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Cell division occurs through mitosis and cytokinesis to allow organisms to grow, pass on genetic material, and survive. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis, where daughter cells are genetically identical, and meiosis, where daughter cells are genetically different. Mitosis involves 5 stages (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) where the cell duplicates its DNA and separates the copies into two daughter cells, each with identical genetic material. Cytokinesis then separates the cytoplasm between the two cells.
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Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It produces genetically identical cells in both animals and plants. The main stages of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. In metaphase, the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and moved toward opposite poles. Telophase involves the reformation of the nuclei around the separated chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division.
The cell cycle & Mitosis
Cell cycle & Mitosis presentation to help understand the basic concepts related to the topic. This topic is included in the Maharashtra Board curriculum for XIth Std Biology paper. All videos inserted in this powerpoint have their respective copyrights. Unauthorized distribution and copying of the same is prohibited
The Cell Cycle and Division
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase includes three stages (G1, S, G2) where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The mitotic phase includes mitosis, where the cell nucleus and chromosomes divide, and cytokinesis, where the cell cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells each with the same genetic material as the original cell. Cell division through the cell cycle enables growth, development, replacement of old/damaged cells, and repair of injuries in multicellular organisms.
Cell division, a new way.
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during growth and repair of the body. It ensures the genetic makeup remains the same. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It results in genetic diversity that is important for sexual reproduction.
Cell division – mitosis
Multicellular organisms develop from a single cell known as zygote by the process of mitosis. Asexual reproduction in some organisms like amoeba and vegetative reproduction in plants takes place by mitosis. This type of cell division involves many steps and it does not alter the genetic material.
MITOSIS
Cell division occurs through a process called mitosis, which produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Mitosis is divided into five stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. In prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form. In metaphase, chromosomes line up in the cell's equator. In anaphase, sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles. Telophase involves the formation of two daughter cell nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division. Mitosis is essential for growth, healing, and replacing dead or damaged cells.
Presentation on cell cycle
The cell cycle is the process by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases - G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. The M phase includes both mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes are aligned and separated. Cytokinesis then divides the cell into two daughter cells each with identical genetic material.
Cell Division
The document discusses different types of cell division: binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. Binary fission is how prokaryotic cells divide, splitting their single DNA strand to form two identical daughter cells. Mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division in eukaryotes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic material.
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Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It produces genetically identical cells in both animals and plants. The main stages of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. In metaphase, the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and moved toward opposite poles. Telophase involves the reformation of the nuclei around the separated chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division.
The cell cycle & Mitosis
Cell cycle & Mitosis presentation to help understand the basic concepts related to the topic. This topic is included in the Maharashtra Board curriculum for XIth Std Biology paper. All videos inserted in this powerpoint have their respective copyrights. Unauthorized distribution and copying of the same is prohibited
The Cell Cycle and Division
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase includes three stages (G1, S, G2) where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The mitotic phase includes mitosis, where the cell nucleus and chromosomes divide, and cytokinesis, where the cell cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells each with the same genetic material as the original cell. Cell division through the cell cycle enables growth, development, replacement of old/damaged cells, and repair of injuries in multicellular organisms.
Cell division, a new way.
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during growth and repair of the body. It ensures the genetic makeup remains the same. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. It results in genetic diversity that is important for sexual reproduction.
Cell division – mitosis
Multicellular organisms develop from a single cell known as zygote by the process of mitosis. Asexual reproduction in some organisms like amoeba and vegetative reproduction in plants takes place by mitosis. This type of cell division involves many steps and it does not alter the genetic material.
MITOSIS
Cell division occurs through a process called mitosis, which produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Mitosis is divided into five stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. In prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form. In metaphase, chromosomes line up in the cell's equator. In anaphase, sister chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles. Telophase involves the formation of two daughter cell nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division. Mitosis is essential for growth, healing, and replacing dead or damaged cells.
Presentation on cell cycle
The cell cycle is the process by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases - G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. The M phase includes both mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes are aligned and separated. Cytokinesis then divides the cell into two daughter cells each with identical genetic material.
Cell Division
The document discusses different types of cell division: binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. Binary fission is how prokaryotic cells divide, splitting their single DNA strand to form two identical daughter cells. Mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division in eukaryotes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells with half the normal genetic material.
Meiosis and its different stages
The slides contain all about meiosis. in this slides i collected all information about meiosis. which is useful for everyone.
so watch these slides and comment for any problems.
thanks
Cell Cycle
The document describes the stages of the cell cycle: Interphase where the cell matures and chromosomes copy; Prophase where the nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fibers form; Metaphase where chromosomes line up in the middle; Anaphase where chromosome pairs split and are pulled to opposite poles; Telophase where two new nuclei form at the poles; and Cytokinesis where the cell divides into two daughter cells.
Mitotic Cell division
Mitotic cell division is the process by which somatic cells reproduce through nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). During mitosis, the genetic material duplicates and the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and organelles, producing two daughter cells with identical genetic and cytoplasmic content to the original cell. The cell cycle coordinates cell growth and division, consisting of interphase where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where it undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis to divide.
