This document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It begins by defining cell division and the three main types: binary fission in prokaryotes, mitosis in eukaryotes for growth and repair, and meiosis in eukaryotes for formation of gametes. The stages of the cell cycle are then described, including interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the mitotic phase. The mitotic phase involves the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) followed by cytokinesis. Key checkpoints in the cell cycle that regulate division are also mentioned.
cell division - Mitosis in plants final.pptReddykumarAv
mitosis is used for almost all of your body’s cell division needs. It adds new cells during development and replaces old and worn-out cells throughout your life. The goal of mitosis is to produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to their mothers, with not a single chromosome more or less.
cell division - Mitosis in plants final.pptReddykumarAv
mitosis is used for almost all of your body’s cell division needs. It adds new cells during development and replaces old and worn-out cells throughout your life. The goal of mitosis is to produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to their mothers, with not a single chromosome more or less.
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells. In bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle is divided into the B, C, and D periods
Cell cycle & Mitosis presentation to help understand the basic concepts related to the topic. This topic is included in the Maharashtra Board curriculum for XIth Std Biology paper. All videos inserted in this powerpoint have their respective copyrights. Unauthorized distribution and copying of the same is prohibited
The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind is the one characteristic that best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter. This unique capacity to procreate, like all biological functions, has a cellular basis. The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division. Cell division plays several important roles which are giving rise to a new organism, enabling development, renewing and repairing and also replacing damaged tissue is multicellular organisms.
توانایی موجودات زنده در تولید بیشتر از نوع خود یکی از ویژگیهایی است که موجودات زنده را از مواد غیر زنده به بهترین وجه متمایز می کند. این ظرفیت منحصر به فرد برای تولید مثل، مانند همه عملکردهای بیولوژیک، دارای پایه سلولی است. تداوم زندگی براساس تولید مثل سلولها یا تقسیم سلولی است. تقسیم سلولی چندین نقش مهم را ایفا میکند که نه تنها باعث ایجاد یک ارگانیسم جدید میشود، همچنین امکان رشد، تجدید و ترمیم و همچنین جایگزینی بافت آسیب دیده موجودات چند سلولی را نیز فراهم می کند.
cell division - Mitosis in plants final.pptReddykumarAv
mitosis is used for almost all of your body’s cell division needs. It adds new cells during development and replaces old and worn-out cells throughout your life. The goal of mitosis is to produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to their mothers, with not a single chromosome more or less.
cell division - Mitosis in plants final.pptReddykumarAv
mitosis is used for almost all of your body’s cell division needs. It adds new cells during development and replaces old and worn-out cells throughout your life. The goal of mitosis is to produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to their mothers, with not a single chromosome more or less.
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells. In bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle is divided into the B, C, and D periods
Cell cycle & Mitosis presentation to help understand the basic concepts related to the topic. This topic is included in the Maharashtra Board curriculum for XIth Std Biology paper. All videos inserted in this powerpoint have their respective copyrights. Unauthorized distribution and copying of the same is prohibited
The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind is the one characteristic that best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter. This unique capacity to procreate, like all biological functions, has a cellular basis. The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or cell division. Cell division plays several important roles which are giving rise to a new organism, enabling development, renewing and repairing and also replacing damaged tissue is multicellular organisms.
توانایی موجودات زنده در تولید بیشتر از نوع خود یکی از ویژگیهایی است که موجودات زنده را از مواد غیر زنده به بهترین وجه متمایز می کند. این ظرفیت منحصر به فرد برای تولید مثل، مانند همه عملکردهای بیولوژیک، دارای پایه سلولی است. تداوم زندگی براساس تولید مثل سلولها یا تقسیم سلولی است. تقسیم سلولی چندین نقش مهم را ایفا میکند که نه تنها باعث ایجاد یک ارگانیسم جدید میشود، همچنین امکان رشد، تجدید و ترمیم و همچنین جایگزینی بافت آسیب دیده موجودات چند سلولی را نیز فراهم می کند.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. THE CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
Presented by:
Fasama Hilton Kollie
Lecturer, Department of Biology
Mother Patern College of Health Sciences
2. CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Cell Division
2. Importance of Cell Division
3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Division
4. Cell Cycle
5. Regulation of the Cell Cycle
3. LESSON OBJECTIVES
• By the end of this session, the learners will be able to;
1. Define cell division and cell cycle
2. Identify the purpose of cell division
3. Describe cell division in prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cell
4. Describe the cell cycle
4. CELL DIVISION
• It’s the process by which a cell divides to form two new
cells
• Three types of cell division or cell reproduction in
organism
• Prokaryotes (bacteria)
— Binary fission
• Divides forming two new identical cells
5. Eukaryotes
— Mitosis
• Cell or organism growth
• Replacement or repair of damaged cells
— Meiosis
• formation of sex cells, or gametes
6. WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
• Cells divide for growth, development, repair of worn-out tissues
and reproduction
• To facilitate the exchange of materials
• To control DNA overloading
7. PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
1. Binary Fission
• Three (3) major steps;
• DNA Replication
DNA is copied resulting into two identical chromosomes
• Chromosome Segregation
Chromosomes separate and move towards ends (poles) of cell
• Cytokinesis (Separation)
Cytoplasm divides forming two (2) cells
• Each new daughter cell is Genetically Identical to parent cell
9. EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
• Cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same
number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell
1. MITOSIS
• Two (2) main steps:
1. Mitosis
Fours steps; [Prophase>Metaphase>Anaphase>Telophase]
2. Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides forming two new daughter cells
• Each daughter cell is Genetically Identical to parent cell
10.
