Vande graaff generator
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This document discusses static electricity. It explains that static electricity is caused by an imbalance of electrons between two objects, often caused by friction that removes electrons from one object and concentrates them in another. It provides examples like combing hair, which leaves the comb charged from transferred electrons. The document also describes a static electricity generator that uses a rubber belt and metal spheres to separate charges and generate a static charge. Finally, it notes that static buildup can cause sparks as charged objects discharge to nearby metal or the environment.
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electrostatic Van de graaff generator
This kind of Van de Graaff generator is made up of:
• A motor
• Two rollers
• A belt
• Two brush assemblies
• An output terminal (usually a metal or aluminum sphere)
The strong negative charge from the roller now begins to do two things:
1. It repels the electrons near the tips of the lower brush assembly.
2. It begins to strip nearby air molecules of their electrons.
Applications:
1. It is used to generate x-rays, which is widely used in medicine field.
2. It is used in atom smasher’s, which is used in research purposes.
3. It found applications in physics, medicine, and astro physics.
VAN DE GRAAFF GENRATOR
Rahil Parsana completed a physics project on a Van de Graaff generator for their class XII examination. The project report acknowledges the guidance of their physics teachers Mr. Kumar Rajesh and Mr. Pawan Singh. It includes an introduction to the Van de Graaff generator, the operating principle of electrostatic induction, descriptions of key components and how it works to generate a high voltage static charge, applications of high voltage generators, and a bibliography citing online and textbook sources.
Van de graff ppt
The document describes the Van de Graff generator, which uses a moving belt to generate very high voltages. It was invented in 1929 and can now produce voltages up to 5 megavolts. It works by using combs to impart negative charges to a moving belt from a grounded lower electrode and transfer those charges to an upper electrode and metal sphere at high voltage. Applications include accelerating subatomic particles for nuclear reactions and medical cancer treatments. However, it produces very low current, is costly to maintain due to its large size, and has limitations in the maximum voltage it can generate due to air ionization.
Van de Graaff generator by ahmad zahid
The document summarizes the Van de Graaff generator, which was invented in 1929 by Robert Van de Graaff. It uses two principles of electrostatics - corona discharge and charge transfer - to generate high voltages by transferring charge from a moving belt to a hollow spherical conductor. The generator works by using a belt to transfer negative charge from a lower comb to an upper comb, charging the spherical terminal. It can generate millions of volts but produces low current, and is used to accelerate particles for nuclear research and cancer treatment, though it has limitations like low current output and inability to accelerate neutral particles.
Ven de graaff generator 745
As the belt passes in front of the lower comb, it receives negative charge that escapes from its points due to the influence of the electric field around the lower pulley, that ionizes the air at the points. As the belt touches the upper roller (3), it transfers some electrons, leaving the roller with a negative charge (if it is insulated from the terminal), which added to the negative charge in the belt generates enough electric field to ionize the air at the points of the upper comb. Electrons then leak from the belt to the upper comb and to the terminal, leaving the belt positively charged as it returns down and the terminal negatively charged. The sphere shields the upper roller and comb from the electric field generated by charges that accumulate at the outer surface of it, causing the discharge and change of polarity of the belt at the upper roller to occur practically as if the terminal were grounded. As the belt continues to move, a constant charging current travels via the belt, and the sphere continues to accumulate negative charge until the rate that charge is being lost (through leakage and corona discharges) equals the charging current...............The larger the sphere and the farther it is from ground, the higher will be its final potential.
Electrostatic geneartors
Brief of High Voltage DC generation "Electrostatic generators method " such as Van de graaf generator and wimshurst machine
VandE GRAFF generator
Van de Graff generator uses an insulating belt to transfer static electric charge to a large spherical conductor, allowing it to build up a very high voltage potential. It works by using corona discharge from sharp points to charge the belt, which then induces opposite charges on a collecting comb attached to the sphere. As the belt continuously circulates, more charge is transferred to the sphere, eventually reaching potentials of millions of volts. This high voltage can be used to accelerate subatomic particles for physics research experiments. However, it produces only low currents and has limitations in the maximum voltage possible due to air breakdown.
Semiconductors
This document discusses solids and semiconductor devices. It begins by explaining the electrical conductivity of different materials like conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. It then describes the energy band structure of solids, noting that semiconductors have a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands. The document discusses intrinsic and doped semiconductors, including n-type and p-type materials. It also covers diodes, p-n junctions, and how they function when forward and reverse biased. Key concepts covered include band theory, hole-electron pairs, and improving conductivity through doping.