4. Cell Structure and Function
1) Cell biology is the study of cells, the fundamental unit of life. Key discoveries included Hooke observing cells in 1665 and van Leeuwenhoek improving microscopy. The cell theory established that cells are the basic unit of life.
2) Microscopy revolutionized cell biology by allowing observation of subcellular structures. Light microscopes use visible light while electron microscopes use beams of electrons for higher magnification.
3) Key cellular structures include the nucleus that houses DNA, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts that generate energy, and the endomembrane system involved in protein transport and modification.
Cell division
The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It begins by outlining the key phases of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase is further broken down into the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its contents. Mitosis is the phase where the cell nucleus divides into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. The document also discusses DNA structure and replication, noting the double helix structure and enzymes involved in duplicating DNA. Abnormal cell division can lead to diseases like cancer if the cell cycle is not properly controlled.
Cell cycle & cell division
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis. It defines the main phases of each process and compares the key differences between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis involves one cell division producing two identical daughter cells, while meiosis involves two cell divisions producing four non-identical haploid daughter cells. The stages of each process including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase are outlined in detail. Diagrams and animations are provided to illustrate each phase.
Cell DIVISION/cycle
Infer the significance of cell division.
Differentiate a DNA molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid.
Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points.
Describe the major events associated with stages of mitosis.
Explain the process of cytokinesis.
Learning Objectives
Describe the role of apoptosis in the life cycle of a cell.
Relate cancer as a result of the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.
Mitosis Notes
Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During interphase, the cell's DNA is replicated in S phase in preparation for division. In mitosis, the chromosomes condense and align at the center of the cell before being separated and moved to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, in telophase and cytokinesis, the cell cytoplasm divides and separates to form two new daughter cells each with identical DNA to the original parent cell.
Cell division/Cell Cycle/ DNA duplication
The study of the cell cycle focuses on mechanisms that regulate the timing and frequency of DNA duplication and cell division. As a biological concept, the cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. During this period, the contents of the cell must be accurately replicated.
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends. Eg. Skin cells every 24 hours. Some bacteria every 2 hours. Some cells every 3 months. Cancer cells very short. Nerve cells never.
Programmed cell death:
Each cell type will only do so many cell cycles then die. (Apoptosis)
Animal Tissues PowerPoint Presentation
This document discusses the four main types of tissues found in animals: epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective barriers and lines body cavities and organs. Muscle tissue consists of elongated muscle cells that contract and relax to enable movement through skeletal muscles, with some muscles being voluntary and others involuntary. Nervous tissue contains neurons that transmit electrical signals to coordinate bodily functions.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of cell division, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs separate and are distributed into two daughter cells, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four daughter cells each containing a single set of non-identical chromosomes derived from the original parent cell.
Introduction to Cell Division Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell division. It explains that cell division, also called mitosis, allows cells to reproduce through copying their DNA and splitting into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for growth and repair of tissues. The key stages of mitosis are described, including how DNA condenses into chromosomes, replicates, and separates so each new cell contains an identical copy. Mitosis produces new cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis creates gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
0801 cell cycle
Mitosis and the cell cycle are necessary for three key reasons:
1. Asexual reproduction, as seen in binary fission in bacteria.
2. To replace damaged or dead cells through growth and development.
3. Embryonic development in organisms occurs through cell division of cells like bone marrow and frog embryos.
Mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are cell division processes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells after nuclear division. The stages are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes through two nuclear divisions. The stages are interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, interkinesis, meiosis 2 including metaphase 2, anaphase 2 and telophase 2, resulting in four haploid cells with unique combinations of chromosomes.
The nerve cell
The document discusses the structure and function of nerve cells (neurons). It defines the nerve cell as the basic unit of the nervous system. The key parts of a nerve cell are then enumerated and defined, including the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, axon terminals, node of Ranvier, Schwann's cells, myelin sheath. Nerve cells allow communication between different parts of the body through electrical signaling along their axons and at synaptic connections. They are essential for controlling functions throughout the nervous system.
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which cells divide to form new cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces new body cells for growth and repair through nuclear division. Meiosis produces gametes like egg and sperm cells, reducing the chromosome number by half to allow for fertilization. The key stages of the cell cycle are interphase followed by mitosis or meiosis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is then divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions to produce four
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process that produces gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes. It involves two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosome pairs, while Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This results in four haploid cells from the original diploid cell, increasing genetic variation in offspring. The key stages are interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, then prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II.
Chapter 4-cell division, mitosis, DNA, protein production
The document summarizes key concepts about cell division and DNA from biology. It discusses that cell division through mitosis and meiosis allows for growth, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells. DNA is organized in a double helix structure and is replicated before cell division to provide genetic information to new cells. Genes encode instructions for making proteins.
lysosomes
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are capable of breaking down most biological molecules. They are spherical, bounded by a single membrane, and range in size from 0.2 to 0.8 microns. Lysosomes contain many enzymes that are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and help the cell digest waste, remove old or damaged cell components through autolysis, and destroy any invading bacteria or viruses.
