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Material Selection
The document discusses the critical role of material selection in various industrial applications, highlighting the importance of matching material properties with operational requirements. It covers different types of materials, their properties, fabrication techniques, and selection criteria to ensure safety, efficiency, and economic viability in product design. Specific case studies, such as safety issues related to material failures, exemplify the consequences of improper material choices.
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Introduction to material selection, its importance, applications, properties, techniques, and criteria.
Evolution of material usage from the Stone Age to Space Age focusing on human needs and curiosity.
Importance of material selection with examples like the Columbia Space Shuttle failure and various contamination cases.
Industrial applications of materials in fluid storage and transportation, along with examples of equipment.
Required properties of materials such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and magnetic benchmarks.
Overview of available materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and specific details on alloys.
Different metal fabrication techniques such as forming, forging, rolling, casting, and their processes.
Basic considerations and criteria for selecting materials based on operating conditions, fabrication needs, and environmental conditions.
Specific material codes and standards for reactor components like shell plates, nozzles, flanges, and fasteners.
Methods for selecting materials including literature review, lab testing, and pilot trials.
Open floor for any questions regarding material selection.
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Material Selection
- 1. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Contents •Introduction •Importance of Material Selection •Industrial Applications •Material Properties Required •Available Materials •Fabrication Techniques •Selection Criteria •Selection Methodology
- 2. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Man & Materials Stone Age to Space Age •Meeting Needs •Incomplete Knowledge •Curiosity to Know More
- 3. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Importance of Material Selection •Columbia Space Shuttle Failure •Safety Aspects
- 4. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Importance of Material Selection •Erosion of Pump Impeller •Plant Life Aspects
- 5. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Importance of Material Selection •Iron Pick Up by DM Water •Product Contamination
- 6. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Importance of Material Selection •Bacterial Contamination in Food Industry •Process Contamination
- 7. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Importance of Material Selection •Reactor Explosion due to Temperature Rise •Equipment Failure
- 8. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Industrial Applications • Fluid Storage • Fluid Transportation • Fluid Heating/Cooling • Fluid Conversion • Fluid Separation In Chemical Plant • Equipment • Piping • Instrument • Electrical • Civil/ Structure
- 9. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Industrial Applications Equipment for Fluid Storage Fluid Water Grains Ethanol Sulfuric Acid Chlorine Milk Condition Atmosphere High Pressure Vacuum High Temperature Low Temperature Equipment Concrete Pits Riveted Silos CS Welded Tanks Epoxy Lined Tanks SS Welded Tanks Smooth Surface Finish Tanks
- 10. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Material Properties Required •Mechanical – Strength, Elastic Modulus •Electrical – Conductivity, Dielectric Constant •Thermal – Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity •Magnetic – Response of Material in Magnetic Field •Optical – High Radiation, Index of Reflection/ Refraction •Deteriorative – Chemical Reactivity of Materials
- 11. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials •Metals – Strong, Heat Transfer, Deformable •Ceramics – Hard but Brittle, Insulation •Polymers – Light, Flexible, Compressible •Composites – Strength of Fiber & Flexibility of Polymer
- 12. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials •Metallic • Pure - CS, Cu, Ni, Ti…. • Alloys – SS304, SS304L, SS316, SS316L…
- 13. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous
- 14. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous Steels : C < 1.0 %wt Cast Iron : C > 2.14 %wt
- 15. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous Low Carbon Steels (C < 0.25 %wt) •These alloys relatively soft and weak but have outstanding Ductility & Toughness. •They are Machinable, Weldable, Least Expensive •Applications: Automobile Body Parts, Structural Shapes (I-Beam, Channels)
- 16. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous High Strength, Low Alloy •Contain alloying elements such as copper, vanadium, nickel and molybdenum •Higher strength than Plain Carbon Steel •Strengthen by heat treatment •Ductile, Formable and Machinable •More resistant to corrosion than plain Carbon Steel
- 17. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous Medium Carbon Steel (C: 0.25 – 0.60 %wt) •May be heat treated by austenitizing, quenching and then tempering to improve mechanical properties •Plain medium carbon steels – Low harden abilities, can be heat treated only in thin sections and with very rapid quenching rates •Heat treated alloys are stronger than low carbon steels but at sacrifice of ductility and toughness