Recommended
electrostatic Van de graaff generator
This kind of Van de Graaff generator is made up of:
• A motor
• Two rollers
• A belt
• Two brush assemblies
• An output terminal (usually a metal or aluminum sphere)
The strong negative charge from the roller now begins to do two things:
1. It repels the electrons near the tips of the lower brush assembly.
2. It begins to strip nearby air molecules of their electrons.
Applications:
1. It is used to generate x-rays, which is widely used in medicine field.
2. It is used in atom smasher’s, which is used in research purposes.
3. It found applications in physics, medicine, and astro physics.
VAN DE GRAAFF GENRATOR
Rahil Parsana completed a physics project on a Van de Graaff generator for their class XII examination. The project report acknowledges the guidance of their physics teachers Mr. Kumar Rajesh and Mr. Pawan Singh. It includes an introduction to the Van de Graaff generator, the operating principle of electrostatic induction, descriptions of key components and how it works to generate a high voltage static charge, applications of high voltage generators, and a bibliography citing online and textbook sources.
Van de graff ppt
The document describes the Van de Graff generator, which uses a moving belt to generate very high voltages. It was invented in 1929 and can now produce voltages up to 5 megavolts. It works by using combs to impart negative charges to a moving belt from a grounded lower electrode and transfer those charges to an upper electrode and metal sphere at high voltage. Applications include accelerating subatomic particles for nuclear reactions and medical cancer treatments. However, it produces very low current, is costly to maintain due to its large size, and has limitations in the maximum voltage it can generate due to air ionization.
Van de Graaff generator by ahmad zahid
The document summarizes the Van de Graaff generator, which was invented in 1929 by Robert Van de Graaff. It uses two principles of electrostatics - corona discharge and charge transfer - to generate high voltages by transferring charge from a moving belt to a hollow spherical conductor. The generator works by using a belt to transfer negative charge from a lower comb to an upper comb, charging the spherical terminal. It can generate millions of volts but produces low current, and is used to accelerate particles for nuclear research and cancer treatment, though it has limitations like low current output and inability to accelerate neutral particles.
Ven de graaff generator 745
As the belt passes in front of the lower comb, it receives negative charge that escapes from its points due to the influence of the electric field around the lower pulley, that ionizes the air at the points. As the belt touches the upper roller (3), it transfers some electrons, leaving the roller with a negative charge (if it is insulated from the terminal), which added to the negative charge in the belt generates enough electric field to ionize the air at the points of the upper comb. Electrons then leak from the belt to the upper comb and to the terminal, leaving the belt positively charged as it returns down and the terminal negatively charged. The sphere shields the upper roller and comb from the electric field generated by charges that accumulate at the outer surface of it, causing the discharge and change of polarity of the belt at the upper roller to occur practically as if the terminal were grounded. As the belt continues to move, a constant charging current travels via the belt, and the sphere continues to accumulate negative charge until the rate that charge is being lost (through leakage and corona discharges) equals the charging current...............The larger the sphere and the farther it is from ground, the higher will be its final potential.
Electrostatic geneartors
Brief of High Voltage DC generation "Electrostatic generators method " such as Van de graaf generator and wimshurst machine
VandE GRAFF generator
Van de Graff generator uses an insulating belt to transfer static electric charge to a large spherical conductor, allowing it to build up a very high voltage potential. It works by using corona discharge from sharp points to charge the belt, which then induces opposite charges on a collecting comb attached to the sphere. As the belt continuously circulates, more charge is transferred to the sphere, eventually reaching potentials of millions of volts. This high voltage can be used to accelerate subatomic particles for physics research experiments. However, it produces only low currents and has limitations in the maximum voltage possible due to air breakdown.
Semiconductors
This document discusses solids and semiconductor devices. It begins by explaining the electrical conductivity of different materials like conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. It then describes the energy band structure of solids, noting that semiconductors have a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands. The document discusses intrinsic and doped semiconductors, including n-type and p-type materials. It also covers diodes, p-n junctions, and how they function when forward and reverse biased. Key concepts covered include band theory, hole-electron pairs, and improving conductivity through doping.
Introduction to particle physics
This document provides an introduction to particle physics, including:
- A brief history of discoveries of the elementary constituents of matter like protons, neutrons, electrons.