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is required for cell growth and division into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase for growth and DNA replication preparation; S phase for DNA replication; G2 phase for more growth and mitosis preparation; and M phase for mitosis and cell division. Cells monitor conditions and determine if they will continue through the cycle or exit into quiescence during the G1 and G2 checkpoints. DNA replication occurs in S phase, and chromosomes are separated in mitosis during M phase, resulting in two identical daughter cells that reenter G1 to repeat the cycle.
Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis
An introduction to Mitosis and Meiosis, including cell growth, division and replication. For use at the High School level.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. This results in four daughter cells with half the chromosome number, allowing for genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number.
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Meiosis and its different stages
The slides contain all about meiosis. in this slides i collected all information about meiosis. which is useful for everyone.
so watch these slides and comment for any problems.
thanks
Cell Cycle
The document describes the stages of the cell cycle: Interphase where the cell matures and chromosomes copy; Prophase where the nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fibers form; Metaphase where chromosomes line up in the middle; Anaphase where chromosome pairs split and are pulled to opposite poles; Telophase where two new nuclei form at the poles; and Cytokinesis where the cell divides into two daughter cells.
Mitotic Cell division
Mitotic cell division is the process by which somatic cells reproduce through nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). During mitosis, the genetic material duplicates and the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and organelles, producing two daughter cells with identical genetic and cytoplasmic content to the original cell. The cell cycle coordinates cell growth and division, consisting of interphase where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where it undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis to divide.
4. Cell Structure and Function
1) Cell biology is the study of cells, the fundamental unit of life. Key discoveries included Hooke observing cells in 1665 and van Leeuwenhoek improving microscopy. The cell theory established that cells are the basic unit of life.
2) Microscopy revolutionized cell biology by allowing observation of subcellular structures. Light microscopes use visible light while electron microscopes use beams of electrons for higher magnification.
3) Key cellular structures include the nucleus that houses DNA, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts that generate energy, and the endomembrane system involved in protein transport and modification.
Cell division
The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It begins by outlining the key phases of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase is further broken down into the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its contents. Mitosis is the phase where the cell nucleus divides into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. The document also discusses DNA structure and replication, noting the double helix structure and enzymes involved in duplicating DNA. Abnormal cell division can lead to diseases like cancer if the cell cycle is not properly controlled.
Cell cycle & cell division
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis. It defines the main phases of each process and compares the key differences between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis involves one cell division producing two identical daughter cells, while meiosis involves two cell divisions producing four non-identical haploid daughter cells. The stages of each process including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase are outlined in detail. Diagrams and animations are provided to illustrate each phase.
Cell DIVISION/cycle
Infer the significance of cell division.
Differentiate a DNA molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid.
Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points.
Describe the major events associated with stages of mitosis.
Explain the process of cytokinesis.
Learning Objectives
Describe the role of apoptosis in the life cycle of a cell.
Relate cancer as a result of the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.
Mitosis Notes
Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During interphase, the cell's DNA is replicated in S phase in preparation for division. In mitosis, the chromosomes condense and align at the center of the cell before being separated and moved to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, in telophase and cytokinesis, the cell cytoplasm divides and separates to form two new daughter cells each with identical DNA to the original parent cell.
Cell division/Cell Cycle/ DNA duplication
The study of the cell cycle focuses on mechanisms that regulate the timing and frequency of DNA duplication and cell division. As a biological concept, the cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. During this period, the contents of the cell must be accurately replicated.
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends. Eg. Skin cells every 24 hours. Some bacteria every 2 hours. Some cells every 3 months. Cancer cells very short. Nerve cells never.
Programmed cell death:
Each cell type will only do so many cell cycles then die. (Apoptosis)
Animal Tissues PowerPoint Presentation
This document discusses the four main types of tissues found in animals: epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective barriers and lines body cavities and organs. Muscle tissue consists of elongated muscle cells that contract and relax to enable movement through skeletal muscles, with some muscles being voluntary and others involuntary. Nervous tissue contains neurons that transmit electrical signals to coordinate bodily functions.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of cell division, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs separate and are distributed into two daughter cells, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four daughter cells each containing a single set of non-identical chromosomes derived from the original parent cell.
Introduction to Cell Division Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell division. It explains that cell division, also called mitosis, allows cells to reproduce through copying their DNA and splitting into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for growth and repair of tissues. The key stages of mitosis are described, including how DNA condenses into chromosomes, replicates, and separates so each new cell contains an identical copy. Mitosis produces new cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis creates gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
0801 cell cycle
Mitosis and the cell cycle are necessary for three key reasons:
1. Asexual reproduction, as seen in binary fission in bacteria.
2. To replace damaged or dead cells through growth and development.
3. Embryonic development in organisms occurs through cell division of cells like bone marrow and frog embryos.
Mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are cell division processes. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells after nuclear division. The stages are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes through two nuclear divisions. The stages are interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, interkinesis, meiosis 2 including metaphase 2, anaphase 2 and telophase 2, resulting in four haploid cells with unique combinations of chromosomes.