- 18. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous High Carbon Steel (C: 0.60 – 1.40 %wt) •Hardest, Strongest, yet least ductile of carbon steel •Used in a hardened and tempered conditions especially wear resistant and capable of holding sharp cutting edge •Tools & Die steels •Knives, Razors, Hacksaw Blades
- 19. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous Stainless Steel •Highly resistant to Corrosion •3-Classes •Martensitic (AISI-410) – Used for Cutlery, Riffle Barrel, Jet Engine Parts •Ferritic (AISI-409) – Used for Automatic Exhaust Components •Austenitic •AISI-304 – Used for Chemical & Food Processing Equipment •AISI-316L – Used for Welding Construction
- 20. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials •Typical Composition of SS SS304 SS304L SS316 SS316L C (Max) 0.08% 0.03% 0.08% 0.03% N 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Cr 18-20% 18-20% 16-18% 16-18% Ni 8-10.5% 8-12% 10-14% 10-14% Mo - - 2-3% 2-3% Si (Max) 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% P 0.045% 0.045% 0.045% 0.045% S 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
- 21. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials •Typical Composition of SS SS304 SS304L SS316 SS316L C (Max) 0.08% 0.03% 0.08% 0.03% N 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Cr 18-20% 18-20% 16-18% 16-18% Ni 8-10.5% 8-12% 10-14% 10-14% Mo - - 2-3% 2-3% Si (Max) 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% P 0.045% 0.045% 0.045% 0.045% S 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% Influence of Components on Material Properties Cr – for Oxide Film Formation Ni – for Toughness, Ductability and ease of Weldability improves, Improves Oxide Film Formation Mo – for improving Pitting & Crevice Corrosion Resistance, Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties Improves C, N – to Increase Strength & Hardness S, Se, Pb – to Improve Machinability, Prolong Tool Life and Reduces Machining Power Requirement. Ti, Co, Ta – to prevent Sensitization and thereby eliminate susceptibility to inter-granular corrosion. Columbium – improves high temperature creep strength. Cu – improves resistance to sulfuric acid Mn – partial substitution for Nickel Si, Al – improves Oxidation Resistance
- 22. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous Cast Iron (C > 2.14 %wt) •Alloys within this composition remain liquid at temperature 1150-1300oC •Easily melted and amenable to casting
- 23. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous Grey Iron (C : 2.5-4 %wt, Si : 1-3 %wt) •Mechanically – comparatively weak & brittle in tension •Strength & Ductility – much higher under compressive loads •Effective in dampening vibrational energy (base structure of machines & heavy equipment exposed to vibrations) •Least Cost
- 24. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous Ductile Iron •Adding small amount of Mg & Cerium to Gray Iron before casting produces a distinctly different microstructure and set of mechanical properties •Graphite forms as nodules or sphere like particles instead of flakes •Casting are much more stronger and ductile than Gray Iron •Mechanical characteristics approaching those of steel •Application: Valves, Pump Bodies, Crank Shafts, Gears
- 25. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Available Materials Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous White Iron & Malleable Iron •White iron – extremely hard due to cementite phase, but also brittle (unmachinable) •Used for very hard and wear resistant surface and without a high degree of ductility e.g. rollers in rolling mills •Connecting rods, transmission gears, flanges, pipe fittings
- 26. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Fabrication Techniques Metal Fabrication Techniques Forming Forging Rolling Extrusion drawing Casting Sand Die Investment Continuous Misc. Powder Metallurgy Welding
- 27. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Fabrication Techniques Metal Fabrication Techniques Forming Forging Rolling Extrusion drawing Casting Sand Die Investment Continuous Misc. Powder Metallurgy Welding Forming : Shape of metal piece is changed by plastic deformation •Forging – Hot metal put in Die •Rolling – Metal passed through rollers •Extrusion – Hot metal passed through Die •Drawing – Metal pulled like wire making
- 28. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Fabrication Techniques Metal Fabrication Techniques Forming Forging Rolling Extrusion drawing Casting Sand Die Investment Continuous Misc. Powder Metallurgy Welding Casting: Molten metal is poured into a mould cavity having desired shape •Sand – Liquid metal in sand mold •Die – Liquid metal under pressure in mold •Investment – Wax casting •Continuous – Casting with Forming
- 29. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Fabrication Techniques Metal Fabrication Techniques Forming Forging Rolling Extrusion drawing Casting Sand Die Investment Continuous Misc. Powder Metallurgy Welding Welding: High temperature fusion. •Alteration of properties/ microstructures •If work piece material was previously cold worked, heat affected zone may have experienced re-crystallization and grain growth , thus diminishment of strength, hardness and toughness •Upon cooling, residual stresses may form in this region, which weakens the joint •For steels, material heated to form Austenite •Some stainless steels may be “sensitized” during welding which renders them susceptible to inter-granular corrosion.