- An overview of the four fundamental forces and how they control particle behavior.
- Explanations of conservation laws, neutrino theory, and early experiments verifying mass-energy equivalence.
- Descriptions of the Standard Model of particle families, forces, the quark model, and antimatter discoveries.
Semiconductors
1) Semiconductors have two energy bands called the valence band and conduction band, separated by a forbidden gap.
2) They can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure, while extrinsic are doped with impurities to alter conductivity.
3) Doping a semiconductor by adding impurities that add free electrons makes it an n-type semiconductor, while adding impurities that add free holes makes it a p-type semiconductor. A p-n junction formed from a p-type and n-type semiconductor can function as a rectifier.
Tripping and control of impulse generators
The document discusses methods for tripping and controlling impulse generators. A simple method uses a three electrode gap in the first stage, where the central electrode is maintained at a potential between the top and bottom electrodes. Tripping is initiated by applying a pulse to a thyraton, which produces a negative pulse to trigger the three electrode gap. Modern methods instead use a trigatron, which requires a smaller voltage for operation. A trigatron consists of a high voltage sphere, earthed main sphere, and trigger electrode. Tripping is achieved by a pulse causing a spark between the trigger electrode and earthed sphere, inducing a spark across the main gap.
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The document describes the construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer, which is a device used to detect or measure electric current. It consists of a coil of wire suspended in a uniform magnetic field provided by a horseshoe magnet. When current passes through the coil, it experiences a torque and deflects from the magnetic field. The angle of deflection is directly proportional to the current. The coil is attached to a light spring which provides a restoring torque as the coil deflects, bringing it back to the center when the currents are removed. The current and voltage sensitivities can be increased by modifying parameters of the coil and spring.
Alternating current generator
An alternating current generator consists of a rectangular coil that spins within a magnetic field, inducing an electromotive force (EMF) that varies with the cosine of the angle between the coil and magnetic field. Power station alternators have three coil sets spaced 120 degrees apart, each producing an alternating EMF 120 degrees out of phase with the others. The electromagnet at the center spins rather than the coils. A back EMF is induced in a spinning electric motor coil as the flux linkage through it changes, opposing the applied voltage and wasting power through circuit resistance.
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Semiconductor materials
This document discusses semiconductor materials and their properties. It introduces intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic materials like silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide have characteristic energy band gaps and intrinsic carrier concentrations. Extrinsic materials are formed by doping intrinsic materials with impurities to create excess electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type). The document explores doping processes and how impurities donate or accept electrons to influence a material's conductivity. It also examines bonding structures and carrier mobility in various semiconductors.
Simple ac generator
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Electromagnetic Induction
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The document describes two types of electrostatic generators: the Wimshurst machine and the Van der Graaf generator. The Wimshurst machine uses two plastic discs that generate static electricity through friction as they spin, storing opposite charges in two Leyden jars. The Van der Graaf generator uses a motorized rubber belt to continuously charge a hollow metal sphere to very high voltages through induction, causing sparks to form when objects touch the sphere.
Strangeness in particle physics
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Van de graaff generator - class 12 investigatory project
The Van de Graaff generator uses a moving belt to accumulate a very high electrical potential on a hollow metal sphere, producing voltages as high as 5 megavolts. It was invented in 1929 by Robert Van de Graaff and uses electrostatic induction to continually charge a hollow conductor. Applications include demonstrating electric fields and particle acceleration for nuclear physics experiments, though modern uses are largely limited to academic demonstrations due to other acceleration methods being developed. It works by corona discharge from sharp points on a moving belt transferring charge to a spherical conductor, with the process repeating to continually build up voltage on the sphere.
Van de graaff
Robert Van de Graaff was a scientist who invented the Van de Graaff generator in 1929. The Van de Graaff generator is a device that uses a moving belt to separate positive and negative electrical charges, creating high voltage static electricity on a metallic sphere. It works by using an electrode on a belt to transfer positive charges to a hollow metallic sphere, leaving negative charges on the opposite side of the belt.
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This document provides an introduction to particle physics, including:
- A brief history of discoveries of the elementary constituents of matter like protons, neutrons, electrons.
- An overview of the four fundamental forces and how they control particle behavior.
- Explanations of conservation laws, neutrino theory, and early experiments verifying mass-energy equivalence.