The nerve cell
The document discusses the structure and function of nerve cells (neurons). It defines the nerve cell as the basic unit of the nervous system. The key parts of a nerve cell are then enumerated and defined, including the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, axon terminals, node of Ranvier, Schwann's cells, myelin sheath. Nerve cells allow communication between different parts of the body through electrical signaling along their axons and at synaptic connections. They are essential for controlling functions throughout the nervous system.
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which cells divide to form new cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces new body cells for growth and repair through nuclear division. Meiosis produces gametes like egg and sperm cells, reducing the chromosome number by half to allow for fertilization. The key stages of the cell cycle are interphase followed by mitosis or meiosis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is then divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions to produce four
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process that produces gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes. It involves two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosome pairs, while Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This results in four haploid cells from the original diploid cell, increasing genetic variation in offspring. The key stages are interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, then prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II.
Chapter 4-cell division, mitosis, DNA, protein production
The document summarizes key concepts about cell division and DNA from biology. It discusses that cell division through mitosis and meiosis allows for growth, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells. DNA is organized in a double helix structure and is replicated before cell division to provide genetic information to new cells. Genes encode instructions for making proteins.
lysosomes
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are capable of breaking down most biological molecules. They are spherical, bounded by a single membrane, and range in size from 0.2 to 0.8 microns. Lysosomes contain many enzymes that are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and help the cell digest waste, remove old or damaged cell components through autolysis, and destroy any invading bacteria or viruses.
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is required for cell growth and division into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase for growth and DNA replication preparation; S phase for DNA replication; G2 phase for more growth and mitosis preparation; and M phase for mitosis and cell division. Cells monitor conditions and determine if they will continue through the cycle or exit into quiescence during the G1 and G2 checkpoints. DNA replication occurs in S phase, and chromosomes are separated in mitosis during M phase, resulting in two identical daughter cells that reenter G1 to repeat the cycle.
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Chapter 4-cell division, mitosis, DNA, protein production
Chapter 4-cell division, mitosis, DNA, protein production
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. This results in four daughter cells with half the chromosome number, allowing for genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number.
Chapter 18 Cell Division Lesson 4 - The Importance of Mitosis
The document discusses the stages of mitosis in animal and plant cells, including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It notes the importance of mitosis for growth, repair and asexual reproduction. For plant cells, it notes that centrioles are absent and a cell plate forms instead of cleavage. Precise control of DNA replication and mitosis ensures genetically stable daughter cells, while mistakes can lead to cancerous uncontrolled cell division.
Cell division mitosis meiosis
Cell division occurs through two main processes - mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during normal growth and tissue repair. Meiosis produces four non-identical haploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell, which occurs during gamete formation. This introduces genetic diversity when gametes fuse during fertilization. The key events of meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing during prophase I and their subsequent separation in anaphase I, followed by two rounds of chromosome separation to form four unique haploid cells.
Mitosis powerpoint
Cell division through mitosis occurs in three main stages and produces two identical daughter cells. Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the genetic material is duplicated and separated. Cytokinesis then partitions the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells through cleavage in animal cells and cell plate formation in plant cells. Mitosis results in genetic identicalness and is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
Cell division presentation
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis and leads to growth, repair, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and results in two identical daughter cells. Uncontrolled mitosis can lead to cancer due to genetic mutations. Cloning uses cell division to produce genetically identical copies of organisms and has applications in microbes, plants and animals.
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This document provides instructions for extracting DNA from wheat germ. The steps include:
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3) Precipitating the DNA out of solution by adding alcohol, since DNA is insoluble in alcohol.
4) Isolating the DNA strands using an inoculation loop and transferring them to a small tube for observation.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It was discovered by Oscar Hertwig in 1876 while studying sea urchin eggs. Meiosis involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. This reduces the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Meiosis introduces genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. This ensures offspring receive a unique set of chromosomes from each parent.
Cell Cycle & Mitosis!!!
This is a clear to understand presentation about the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. After reading this, you will get a deeper sense of the importance of cell cycle and mitosis that is going on inside every living thing.
Cell cycle
Cell cycle is the series of events that lead to cell growth and division into two daughter cells. It consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the mitotic (M) phase. Progression through the cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Dysregulation of the cell cycle, such as through mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
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The document describes the cell cycle and different types of cell division. It explains that binary fission is a simple type of cell division used by prokaryotes like bacteria, where the cell duplicates its DNA and divides in two. Eukaryotic cells use more complex mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis has four stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides. Cancer results when cells bypass checkpoints and divide uncontrollably through deregulated mitosis.
Stages of meiosis
Meiosis is the process by which germ cells are produced. It involves two rounds of cell division resulting in four haploid gametes or sex cells from one original diploid cell. The key stages of meiosis are: 1) Prophase I where homologous chromosomes pair up, 2) Metaphase I where homologous chromosomes line up, 3) Anaphase I where homologous chromosomes separate, 4) Telophase I forming two haploid cells, 5) Prophase II where chromosomes condense again, 6) Metaphase II where chromosomes align, 7) Anaphase II where sister chromatids separate, and 8) Telophase II forming four haploid gametes. This ensures genetic variation between
Mitosis
The document discusses cellular reproduction and the cell cycle. It explains that cells require genetic instructions from DNA to survive and divide. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells undergo mitotic cell division, which involves interphase where DNA is replicated, followed by mitosis where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells through nuclear division and cytoplasmic division. Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives a complete copy of genetic material and maintains chromosome number.
