer data telekomunikasi atau mengatur tegangan sumber konstan dengan menghasilkan tegangan rata-rata yang berbeda. PWM bekerja dengan memanipulasi lebar pulsa sinyal atau tegangan dalam periode tertentu. Ada dua jenis PWM, analog dan digital, dengan digital memiliki resolusi berdasarkan bitnya. Aplikasi PWM meliputi keluaran perangkat, masukan kendali perangkat,
pulse width modulated inverter techniques
This document provides an overview of various pulse width modulation techniques for voltage source inverters, including naturally sampled PWM, regular sampled PWM, delta modulation, delta sigma modulation, space vector modulation, and hysteresis PWM. It describes the basic concepts and operating principles of each technique, and compares them in terms of performance metrics like harmonic distortion and switching losses. Space vector modulation techniques are ranked as providing the best performance in terms of minimizing harmonics, followed by regular sampled PWM and sine-triangle modulation.
pwm inverter
This document outlines the design of a 200 Watt, 150 Vrms PWM bipolar inverter with the following key points:
1. The design process includes calculating component values based on design requirements, building the circuit in Multisim software, and analyzing the simulation results.
2. Key calculations include determining the required DC bus voltage to achieve the 150Vrms AC output voltage despite voltage drops, as well as component sizing based on the given power, modulation index, and carrier frequency specifications.
3. Simulation results show the generated PWM switching signals and the final inverter output voltage matching the desired 150Vrms sinusoidal waveform.
Zigbee technology [autosaved]
This seminar report provides an overview of ZigBee technology. It defines ZigBee as a wireless networking standard intended for low-power devices. The report outlines ZigBee's key characteristics including low cost, low power consumption, mesh networking topology, and built-in security. It also describes ZigBee's protocol stack and compares it to other wireless technologies like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Common applications of ZigBee technology include home automation, wireless sensor networks, and industrial control.
Laser printers
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Basic components of Laser printer
4. Laser Printing process
5. Advantages
6. Disadvantages
7. Application
8. Latest laser Printers
9. Conclusion
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Van de graaff generator - class 12 investigatory project
Van de graaff generator - class 12 investigatory project
Similar to 07 electrostatic generators
09 elec 08
The document describes two types of electrostatic generators: the Wimshurst machine and the Van de Graaf generator. The Wimshurst machine uses two plastic discs to generate static electricity through friction, storing the charges in Leyden jars. The Van de Graaf generator uses a motor-powered rubber belt to induce charges on a hollow metal sphere, creating high voltage static electricity. Both devices produce sparks through the separation of positive and negative charges.
Vandegraff generator.pptx
The document summarizes the Van de Graaff generator. It operates by using a conveyor belt to transfer a charge to a large metallic sphere, building up a high voltage potential of several million volts. It works on the principles of triboelectric charging and corona discharge. Van de Graaff generators are used to accelerate subatomic particles for research and sterilization purposes, as well as for physics education demonstrations of electrostatics.
Static Generator
Static generators produce static electricity or electricity at high voltage and low current. They work by converting mechanical motion into an electric charge through methods like the Wimshurst machine which uses rotating glass plates to build up a charge, or the Van de Graaff generator which uses a moving belt to transport a charge. Static generators have applications like spray painting, photocopying, and electrostatic precipitators, but can also cause hazards like lightning, electric shock, or fires if not properly managed.
AC GENERATOR,GENERATOR presentation
An AC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It contains a coil called an armature that rotates inside a magnetic field produced by magnets. As the armature spins, the changing magnetic flux induces an alternating current (AC) in the coils. Slip rings and carbon brushes allow the current to be conducted from the moving armature to an external circuit. The amount and direction of the induced current depends on the speed of rotation and position of the armature plane relative to the magnetic field.
A practical guide to free energy devices pages 23 32 - patrick j. kelly
This document discusses permanent magnet motors and generators. It begins by explaining how permanent magnets work and debunking the idea that they cannot do work. It then summarizes several designs for permanent magnet motors and generators, including ones that use rotating magnetic shields to produce power without resistance. Key designs discussed include those by John Bedini, Wang Shum Ho, John Ecklin, and Howard Johnson. The document emphasizes that permanent magnets can power generators indefinitely without external fuel.