- Descriptions of the Standard Model of particle families, forces, the quark model, and antimatter discoveries.
Semiconductors
1) Semiconductors have two energy bands called the valence band and conduction band, separated by a forbidden gap.
2) They can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure, while extrinsic are doped with impurities to alter conductivity.
3) Doping a semiconductor by adding impurities that add free electrons makes it an n-type semiconductor, while adding impurities that add free holes makes it a p-type semiconductor. A p-n junction formed from a p-type and n-type semiconductor can function as a rectifier.
Tripping and control of impulse generators
The document discusses methods for tripping and controlling impulse generators. A simple method uses a three electrode gap in the first stage, where the central electrode is maintained at a potential between the top and bottom electrodes. Tripping is initiated by applying a pulse to a thyraton, which produces a negative pulse to trigger the three electrode gap. Modern methods instead use a trigatron, which requires a smaller voltage for operation. A trigatron consists of a high voltage sphere, earthed main sphere, and trigger electrode. Tripping is achieved by a pulse causing a spark between the trigger electrode and earthed sphere, inducing a spark across the main gap.
Classification of magnetic materials on the basis of magnetic moment
I made this presentation for my own college assignment and i had referred contents from websites and other presentations and made it presentable and reasonable hope you will like it!!!
Moving coil galvanometer
The document describes the construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer, which is a device used to detect or measure electric current. It consists of a coil of wire suspended in a uniform magnetic field provided by a horseshoe magnet. When current passes through the coil, it experiences a torque and deflects from the magnetic field. The angle of deflection is directly proportional to the current. The coil is attached to a light spring which provides a restoring torque as the coil deflects, bringing it back to the center when the currents are removed. The current and voltage sensitivities can be increased by modifying parameters of the coil and spring.
Alternating current generator
An alternating current generator consists of a rectangular coil that spins within a magnetic field, inducing an electromotive force (EMF) that varies with the cosine of the angle between the coil and magnetic field. Power station alternators have three coil sets spaced 120 degrees apart, each producing an alternating EMF 120 degrees out of phase with the others. The electromagnet at the center spins rather than the coils. A back EMF is induced in a spinning electric motor coil as the flux linkage through it changes, opposing the applied voltage and wasting power through circuit resistance.
Photoelectric effect viva-voce question
The document discusses the photoelectric effect, which is the phenomenon where electrons are ejected from matter after absorbing electromagnetic radiation such as light. It describes key aspects of the effect such as photons, the properties of photons, what photoelectric effect is, who discovered it, devices based on it, and laws governing it. The document also discusses Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect using the photon model of light and how this helped establish the particle nature of light.
Semiconductor materials
This document discusses semiconductor materials and their properties. It introduces intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic materials like silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide have characteristic energy band gaps and intrinsic carrier concentrations. Extrinsic materials are formed by doping intrinsic materials with impurities to create excess electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type). The document explores doping processes and how impurities donate or accept electrons to influence a material's conductivity. It also examines bonding structures and carrier mobility in various semiconductors.
Simple ac generator
This document summarizes the components and working of a simple AC generator. It consists of a field magnet that produces a magnetic field, an armature coil that rotates in this field, slip rings to carry the changing current from the rotating coil, and brushes that transfer this current to an external circuit. As the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic flux which induces an electromotive force based on Faraday's law of induction, causing an alternating current to be generated. Some applications of AC generators include charging batteries in vehicles, powering diesel locomotives, and generating electricity on boats.
Magnetic circuits and magnetic materials
This material is very much useful for understanding the fundamental concepts behind the Electrical Machines.
Semiconductors
Semiconductors are substances that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others. They have resistivity between metals and insulators. There are two types - elemental semiconductors consisting of a single element like silicon or germanium, and compound semiconductors consisting of multiple elements like indium phosphide. In semiconductors, energy levels split into permitted energy bands separated by a forbidden energy gap when atoms are close together. The valence band is filled with electrons and the conduction band above it is empty or partially filled, with a gap between them through which electrons need energy to move.
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Double Slit Experiment
The double slit experiment demonstrated the wave-like properties of light. When light passes through two slits, it interferes with itself and creates a pattern of bright and dark bands on a screen due to constructive and destructive interference. This would not occur if light solely behaved as particles. The interference pattern depends on the spatial coherence of the light source, with lasers producing clear patterns due to their high coherence compared to other common sources like light bulbs. The phase difference between light waves determines whether interference is constructive or destructive at each point on the screen.