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This document describes characteristics of various algal groups including Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, and Cryptophyta. It provides information on key features such as ploidy, life history, reproduction methods, and distinguishing cellular structures. Examples are given for many common algal genera from each group. Diagrams illustrate algal cell structures like chloroplasts, pyrenoids, and eyespots as well as reproductive parts and life cycles. Overall, the document acts as a reference for comparing the taxonomy, morphology, and life histories of major algal divisions.
Mitosis & meiosis
1) Mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell division. Mitosis produces body cells with two identical daughter cells while meiosis produces gametes with four non-identical daughter cells and half the number of chromosomes.
2) Meiosis occurs in the ovaries of females and testes of males where it produces egg and sperm cells respectively. Fertilization restores the diploid number.
3) The main differences between mitosis and meiosis are that meiosis results in four daughter cells, the cells are haploid, and two cell divisions occur versus one in mitosis. Meiosis introduces genetic variation important for evolution.
Dragon city breeding guide
This document provides combinations of elements that can be bred to produce different dragon types in a game. It lists elemental combinations like earth + fire = flaming rock or volcano. It also discusses breeding legendary dragons from combinations like cool fire + soccer, and breeding pure dragons from legendary dragon combinations or by breeding pure dragons with elemental dragons. The rarest dragon to breed is listed as "Poo".
9.1 9.4 cell division
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in growth and repair. It produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original parent cell. Meiosis results in gamete cells for sexual reproduction and produces cells with half the number of chromosomes. There are two main phases of the cell cycle - interphase and M phase. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication while M phase is when mitosis and cytokinesis occur to physically separate the daughter cells. Cancer occurs when the mechanisms controlling the cell cycle are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth.
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This document discusses using protoplast fusion technology to generate tetraploid and triploid citrus plants for use in scion and rootstock breeding programs. It provides a brief overview of the history and development of protoplast fusion techniques. It then describes a simple protoplast fusion protocol that can be adapted for citrus or other plants. The main applications discussed are generating tetraploid somatic hybrids for use as parents to produce seedless triploid hybrids for fresh fruit varieties, and fusing complementary diploid rootstocks to produce tetraploid rootstocks for improved tree size control. Recent progress and successful examples of these applications in citrus breeding programs are also summarized.
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Chapter 18 Cell Division Lesson 4 - The Importance of Mitosis
Chapter 18 Cell Division Lesson 4 - The Importance of Mitosis
Similar to 03 cell division
06 cell division
Some common aneuploid conditions resulting from non-disjunction:
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
- Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
- Turner syndrome (monosomy X)
- Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
These conditions often cause intellectual and physical disabilities due to improper gene dosage. Non-disjunction increases with maternal age.
CELL CYCLE
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. Interphase contains three stages: G1 phase where the cell grows and duplicates organelles, S phase where DNA replication occurs, and G2 phase where the cell prepares for mitosis. The mitotic phase consists of four stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) where the duplicated chromosomes align and then separate into two identical daughter cells, which are then split through cytokinesis.
05 cell division
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth and repair. Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid gametes and is required for sexual reproduction. It involves two cell divisions: meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and meiosis II separates sister chromatids. Errors in meiosis can result in aneuploidy and conditions like Down syndrome.
BU4.2 Cell Cycle & Mitosis
This document summarizes the cell cycle and cellular division. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the M phase where the cell divides. Mitosis is the specific stage of the cell cycle where the cell nucleus divides. Mitosis consists of four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cellular division and forming two daughter cells. The process ensures cells do not become too large and replaces damaged or dead cells to allow organisms to grow.
Cell division.pptx
1. The document discusses the processes of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis.
2. Mitosis occurs in regular body cells and allows cells to divide in order to grow and multiply. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
3. Meiosis occurs in gamete cells and reduces the chromosome count so that when an egg and sperm join during fertilization, the chromosome number is restored to the original count of 46. This maintains both genetic diversity and integrity.
cell Division
This document provides an overview of cell division, specifically mitosis. It begins with an introduction to cell division and the cell cycle. It then describes the three phases of interphase - G1, S, and G2 phases. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. The document then thoroughly explains the five stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. It details the key events that occur during each stage, such as chromosome condensation, alignment at the metaphase plate, and separation of sister chromatids. In the final stage of cytokinesis, the cell undergoes cytoplasmic division to form two daughter cells.
5ab cell cycle & mitosis
The cell cycle describes the life of a cell and is divided into three main stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. Mitosis involves the duplication and separation of chromosomes, dividing the nucleus. Cytokinesis then splits the cell into two identical daughter cells. The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, during which the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis differs between plant and animal cells, with plant cells forming a cell plate and animal cells pinching together.