Mobile charging Using Ratio
This document describes a mobile charging system that uses a ratio (wheel) to generate electricity from kinetic energy and charge a mobile phone. The main components are a ratio, wire, dynamo, pulley, diverter, and cable. As the ratio spins, it causes the dynamo to rotate within a magnetic field to produce alternating current that travels through the wires and charges a connected mobile phone. The advantages are mobile charging without electricity and no damage during charging or reversing. Future improvements could allow multiple phones to charge simultaneously.
generator and motor
The document discusses electric motors and DC generators. It provides details on their applications, parts, and operation. DC generators are designed to deliver high currents at low voltages for battery charging and DC loads. They do not require transfer switches or battery chargers. DC generators are also more fuel efficient, simpler, require less maintenance, and are more reliable than AC generators. Electric motors are used in many machines to provide rotational or oscillating motion, such as fans, drills, vehicles, and mixers. They are also used in industrial processes, appliances, robots, and aircraft.
5.2.c gen basics
The document discusses generator and exciter basics. It begins by explaining the principles of electromagnetic induction discovered by Oerstad and Faraday, which form the basis for generator action. It then describes the components and operation of basic AC generators, including synchronous and induction generators. The document also covers exciter types, automatic voltage control, common failure modes, and maintenance best practices for generators.
Searl Technology
Searl-Effect Generator Design and Manufacturing Procedure
In this article, the design and manufacturing procedure for a Searl-Effect Generator (SEG) will be described. The SEG is a device that generates electricity using principles of magnetism and rotation. The generator consists of three main parts: the rotor, the stator, and the housing. The rotor is a metal disc that rotates around a stationary stator. The stator is made up of two electromagnets that create a rotating magnetic field. The housing holds everything together and provides a place for the wiring to connect to the generator.
The first step in building the SEG is to create the rotor. The rotor is made from a metal disc that is about 12 inches in diameter. A hole must be drilled in the center of the disc so that it can fit over the axle of the motor.
Free energy devices page 4
This document discusses permanent magnet motors and magnetic generators that can produce energy without using fuel. It describes ShenHe Wang's 5-kilowatt permanent magnet generator that was suppressed from public display by the Chinese government. It also summarizes John Ecklin's magnetic shielding generator patent and the Ecklin-Brown generator, which use rotating magnetic shields to fluctuate magnetic fields and drive generators. The document argues that governments suppress free-energy devices to maintain control over power supplies and citizens.
dc motor.pptx
A current-carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences forces due to the interaction between the coil's magnetic field and the external magnetic field. These opposing forces produce a torque or turning effect on the coil. Direct current motors and moving coil meters operate based on this principle, where the coil is made to continuously rotate by reversing the current direction using a commutator. The motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy through a rotating shaft, while the meter measures current using rotational displacement of the coil.
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A practical guide to free energy devices pages 23 32 - patrick j. kelly
A practical guide to free energy devices pages 23 32 - patrick j. kelly
More from mrtangextrahelp
17 stoichiometry
64 batteries will allow you to make 64 iPhones. The batteries are the limiting reagent.
Tang 04 periodic trends
1) Atomic radius generally increases down a group and decreases across a period due to shielding effects of additional electron shells and increasing nuclear charge, respectively.
2) Ionization energy generally increases down a group and across a period as it becomes increasingly difficult to remove an electron due to greater nuclear attraction from less shielding and more protons. Exceptions occur when removing an electron would destabilize a full shell.
3) Electronegativity generally increases across a period as the effective nuclear charge felt by valence electrons increases with fewer shielding shells and more protons.
Tang 02 wave quantum mechanic model
This document provides information on wave quantum mechanics and electron configurations. It discusses:
- Erwin Schrodinger's contributions to developing quantum mechanics and proposing the wave-like nature of electrons.
- How electrons occupy distinct energy levels and orbitals around the nucleus, rather than defined circular orbits. Electrons have wave-like properties.
