Cell Cycle & Mitosis!!!
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This is a clear to understand presentation about the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. After reading this, you will get a deeper sense of the importance of cell cycle and mitosis that is going on inside every living thing.
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CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY.pptx
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that serve important functions in the body. They provide energy, act as energy stores, and are structural components of cells. Glucose is the main energy source and is either used immediately or stored as glycogen. Other important carbohydrates include fructose, galactose, and mannose. Carbohydrates undergo various reactions and exist in multiple isomeric forms including structural isomers, stereoisomers, anomers, and epimers. Proper identification and analysis of carbohydrates is important for understanding their roles in biochemical processes.
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BIOSYNTHESIS OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES
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Kidney.
Muscle.
Adipose tissue.
Brain.
Pancreas.
Gastrointestinal tract.
Hormones.
Nervous system.
Enzymes.
Transporters.
Feedback regulation.
Counter regulatory hormones.
Insulin sensitivity.
Insulin resistance.
Diabetes mellitus.
Obesity.
Starvation.
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The document summarizes the process of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in four steps - oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage - resulting in the sequential removal of two-carbon acetyl-CoA units. Fatty acids are first activated to acyl-CoAs in the cytosol then transported into the mitochondria by the carnitine shuttle system to undergo beta-oxidation, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. Defects in this process can cause various metabolic disorders like fatty acid oxidation disorders.
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The document summarizes fatty acid biosynthesis. Fatty acids are synthesized predominantly in the liver, kidney, and adipose tissue through a three stage process. In the first stage, acetyl CoA and NADPH are produced in the mitochondria and transferred to the cytosol. In the second stage, malonyl CoA is formed from acetyl CoA. In the third stage, fatty acid synthase complex containing seven polypeptides catalyzes the reactions of fatty acid synthesis through condensation, carbonyl group reduction, dehydration, and double bond reduction to form fatty acids from acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA.
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Phospholipids
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Lipid metabolism
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2. Liver is the major site of de novo purine synthesis, while erythrocytes and brain must salvage purines due to their inability to synthesize them.
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Reducing agents reduce and are themselves oxidized
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Most dietary carbohydrates are polymers of hexoses,primarily glucose, galactose and fructose.
Glucose is stored in its phosphorylated form glucose-6-phosphate; the formation of which in muscles is catalyzed by hexokinase, and in the liver by glucokinase.
Glucokinase is important because its activity is stimulated by insulin and its activity reduced in starvation, and glucokinase has no stronger affinity for glucose than hexokinase.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
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This document provides an overview of carbohydrate structure and classification. It discusses:
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- Common monosaccharides including glucose and fructose, their cyclic and linear forms, and D/L designations.
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Cells communicate through signaling molecules that are detected by receptors on other cells. Signals are transmitted across the cell membrane by signal transduction pathways and cause changes in cell function. Signals may target nearby (paracrine), distant (endocrine), or adjacent (juxtacrine) cells. Ion channels in the cell membrane are important for signal transduction and are classified by their method of gating, such as ligand-gated channels that open in response to neurotransmitters.
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Receptor molecules have three domains: an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. G-protein coupled receptors have seven transmembrane alpha helices and activate intracellular signaling pathways by coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins. When a ligand binds to the receptor, it causes a G protein's alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP and dissociate from the beta-gamma subunits to activate downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors generate second messengers such as cAMP or IP3/DAG to amplify the signal and regulate cellular processes.
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This document provides information on carbohydrate metabolism and various pathways involved including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. It discusses:
- The key roles of glucose and glycogen in carbohydrate metabolism
- The three phases of glycolysis and production of ATP
- Conversion of pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions
- Regulation of key enzymes in glycolysis
- Significance of glycolysis in various tissues and diseases
- The citric acid cycle and its importance in energy production
Glycogen metabolism
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Oxidation & Reduction involves electron transfer & How enzymes find their sub...
Oxidation is loss of electrons
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Oxidation is always accompanied by reduction
The total number of electrons is kept constant
Oxidizing agents oxidize and are themselves reduced
Reducing agents reduce and are themselves oxidized
Intermediary metabolism of carbohydrate,protein and fat
Most dietary carbohydrates are polymers of hexoses,primarily glucose, galactose and fructose.
Glucose is stored in its phosphorylated form glucose-6-phosphate; the formation of which in muscles is catalyzed by hexokinase, and in the liver by glucokinase.
Glucokinase is important because its activity is stimulated by insulin and its activity reduced in starvation, and glucokinase has no stronger affinity for glucose than hexokinase.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a 10 step pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces a net yield of two ATP molecules. It involves an energy-investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate intermediates and an energy-generation phase where ATP is produced from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation.