Cell cycle
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis consists of prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm.
2-190118112234.pdf
This document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It begins by defining cell division and the three main types: binary fission in prokaryotes, mitosis in eukaryotes for growth and repair, and meiosis in eukaryotes for formation of gametes. The stages of the cell cycle are then described, including interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the mitotic phase. The mitotic phase involves the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) followed by cytokinesis. Key checkpoints in the cell cycle that regulate division are also mentioned.
The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Continuation of the cell structure and function. This presentation highlights the cell cycle and concentrate on how cell division occur and the steps involved in cell dividing.
2018/2019
W60Aff6ZLR20CNoL269.pptx
This document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It begins by defining cell division and the three main types: binary fission in prokaryotes, mitosis in eukaryotes for growth and repair, and meiosis in eukaryotes for formation of gametes. The stages of the cell cycle are then described, including interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the mitotic phase. The mitotic phase involves the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) followed by cytokinesis. Key checkpoints in the cell cycle that regulate division are also mentioned.
5 10 cell division and cell cycle ppt
This document provides an overview of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. It explains that all living things are made of cells, and cells must divide for organisms to grow and replace old cells. The cell cycle is described, including the main stages of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. During mitosis, duplicated chromosomes separate and the cell divides into two daughter cells. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Crossing over in meiosis contributes to genetic variation between cells.
The Cell Cycle - Mitosis
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase is when the cell divides through mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cell cytoplasm. Uncontrolled cell division can lead to cancer.
Cell division-mitosis-meiosis-1225581257073362-9
This document discusses cell division through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It begins by explaining the basic phases and purpose of mitosis in regular body cells: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. Cells undergo mitosis to grow and multiply while maintaining an identical set of chromosomes. The document then covers meiosis, which occurs in gamete cells and involves two cell divisions to reduce the chromosome count, ensuring genetic diversity between offspring while maintaining the species' overall chromosome number. In summary, mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell division that allow organisms to grow, repair tissues, and sexually reproduce.
CELL DIVISION.pptx
This document discusses cell division through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It begins by explaining the basic phases and purpose of mitosis, which is cell division that produces two identical daughter cells and is important for growth and repair. It then covers the phases of interphase and mitosis in more detail. The document next discusses why cell division is necessary, as cells need to divide in order to continue functioning as they grow larger. Finally, it explains meiosis, the type of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes to ensure genetic diversity between parents while maintaining genetic integrity of offspring.
5. Cell Cycle and Mitosis.ppt
1) The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the main stages of the cell cycle including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
2) Mitosis is explained in detail through its four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The key events of each phase are outlined.
3) Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division that occurs when cells lose the ability to regulate the normal cell cycle.
CELL CYCLE REGULATION.docx
All living beings are made up of cells. The structural and functional unit of life is a cell which is the building block of the body. New cell arises from the pre-existing cells by the process of cell division.
Cell division occurs in all living organisms. In unicellular organisms, cell division directly produces two individuals. In multicellular organisms or higher-level organisms, life begins from a single cell, as a zygote, whIch divides and redivides mitotically into a number of cells to form a complete organism.
In multicellular organisms, there are two types of cells.
a)The somatic cells or the body cells- They form the body of an organism.
b)The reproductive cells or sex cells- They are gamete-producing cells.
CELL CYCLE REGULATION.docx
All living beings are made up of cells. The structural and functional unit of life is a cell which is the building block of the body. New cell arises from the pre-existing cells by the process of cell division.
Cell division occurs in all living organisms. In unicellular organisms, cell division directly produces two individuals. In multicellular organisms or higher-level organisms, life begins from a single cell, as a zygote, whIch divides and redivides mitotically into a number of cells to form a complete organism.
In multicellular organisms, there are two types of cells.
a)The somatic cells or the body cells- They form the body of an organism.
b)The reproductive cells or sex cells- They are gamete-producing cells.
Cell division
this powerpoint definately going to help bsc nursing students, gnm students, i hope this will ascend your knowledge
Cell reproduction
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell reproduction. It describes the main stages as interphase, where the cell grows and prepares for division, and the M phase where the nucleus and cell divide. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell makes proteins, organelles and replicates DNA. The M phase consists of mitosis, where the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, where the cell splits into two. Mitosis is further broken down into the prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells in how the cell membrane pinches or a cell plate forms to divide the cell. The result of
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17 stoichiometry
64 batteries will allow you to make 64 iPhones. The batteries are the limiting reagent.
Tang 04 periodic trends
1) Atomic radius generally increases down a group and decreases across a period due to shielding effects of additional electron shells and increasing nuclear charge, respectively.
2) Ionization energy generally increases down a group and across a period as it becomes increasingly difficult to remove an electron due to greater nuclear attraction from less shielding and more protons. Exceptions occur when removing an electron would destabilize a full shell.
3) Electronegativity generally increases across a period as the effective nuclear charge felt by valence electrons increases with fewer shielding shells and more protons.
Tang 02 wave quantum mechanic model
This document provides information on wave quantum mechanics and electron configurations. It discusses:
- Erwin Schrodinger's contributions to developing quantum mechanics and proposing the wave-like nature of electrons.