- The shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals and how electrons fill these orbitals according to various principles like Aufbau and Hund's rule.
- Exceptions to the Aufbau principle seen in some elements.
- How to represent electron configurations using both energy level diagrams and shorthand notation.
23 gases
- Gases have negligible volume and molecules are far apart with mostly empty space between them. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically.
- The kinetic molecular theory describes gas properties including high translational energy of gas molecules that move randomly in all directions.
- Pressure, volume, temperature of gases are directly or inversely related as described by Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws and the combined gas law.
04 periodic trends v2
- Elements in the same group have similar properties due to having the same number of valence electrons. Atoms get smaller from left to right in a period as protons are added, and larger from top to bottom in a group as energy levels are added.
- Electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity all generally increase from left to right across a period as the effective nuclear charge increases. Electronegativity also increases up a group as the distance from valence electrons to the nucleus decreases.
- Ionization energy increases from top to bottom within a group as it is easier to remove an electron from an atom with fewer energy levels. Electron affinity generally increases from left to right across a period and decreases
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines their key properties including reacting with metals, carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing each other. It explains the theories of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis on acids and bases. It also covers acid-base reactions, indicators, pH, titrations, strong/weak acids and bases, and acid-base stoichiometry.
23 gases
Gases are composed of molecules that are far apart from each other and occupy the entire volume of their container. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically with each other and the container walls. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as having negligible intermolecular forces and volume. Pressure, volume, temperature of a gas are related by the combined gas law and ideal gas law. Gas calculations involve using stoichiometry, the ideal gas law, and gas laws like Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's to determine volume, pressure, amount, or temperature changes.
22 acids + bases
The document discusses the key properties and reactions of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids react with metals, carbonates, conduct electricity, turn litmus paper red, and neutralize bases. Bases conduct electricity, turn litmus paper blue, and neutralize acids. Theories of acids and bases including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis are explained. Strong and weak acids/bases, monoprotic/diprotic/triprotic acids, pH, titrations, and acid-base indicators are also covered.
22 solution stoichiometry new
This document provides an overview of solution stoichiometry and includes 3 sample problems demonstrating how to use a balanced chemical equation to solve for unknown quantities. The general steps are: 1) Write the balanced equation, 2) Convert given amounts to moles, 3) Use the mole ratio to calculate moles of the unknown, 4) Convert moles to the required unit. Sample Problem 1 calculates molar concentration of sulfuric acid. Sample Problem 2 determines the minimum volume of sodium carbonate needed. Sample Problem 3 calculates the mass of silver chromate precipitate formed.
21 water treatment
This document discusses water treatment processes including water softening. Water softening is a treatment process that uses chemicals to remove minerals like calcium and magnesium from hard water to make it softer. Acceptable concentrations of chemicals used in water treatment processes are also mentioned.
20 concentration of solutions
- Concentration can be expressed in several ways including mass/volume percent, mass/mass percent, volume/volume percent, parts per million (ppm), and molar concentration (mol/L).
- Mass/volume percent is the mass of solute divided by the volume of solution. Volume/volume percent is the volume of solute divided by the volume of solution.
- Mass/mass percent is the mass of solute divided by the mass of solution. Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) express very small concentrations.
- Molar concentration expresses the number of moles of solute per liter of solution and is the standard unit for expressing concentration in chemistry
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases according to several theories. It begins by describing the properties of acids, including reacting with metals and carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing bases. It then discusses the properties of bases. The Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and bases as those that produce OH- ions. However, this theory has limitations and does not account for all acids and bases. The Brønsted-Lowry theory broadens the definition to any substance that can donate or accept protons. Strong acids fully dissociate in water while weak acids only partially dissociate. The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions on a
19 solutions and solubility
The document discusses key concepts about solutions including:
- The components of a solution are a solvent and one or more solutes. Common solvents include water and gases.
- Factors that affect solubility and the rate of dissolving include temperature, agitation, and surface area of the solute. Increasing these factors generally increases solubility.