11. Eukaryotic Cell Division Cont.
• Cell division that results in four daughter cells
2. MEIOSIS
• Two (2) major steps:
1. Mitosis
Fours steps; [Prophase>Metaphase>Anaphase>Telophase]
2. Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides forming two new daughter cells
• Each daughter cell is NOT Genetically Identical to parent cell
13. THE CELL CYCLE
• The sequence of events from the time a cell first arises as a result of cell division
until the time when that cell itself divides.
• Arise – Divide
• This consist of periods of;
•Growth and Development
•DNA Replication
•Preparation For Division
•Cell Division
• Cell after division begins a new cycle
14. The Cell Cycle
• Consist of two(2) main
periods;
I. Interphase
II. Mitotic Phase M phase
G2
phase
S
phase
G1 phase
15. CELL CYCLE - Interphase
• Interphase: period of growth and DNA
replication between cell divisions
• Three (3) phases:
• G1 Phase
‒ Cell increases in size
• S Phase
‒ Replication of DNA
‒ Two sister strands of DNA called chromatids
are produced
• G2 Phase
‒ Organelles double
‒ New cytoplasm forms
‒ All other structures needed for mitosis form
Centrioles
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
18. CELL CYCLE – Mitotic Phase
• Mitotic phase is the stage when a cell divides
• Mitosis – the division of a single nucleus into two genetically
identical daughter nuclei
• This division involves two(2) processes;
‒ Division of the nucleus
‒ Separation of the cytoplasm and the new nuclei into daughter cells
19. Mitotic Phase
• Divided into two (2) mitotic phases
• 1st MP contain four stages (P-MAT)
‒ Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
• 2nd MP is cytokinesis
22. Early Prophase:
• Chromatids condense becoming
chromosomes
• Nucleolus disappears
• Centrioles separate and start moving
to opposite ends of the cell
• Spindle begins to form
Chromatids
connected by a
centromere.
Centrioles
Spindle made of
microtubules
23. Late Prophase:
• The nuclear membrane
fragments and the
microtubules invade the
nuclear area
• Centrioles have moved to the
opposite poles
• The spindle is completely
formed
centrioles
Microtubules
form a complete
spindle
chromatids
centrioles
24. Metaphase:
In metaphase;
• The chromosomes are aligned
at the metaphase plate
• Centrioles move at polar ends
and projects spindle fibers to
connect each chromosome
Centrioles
Chromosomes
Spindle
composed of
microtubules
25. Anaphase:
In anaphase;
• The paired chromosomes
(sister chromatids) separate
• Separated chromatids move
to opposite pole
• Partial division of cytoplasm
begins
Chromatids are
being pulled to
opposite sides of
the cell.
Shortening of the
microtubules
26. Telophase:
In telophase;
• Chromosomes are at the
poles
• Chromosomes uncoil-turn
chromatin
• Nuclear envelops reforms
• Spindle fiber disappear
Nuclear
membrane
is returning
27. Cells return to interphase
Cytokinesis:
• Occurs at the end of mitosis
• Animal cells: a cleavage furrow
separates the daughter cells
• Plant cell: a cell plate separates the
daughter cells
• Daughter cells are genetically
identical
32. CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE
• Regulatory proteins called cyclins control the cell cycle at
checkpoints:
• G1 Checkpoint—decides whether or not cell will divide
• S Checkpoint—determines if DNA has been properly replicated
• Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint—ensures chromosomes are aligned at
mitotic plate
33. REFERENCE
• Nabor, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Copyright 2004 Pearson
Education, Inc., Publilshing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San
Francisco, CA 94111.
www.aw-bc.com
• CK – 12
https://www.ck12.org/biology/cell-division/lesson/Cell-Division-BIO/
• Image Attributions
[Prokaryotic cell division]
Credit: Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (LadyofHats) for CK-12 Foundation
Source: CK-12 Foundation
License: CC BY-NC 3.0