- How electrons occupy distinct energy levels and orbitals around the nucleus, rather than defined circular orbits. Electrons have wave-like properties.
- The shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals and how electrons fill these orbitals according to various principles like Aufbau and Hund's rule.
- Exceptions to the Aufbau principle seen in some elements.
- How to represent electron configurations using both energy level diagrams and shorthand notation.
23 gases
- Gases have negligible volume and molecules are far apart with mostly empty space between them. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically.
- The kinetic molecular theory describes gas properties including high translational energy of gas molecules that move randomly in all directions.
- Pressure, volume, temperature of gases are directly or inversely related as described by Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws and the combined gas law.
04 periodic trends v2
- Elements in the same group have similar properties due to having the same number of valence electrons. Atoms get smaller from left to right in a period as protons are added, and larger from top to bottom in a group as energy levels are added.
- Electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity all generally increase from left to right across a period as the effective nuclear charge increases. Electronegativity also increases up a group as the distance from valence electrons to the nucleus decreases.
- Ionization energy increases from top to bottom within a group as it is easier to remove an electron from an atom with fewer energy levels. Electron affinity generally increases from left to right across a period and decreases
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines their key properties including reacting with metals, carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing each other. It explains the theories of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis on acids and bases. It also covers acid-base reactions, indicators, pH, titrations, strong/weak acids and bases, and acid-base stoichiometry.
23 gases
Gases are composed of molecules that are far apart from each other and occupy the entire volume of their container. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines and collide elastically with each other and the container walls. The kinetic molecular theory describes gases as having negligible intermolecular forces and volume. Pressure, volume, temperature of a gas are related by the combined gas law and ideal gas law. Gas calculations involve using stoichiometry, the ideal gas law, and gas laws like Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's to determine volume, pressure, amount, or temperature changes.
22 acids + bases
The document discusses the key properties and reactions of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids react with metals, carbonates, conduct electricity, turn litmus paper red, and neutralize bases. Bases conduct electricity, turn litmus paper blue, and neutralize acids. Theories of acids and bases including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis are explained. Strong and weak acids/bases, monoprotic/diprotic/triprotic acids, pH, titrations, and acid-base indicators are also covered.
22 solution stoichiometry new
This document provides an overview of solution stoichiometry and includes 3 sample problems demonstrating how to use a balanced chemical equation to solve for unknown quantities. The general steps are: 1) Write the balanced equation, 2) Convert given amounts to moles, 3) Use the mole ratio to calculate moles of the unknown, 4) Convert moles to the required unit. Sample Problem 1 calculates molar concentration of sulfuric acid. Sample Problem 2 determines the minimum volume of sodium carbonate needed. Sample Problem 3 calculates the mass of silver chromate precipitate formed.
21 water treatment
This document discusses water treatment processes including water softening. Water softening is a treatment process that uses chemicals to remove minerals like calcium and magnesium from hard water to make it softer. Acceptable concentrations of chemicals used in water treatment processes are also mentioned.
20 concentration of solutions
- Concentration can be expressed in several ways including mass/volume percent, mass/mass percent, volume/volume percent, parts per million (ppm), and molar concentration (mol/L).
- Mass/volume percent is the mass of solute divided by the volume of solution. Volume/volume percent is the volume of solute divided by the volume of solution.
- Mass/mass percent is the mass of solute divided by the mass of solution. Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) express very small concentrations.
- Molar concentration expresses the number of moles of solute per liter of solution and is the standard unit for expressing concentration in chemistry
22 acids + bases
This document discusses acids and bases according to several theories. It begins by describing the properties of acids, including reacting with metals and carbonates, conducting electricity, turning litmus paper colors, and neutralizing bases. It then discusses the properties of bases. The Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water and bases as those that produce OH- ions. However, this theory has limitations and does not account for all acids and bases. The Brønsted-Lowry theory broadens the definition to any substance that can donate or accept protons. Strong acids fully dissociate in water while weak acids only partially dissociate. The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions on a
19 solutions and solubility
The document discusses key concepts about solutions including:
- The components of a solution are a solvent and one or more solutes. Common solvents include water and gases.
- Factors that affect solubility and the rate of dissolving include temperature, agitation, and surface area of the solute. Increasing these factors generally increases solubility.
- Solutions can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated depending on the amount of solute dissolved compared to the maximum amount possible at a given temperature.
- Solubility is also affected by properties of the solute molecules like polarity, charge, and size - more polar or charged molecules or smaller ions tend to be more soluble.
- Solub
18 percentage yield
The document discusses percentage yield and percentage purity calculations for chemical reactions. It provides an example calculation for percentage yield where 1.72g of ammonia is obtained from a reaction using 7.5g of nitrogen. The percentage yield is calculated to be 18.9%. An example is also given for calculating percentage purity of an impure iron pyrite sample where the purity is found to be 86.3%. Formulae for percentage yield and percentage purity are defined. Key steps like using stoichiometry and unit conversions are highlighted.