- Solutions can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated depending on the amount of solute dissolved compared to the maximum amount possible at a given temperature.
- Solubility is also affected by properties of the solute molecules like polarity, charge, and size - more polar or charged molecules or smaller ions tend to be more soluble.
- Solub
18 percentage yield
The document discusses percentage yield and percentage purity calculations for chemical reactions. It provides an example calculation for percentage yield where 1.72g of ammonia is obtained from a reaction using 7.5g of nitrogen. The percentage yield is calculated to be 18.9%. An example is also given for calculating percentage purity of an impure iron pyrite sample where the purity is found to be 86.3%. Formulae for percentage yield and percentage purity are defined. Key steps like using stoichiometry and unit conversions are highlighted.
14 the mole!!!
The document discusses the mole concept in chemistry. It defines the mole as 6.022x10^23 particles, which is known as Avogadro's number. The mole can refer to individual atoms, molecules, ions or other particles. The document provides examples of how to calculate the number of particles or moles of a substance using the formula N=n×NA. It also discusses molar mass and how to calculate the mass of a substance using the formula m=n×M.
01 significant digits
This document discusses the rules for determining significant digits in measurements and calculations. It defines four main rules:
1. All non-zero digits are significant, as are zeros between non-zero digits.
2. Leading zeros are not significant.
3. Trailing zeros may or may not be significant, depending on whether a decimal is present.
4. In calculations, the answer should match the least number of significant digits in the input values.
It provides examples like 0.08006 having 4 significant digits, and 1000mL having 1 significant digit. The document also covers rounding rules and calculating volumes and perimeters based on measurements to the correct number of significant digits.
13 nuclear reactions
This document discusses isotopes and nuclear reactions. It defines isotopes as atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. It also describes how atomic mass is calculated based on isotope abundances. The document then discusses four types of nuclear reactions: fusion, fission, alpha decay, and beta decay. It provides examples of writing balanced nuclear equations and calculating half-life. Artificial transmutation and uses of nuclear technology like reactors and weapons are also summarized.
13 isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element can have different mass numbers depending on their number of neutrons. The atomic mass listed on the periodic table is an average that takes into account the relative abundances of each isotope of that element. Atomic mass calculations involve multiplying the mass and abundance percentage of each isotope and adding them together.
12 types of chemical reactions
This document defines and provides examples of different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, neutralization, and combustion reactions. Key aspects that determine the reaction type are whether reactants are elements, compounds, or if oxygen is involved. The position of elements in the periodic table also provides clues about reactivity in displacement reactions.
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07 electrostatic generators
- 2. Electrostatic Generators A device that produces static electricity at high voltage and low current. This static electricity is generated by friction or induction.
- 3. Wimshurst Machine Charge Collector 2 Plastic Discs Metal Ball (site of discharge) Layden jars (store electric charge) Rotator Wheel Base
- 4. Wimshurst Machine As one or both of the wheels spin, static electricity is generated. The charge collectors conduct this charge into the insulators where it is stored.
- 5. Wimshurst Machine One Layden jar will become negatively charged and the other will become positively charged.
- 6. Wimshurst Machine Eventually the insulators will have stored enough charge to send a spark across the metal balls.
- 7. Van der Graaf Generator
- 8. Van der Graaf Generator 1) hollow metal sphere 2) upper electrode (passes on charges) 3) upper roller (conductor) 4) side of the rubber belt with positive charges 5) opposite side of the belt with negative charges
- 9. Van der Graaf Generator 6) lower roller (insulator) 7) lower electrode (ground) 8) spherical device with negative charges, used to discharge the main sphere 9) spark produced by the difference of potentials
- 10. Van der Graaf Generator A small motor causes the rollers to spin. The rubber belt becomes positively charged at the bottom and moves upward.
- 11. Van der Graaf Generator When the positively charged belt reaches the top it gains electrons and makes the metal sphere positive.
- 12. Van der Graaf Generator The belt goes back down to the bottom and loses its electrons to become positive again.
- 13. Think. Pair. Share. Why does a person's hair stand-up when they touch a Van der Graaf generator?