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Lasers transform light of various frequencies into a chromatic radiation that is coherent, highly intense, highly directional, and highly monochromatic. A laser works by stimulating the emission of photons from excited atoms or molecules in a lasing medium, which causes those photons to stimulate the emission of more photons, leading to an avalanche effect. Nd:YAG lasers use a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal as the lasing medium, which is pumped by a flashlamp to produce a coherent beam of infrared light. Lasers have applications in industry, medicine, the military, and science due to their unique properties.
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Electromagnetic Induction
This document describes principles of electromagnetic induction and various experiments conducted by Michael Faraday. It explains Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's law. It then discusses the working principles of AC generators and transformers. AC generators produce alternating current using a coil rotating in a magnetic field with slip rings. Transformers use the principle of electromagnetic induction to change voltage levels using a primary and secondary coil around an iron core, with different turn ratios determining voltage increase or decrease.
07 electrostatic generators
The document describes two types of electrostatic generators: the Wimshurst machine and the Van der Graaf generator. The Wimshurst machine uses two plastic discs that generate static electricity through friction as they spin, storing opposite charges in two Leyden jars. The Van der Graaf generator uses a motorized rubber belt to continuously charge a hollow metal sphere to very high voltages through induction, causing sparks to form when objects touch the sphere.
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Classification of magnetic materials on the basis of magnetic moment
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Van de graaff generator - class 12 investigatory project
The Van de Graaff generator uses a moving belt to accumulate a very high electrical potential on a hollow metal sphere, producing voltages as high as 5 megavolts. It was invented in 1929 by Robert Van de Graaff and uses electrostatic induction to continually charge a hollow conductor. Applications include demonstrating electric fields and particle acceleration for nuclear physics experiments, though modern uses are largely limited to academic demonstrations due to other acceleration methods being developed. It works by corona discharge from sharp points on a moving belt transferring charge to a spherical conductor, with the process repeating to continually build up voltage on the sphere.
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El documento describe el funcionamiento del generador de Van de Graaff, una máquina electrostática que utiliza una cinta móvil para acumular carga eléctrica en una esfera metálica hueca. Funciona basado en tres principios: electrización por frotamiento, transmisión de carga a través de una esfera hueca, e inducción de carga a través de puntas. El generador permite estudiar fenómenos electrostáticos mediante la acumulación de altos voltajes en la esfera.
El generador de van de graaff
El generador de Van de Graaff fue inventado por Robert J. Van der Graaff en 1929 para generar altos voltajes para experimentos de física nuclear. Usa una banda aislada motorizada para acumular grandes cantidades de carga eléctrica dentro de una esfera metálica hueca. Los generadores modernos pueden alcanzar los 5 megavoltios y se usan para producir rayos X, esterilización de alimentos y experimentos de física de partículas y nuclear.
Proyecto de un generador van de graff
proyecto de un generador van de graff como estrategia didactica para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la electroestatica dirigida a los estudiantes de 5to año de educacion media. Este proyecto fue realizado por estudiantes de Barquisimeto, estado Lara, Venezuela; como evaluacion final para obtener el titulo de bachiller.
Van de graaff
El documento describe el generador de Van de Graaff, un dispositivo electrostático inventado por Robert Van de Graaff en 1929 que puede producir altos voltajes continuos. Explica cómo funciona acumulando carga eléctrica estática en una esfera metálica hueca a través de una banda móvil. También discute algunas aplicaciones como la producción de rayos X y la esterilización de alimentos.
El generador de van de graaff
El documento describe un generador de Van De Graaff en exhibición en Maloka que permite al público experimentar la electricidad estática de manera segura. Aunque el generador puede erizar el vello, su uso es seguro y baja el potencial cuando las personas lo tocan. Se recomienda que personas con marcapasos o problemas cardíacos no lo usen para evitar sobrecargas que podrían causar un paro cardíaco. El documento invita a visitar esta exhibición en el centro interactivo.
Generador van-de-graaff
Este documento describe el funcionamiento de un generador de Van de Graaff. Explica que usa la fricción entre una banda aislante y rodillos cargados para acumular carga eléctrica en una esfera conductora hueca. Detalla los componentes clave como la banda, rodillos, esfera y peines ionizantes. Finalmente, resume aplicaciones como la producción de rayos X y experimentos de física nuclear.