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Glycogen is the storage form of Glucose which maintain the blood glucose level under various condition. Glycogen Metabolism is the important pathway of carbohydrate metabolism which gives the information about the glycogen synthesis (Glycogenesis), Glycogen breakdown (Glucogenolysis). Glycogen metabolism also gives the information how this pathway is regulated. Their are various diseases which are associated with this metabolism, commonly known as Glycogen storage diseases.
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Oxidation & Reduction involves electron transfer & How enzymes find their sub...
Oxidation & Reduction involves electron transfer & How enzymes find their sub...
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Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and have the same number of chromosomes. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell and are genetically different from each other. Meiosis is involved in sexual reproduction to create gametes, while mitosis produces somatic cells for growth and repair of organisms.
Mitosis and meiosis
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitosis phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes and cell contents are separated into two daughter cells. Meiosis includes two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells from one diploid cell. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
9ainheritanceandselection 120607151125-phpapp01
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Presentation on cell cycle
The cell cycle is the process by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides into two daughter cells. It consists of four main phases - G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. The M phase includes both mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes are aligned and separated. Cytokinesis then divides the cell into two daughter cells each with identical genetic material.
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Here are the key events and sketches for each stage of the cell cycle:
Interphase: G1 phase
Main events: Cell grows and carries out normal functions
Sketch: 4 unreplicated chromosomes in nucleus
Interphase: S phase
Main events: DNA replication occurs; each chromosome now has 2 sister chromatids
Sketch: 4 chromosomes each with 2 attached sister chromatids
Mitosis: Prophase
Main events: Chromosomes condense and spindle begins to form
Sketch: 4 condensed chromosomes in nucleus; spindle starting to form
Mitosis: Metaphase
Main events: Chromosomes align at metaphase plate
Sketch: 4 chromosomes aligned at center of cell
Cell division
Cells need to be replaced when they become damaged, worn out, or die. Some cells divide frequently through mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells, while other cells do not divide after specializing. There are two main phases of the cell cycle - interphase consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the M phase where the cell divides through mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis involves separating duplicated chromosomes that align at the spindle equator in metaphase and separate in anaphase, followed by nuclear division in telophase and cell division in cytokinesis. The key differences between animal and plant cell division are that animal cells form a cleavage furrow while plant cells
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The document discusses cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells and is used for growth and repair. Meiosis produces haploid gametes through two cell divisions and leads to genetic variation in offspring. The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes DNA replication and cell growth. Mitosis separates the duplicated chromosomes into two daughter nuclei.
cell cycle and control checkpoints throght cyclin cdk complex
The cell cycle involves an ordered series of events that leads to cell division. It has two main functions: copying cellular components and DNA, and dividing the cell so components are distributed evenly in the daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and M phase, where the cell divides. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases, while M phase involves mitosis and cytokinesis. Checkpoints ensure the cell is ready to progress through the cycle. Deregulation of these checkpoints can lead to uncontrolled cell division and cancer.
Cell cycle
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis consists of prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm.
Cell division mitosis meiosis
Cell division occurs through two main processes - mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during normal growth and tissue repair. Meiosis produces four non-identical haploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell, which occurs during gamete formation. This introduces genetic diversity when gametes fuse during fertilization. The key events of meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing during prophase I and their subsequent separation in anaphase I, followed by two rounds of chromosome separation to form four unique haploid cells.
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The document summarizes cell division and the two main types: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth, repair, and replacement of somatic cells. It involves the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Meiosis produces four non-identical gamete cells through two rounds of division and is involved in sexual reproduction.
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The document discusses the cell cycle and how cells divide through mitosis and meiosis. It provides details on the following:
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA.
2) Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through chromosome duplication and separation. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes.
3) Chromosomes duplicate and separate through different phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Sister chromatids separate in anaphase to move into two daughter cells
Cell Cycle.pdf
The document provides information about the cell cycle, which includes interphase, mitosis, and meiosis. It describes the stages of interphase, including Gap 1, S phase, and Gap 2. It then explains the stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Finally, it discusses the stages of meiosis 1 and meiosis 2, which produce haploid sex cells through two divisions. The document aims to describe the key phases and events of the cell cycle.
AP Bio Ch11 PowerPoint
1. Cellular reproduction can occur through binary fission in prokaryotes and mitosis in eukaryotes, which produces genetically identical daughter cells. 2. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes which can fuse during fertilization to form genetically unique offspring. 3. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases and checkpoints ensure DNA replication and chromosome separation occur properly.