14 the mole!!!
The document discusses the mole concept in chemistry. It defines the mole as 6.022x10^23 particles, which is known as Avogadro's number. The mole can refer to individual atoms, molecules, ions or other particles. The document provides examples of how to calculate the number of particles or moles of a substance using the formula N=n×NA. It also discusses molar mass and how to calculate the mass of a substance using the formula m=n×M.
01 significant digits
This document discusses the rules for determining significant digits in measurements and calculations. It defines four main rules:
1. All non-zero digits are significant, as are zeros between non-zero digits.
2. Leading zeros are not significant.
3. Trailing zeros may or may not be significant, depending on whether a decimal is present.
4. In calculations, the answer should match the least number of significant digits in the input values.
It provides examples like 0.08006 having 4 significant digits, and 1000mL having 1 significant digit. The document also covers rounding rules and calculating volumes and perimeters based on measurements to the correct number of significant digits.
13 nuclear reactions
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13 isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element can have different mass numbers depending on their number of neutrons. The atomic mass listed on the periodic table is an average that takes into account the relative abundances of each isotope of that element. Atomic mass calculations involve multiplying the mass and abundance percentage of each isotope and adding them together.
12 types of chemical reactions
This document defines and provides examples of different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, neutralization, and combustion reactions. Key aspects that determine the reaction type are whether reactants are elements, compounds, or if oxygen is involved. The position of elements in the periodic table also provides clues about reactivity in displacement reactions.
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03 cell division
- 2. CELL DIVISION Why do cells need to divide? -To allow an organism to grow -To pass on genetic material -To assist an organism’ survival
- 3. CELL DIVISION 2 types of cell division Mitosis Meiosis -daughter cells are genetically identical -daughter cells are genetically different
- 4. CELL DIVISION Mitosis 5 stages: - Literally refers to the division of the nucleus Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
- 5. CELL DIVISION Interphase - Cell is not dividing but also not dormant - Cell is active and growing and also preparing for division - Sometimes called resting phase but this is inaccurate (real resting phase is G0) - DNA/chromosomes not visible (unwound)
- 6. CELL DIVISION Interphase: 4 stages Gap 0 (G0): - Cell rest cycle - may be temporary or permanent (where cells are functional but no new cells are produced (i.e. neuron) G0
- 7. CELL DIVISION Interphase: 4 stages Gap 1 (G1): - Rapid growth (4hr) - cell takes in nutrients for energy, growth, repair - Cells either go into S or G0 after G1 G0
- 8. CELL DIVISION Interphase: 4 stages S phase (S): - 10 hrs - DNA synthesis/ replication - the cell duplicates its genetic material to make an identical copy of its DNA G0
- 9. CELL DIVISION Interphase: 4 stages Gap 2 phase (G2): - 3-4hr - second period of growth in preparation for cell division -cell grows larger in size G0
- 10. CELL DIVISION S phase (S): Let’s take a closer look DNA replication DNA duplication Normally After duplication
- 11. CELL DIVISION How does all of the DNA remain organized in the nucleus? Why does it not tangle?
- 12. CELL DIVISION DNA strands are wrapped around histone proteins which act as “spools”
- 13. CELL DIVISION Histone proteins that have been wrapped with DNA form “nucleosomes”
- 14. CELL DIVISION Moving into mitosis… After interphase, the cell may enter mitotic (M) phase: - A process by which somatic cells grow and divide - Cells come from pre-existing cells - Parent cell divides to produce two new identical daughter cells - Cell division occurs through: - A) Mitosis – process of dividing nuclear material - B) Cytokinesis – Process of separating the cytoplasm and its contents into equal parts
- 15. CELL DIVISION Prophase - nuclear membrane breaks down - chromosomes shorten and thicken - Other structures important for mitosis are also forming (i.e. the centrioles)
- 16. CELL DIVISION Prophase - chromosomes shorten and thicken into X-shaped things
- 17. CELL DIVISION Prophase - A centromere holds two copies of the same chromosome together - Each copy of a chromosome is called a chromatid
- 18. CELL DIVISION Prophase - A centromere holds two copies of the same chromosome together - Remember, every chromosome has been duplicated during the S phase of interphase. Colors are not accurate - Recall this: Mitosis Mother’s side Mother’s side Mother’s side
- 20. CELL DIVISION Metaphase - Proteins attach to the centromeres creating the kinetochores. - Microtubules (spindle fibres) attach at the kinetochores and the chromosomes move to the centre (the metaphase plate)
- 22. CELL DIVISION Anaphase - Paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell - Motion results from kinetochore movement along the spindle microtubules
- 23. CELL DIVISION Telophase - Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell - New membranes form around the daughter nuclei - Chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope - spindle fibres disperse
- 24. CELL DIVISION Cytokinesis - Animal cells: the cell membrane pinches (forming a cleavage furrow) into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus
- 25. CELL DIVISION Cytokinesis - In plant cells, a cell plate (made of rigid cellulose) is synthesized between the two daughter cells.
- 26. CELL DIVISION Mitosis and cytokinesis: Review