- 30. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Basic Considerations • Fluid should not get contaminated • Material should not be affected
- 31. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria A.) Operating Conditions • Pressure – Plastic/ rubber will not be suitable for high pressure applications • Temperature – For high temperature applications like furnaces, even metals will not be suitable • Fluid Concentration – Low alloy materials may not be suitable for high concentration acids/ alkalies
- 32. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria B.) Fabrication Requirement • Cutting • Welding • Molding • Forging • Casting • Grinding (Polishing) • Hardening
- 33. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria C.) Environmental Conditions • Salty wind in coastal area • High humidity air • Hot or cold environment
- 34. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria D.) Scale of Operation • Small Scale – Glassware • Big Scale – Metal Equipment
- 35. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria E.) Other Requirements • Thermal Conductivity – Insulation, Heat Exchanger Tubes • Electrical Conductivity – Earthing • Compressibility – For sealing of fluids • Flexibility – hoses • Economics – Cheaper is better • Ease of Operation – Light material like rubber hose • Safe in Operation – Glass wool with Al cladding
- 36. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Matching What is Required and What is Available Keeping in mind Economics & Safety
- 37. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Commercial Gas Cylinder Available Options •Metal •Ceramics •Polymers •Semi-conductors •Composites Requirements Strength Ductility Cost High Strength but poor ductility High Strength & Ductility but High Cost High Strength & Ductility with Low Cost (Selected)
- 38. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Commercial Gas Cylinder Metal Alloys Ferrous Steel Low Alloys Low-C Plain High Strength Medium-C Plain Heat Treatable High-C Plain Tool High Alloys Tool Stainless Cast Iron Grey Iron Ductile Iron White Iron Malleable Iron Non- Ferrous ASTM A414-Grade G Iron + 0.31 wt% C (max) + 1.35 wt% Mn (max) + 0.035 wt% P (max) + 0.04 wt% S (max)
- 39. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Aero Space Pressure Vessel Available Options •Metal •Ceramics •Polymers •Semi-conductors •Composites Requirements Strength Ductility Cost Despite High Cost, Need of Light Material makes Composite as Suitable Material
- 40. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Liquid Bulk Storage Tank • Non-Corrosive Liquid : Carbon Steel Plates (IS2061) • Salt Solution (Brine) : Carbon Steel Rubber Lined (CSRL) • Corrosive Liquid : SS-304 Plates • Hygienic Liquids (Milk) : SS-316 Plates with high surface finish
- 41. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Reactor • Shell Plates • Undergoes Cutting, Rolling, Welding • Selected MOC Code: ASTM-A240 TP304 • Equivalent Steel Grades : BS-1501 Gr 304S15, IS-1570
- 42. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Reactor • Nozzles • Pipe Material Specifications • Selected MOC Code : ASTM- A312 TP304 • Equivalent Steel Grade : BS-3605 Gr.304S18
- 43. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Reactor • Flanges • Forged or Cast Ring • Selected MOC Code : ASTM-A182 Gr. F304
- 44. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Reactor • Agitator Shaft • Steel Bar (Martensitic Stainless Steel) • Selected MOC Code : AISI410 • Equivalent Steel Grade : BS-410 S21
- 45. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Reactor • Impeller • Casted • Selected MOC Code : A743 CF8
- 46. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Reactor • Fastener • Bolt : ASTM – A193 Gr.B7 • Nut : ASTM – A194 Gr. 2H • Washer : ASTM – F436
- 47. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Reactor Part Material Code (ASTM) Plate A240 TP304 Nozzle A312 TP304 Flange A182 Gr.F304 Shaft AISI 410 Impeller A743 CF8 Bolt A193 Gr.B7 Nut A194 Gr2H Washer F436
- 48. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Criteria Centrifugal Pump (SS304) Part Material Code (ASTM) Casing A743 CF8 Impeller A743 CF8 Stuffing Box A743 CF8 Shaft AISI 410 Shaft Sleeve AISI 304 Casing Wear Ring AISI 304 Impeller Wear Ring AISI 304 Base Plate MS Fabricated
- 49. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection Selection Methodology • From Literature • By Lab Testing • Pilot Plant Trials • Past Experience
- 50. klcenter@gmail.comKoncept Learning Center SharingExperiences Material Selection ?
Editor's Notes
- #4 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #5 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #6 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #7 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #8 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #9 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #10 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #11 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #12 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #13 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #14 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #15 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #16 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #17 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #18 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #19 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #20 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #21 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry
- #22 History : Man & Materials . Stone Age to Space Age: - With rising human needs and curiosity to know more, materials keep on growing. - Essentials like Roti, Kapada, Makan, Security - Knowledge is still incomplete - Scope for more to know - Stone Age: Hurting others and enjoy - Space Age: Kalpana Chawala space ship disaster Materials: Essential to Entertainment Essentials: Roti (Agriculture, Kitchen, Food Industry) , Kapada (Textile Industry), Makan (Cement, Iron) Entertainment: CD/Computer, Mobile, Chip Every where machines made of different materials are used. Automobile (Metal) to Mobile (Semiconducting materials) House to Industry