Cell division
The cell cycle is the repeating series of growth and division that produces new cells. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated, and mitosis, where the cell divides into two daughter cells each with identical DNA. Chromosomes, made of DNA and proteins, condense during cell division and separate into each new cell, ensuring genetic continuity. The cycle controls cell growth, division, and death through regulated phases.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle and cell division. It discusses how cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells through DNA replication and chromosome separation. The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle. Mitosis is divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system involving cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Cancer cells exhibit deregulated cell cycle control and proliferation.
cell cycle
The document summarizes key aspects of the cell cycle and cell division. It discusses:
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase where the cell divides. Interphase includes DNA replication in S phase to prepare for division.
2) Mitosis involves chromosome duplication and separation followed by cytokinesis to divide the cytoplasm. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number.
3) The mitotic spindle forms during cell division and uses microtubules to separate chromosomes between daughter cells.
Cell DIVISION/cycle
Uphold the importance of cell cycle and reproduction especially in the perpetuation of generation of species.
cell division
Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell and is used for growth and repair. It has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes and occurs in two divisions. The first division separates homologous chromosomes and the second separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells. Both processes involve DNA replication followed by nuclear and cellular division.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
The document summarizes key points about the cell cycle and cell division. It discusses the different phases of the cell cycle including interphase and the M phase. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases. The M phase refers to mitosis which is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It also describes the process of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. Meiosis is defined as a type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half and involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. The stages of meiosis I including prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I are outlined. The significance of mitosis
Cellular reproduction
This document summarizes key concepts in genetics and cellular reproduction. It discusses heredity and variation, the cell cycle, DNA replication, mitosis and meiosis. The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase, and interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and its DNA is replicated. Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces gametes through two divisions and involves homologous chromosomes separating.
Cell division
Mitosis is cell division that produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. It occurs in somatic cells and involves the four phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, and occurs in germ cells. Meiosis has two rounds of division, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which separates homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids respectively to generate four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. Mitosis and meiosis are important for growth, tissue repair, sexual reproduction, and genetic variation.
cell cycle and mitosis
The cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell from its formation to its division into two daughter cells. It consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its components, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. During interphase, the cell replicates its DNA and organelles and grows in size. The mitotic phase consists of mitosis, where the nucleus divides, followed by cytokinesis, where the cell cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells with identical DNA to the original parent cell. The cell cycle then continues as the daughter cells enter interphase.
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Cell Cycle & Mitosis!!!
- 2. Cell Cycle 90% of the cell cycle is in interphase, other 10% is mitosis (cellular division) Interphase composed of 3 phases: G1, S, and G2 G1 (Gap 1) phase: cellular growth and protein synthesis, in preparation for the S phase S (Synthesis) phase: DNA synthesis/replication of each chromosome in the cell, forms sister chromatids. G2 (Gap 2) phase: cellular growth as well as protein & lipid synthesis, in preparation for mitosis Ex. Synthesis of proteins used to form mitotic spindle
- 4. Mitosis Cellular division of a cell Makes exact copy of mother cell Produces 2 identical daughter cells Each product has same # of chromosomes Purpose of mitosis? To form a multicellular organism from a zygote To replace dead or lost cells, such as skin and red blood cells
- 5. Phases of Mitosis: (PMAT) + cytokinesis Prophase: chromosomes become visible, begin to condense Prometaphase: nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle Metaphase: chromosomes line up at metaphase plate/equatorial plane Anaphase: sister chromatids separate by kinetochores Telophase: two daughter nuclei reform at the 2 poles Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) occurs simultaneously
- 8. Mitosis in plant cells differ from mitosis in animal cells Plant cells do not form centrioles during mitosis Plant cell walls are too rigid to form cleavage furrow Forms cell plate instead
- 9. Telophase/cytokinesis in a plant cell cell plate
- 10. Telophase/cytokinesis in an animal cell cleavage furrow
- 11. Some terms Gene: portion of DNA that encodes RNA and protein; determines your characteristics—freckles, height, eye color… Chromosomes: contain DNA and protein; compact way of carrying all genetic info Sister chromatids: copies of chromosomes joined together
- 13. Activities A. Bead modeling B. View plant/animal cell slides Part 1:View & draw Alium onion root tip, estimate % of time in each phase, answer questions Part 2: View & draw White fish blastulae, estimate % of time in each phase, answer questions Exercise slide) B: write answers on whiteboard (details on next