Generador de vander graff
El generador de Van de Graff genera energía estática mediante fricción que puede transmitirse a personas o grupos y verse como una descarga luminosa, funciona usando la fricción para generar energía que puede ser individual o compartida.
Physics Investigatory Project Class 12
This document appears to be a student project report on investigating the relationship between input/output voltage and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a transformer. It includes sections on introduction, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, conclusion, and bibliography. The key points are that the output voltage of a transformer depends on the ratio of turns in the secondary coil to the primary coil, and that there are losses between the input and output resulting in the transformer's efficiency being less than 100%.
Generador de van der graff
El generador de Van de Graaff acumula grandes cantidades de carga eléctrica en una esfera metálica hueca mediante el uso de una cinta móvil, lo que permite alcanzar diferencias de potencial de hasta 5 megavoltios; sus aplicaciones incluyen la producción de rayos X, esterilización de alimentos y experimentos de física de partículas y nuclear.
Generador de van de graaff
El generador de Van de Graaff fue creado por Robert Van de Graaff en 1929 para realizar experimentos en física nuclear. Funciona creando una gran diferencia de potencial mediante cintas transportadoras que mueven cargas eléctricas a una esfera central, generando así altos voltajes con bajas corrientes. Se usa principalmente para producir rayos X, esterilizar alimentos y acelerar partículas en experimentos de física nuclear.
kamal project ppt
This document provides a progress presentation on a project to design and simulate a high voltage DC power supply using a Greinacher circuit. It discusses the background, objectives, methodology, progress made from July to September 2014, and conclusions of the project. Key points covered include studying different voltage multiplier circuits, designing and simulating n-stage voltage multiplier circuits, analyzing the Greinacher and Cockcroft-Walton circuits, and developing a portable high voltage DC test set using a Cockcroft-Walton generator for field testing of high voltage cables. The highest output voltage achieved was 264V DC from a 10-stage circuit with a 15V AC input.
M1 accelerators
Accelerators are devices that use electric and magnetic fields to accelerate charged particles to high speeds. There are several types including linear accelerators (LINACs), pelletrons, and cyclotrons. The document discusses the types of accelerators at IUAC New Delhi including a 1.7 MeV and 15UD pelletron accelerators and a superconducting LINAC. It provides details on how pelletrons and LINACs work, describing the use of electric fields to speed up particles. The LINAC at IUAC uses niobium quarter wave resonators cooled with liquid helium to achieve superconductivity and accelerate beams up to 250 MeV for research.
Van de graff generator
animation of van-de -Graff generator. This small animated slide lets a student learn by just watching it playing again again with little background knowledge about conservation of charge
Generador de-van-de-graaff-1
El generador de Van de Graaff fue creado por Robert Van de Graaff en 1929 para realizar experimentos en física nuclear. Funciona creando una gran diferencia de potencial mediante cintas transportadoras que mueven cargas eléctricas a una esfera central, generando así altos voltajes con bajas corrientes. Se usa principalmente para producir rayos X, esterilizar alimentos y acelerar partículas en experimentos de física nuclear.
(4) applications of newton's law
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and provides sample problems applying Newton's laws. It also defines key terms related to forces and friction, including static friction, kinetic friction, coefficient of friction, rolling friction, and angle of repose. Students are assigned sample problems and seatwork applying Newton's laws and asked to define terms related to friction for the next meeting.
Nuclear chemistry
The document discusses nuclear reactions and radioactivity. It describes three types of radiation emitted by radioactive substances: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. It also discusses radioactive decay, balancing nuclear equations, three types of radioactive decay, and half-life. Different nuclear reactions like fission and fusion are sources of energy. Radioisotopes have medical uses, and radiation can have biological effects.
Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear chemistry is a vast field yet not totally understandable the following presentation will provide u the basic concepts of its branches.
1ф PWM Sine wave Inverter
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Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
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Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
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Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
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Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
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Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
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Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
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Compound C
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In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
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Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Evaluation and Identification of J'BaFofi the Giant Spider of Congo and Moke...
ABSTRACT
The J'BaFofi, or "Giant Spider," is a mainly legendary arachnid by reportedly inhabiting the dense rain forests of
the Congo. As despite numerous anecdotal accounts and cultural references, the scientific validation remains more elusive.
My study aims to proper evaluate the existence of the J'BaFofi through the analysis of historical reports,indigenous
testimonies and modern exploration efforts.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
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