Major classifications of engineering materials include metals, polymers, ceramics and composites. Metals are further divided into ferrous and nonferrous materials. Classification systems identify materials based on chemical composition and mechanical properties. Design considerations for materials depend on factors like strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, manufacturability and cost. Material selection involves matching properties to product requirements under expected loading and service conditions.
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
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undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
its include testing of property of metal and alloy like tensile strength, hardness test,compression and torsion test, surface effect,impact test,fatigue test,creep test, mettalography, non-destructive test,etc.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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This module deals with the classification of the engineering materials and their processing techniques. The engineering materials can broadly be classified as:a) Ferrous Metals ,b) Non-ferrous Metals (aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium) ,c) Plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets) ,d) Ceramics and Diamond,e) Composite Materials & f) Nano-materials.
its include testing of property of metal and alloy like tensile strength, hardness test,compression and torsion test, surface effect,impact test,fatigue test,creep test, mettalography, non-destructive test,etc.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
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This module deals with the classification of the engineering materials and their processing techniques. The engineering materials can broadly be classified as:a) Ferrous Metals ,b) Non-ferrous Metals (aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium) ,c) Plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets) ,d) Ceramics and Diamond,e) Composite Materials & f) Nano-materials.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Experimental evaluations and performance of the aluminum silicon carbide par...IAEME Publication
Stresses induced due to thermal mismatch between the metal matrix and the ceramic reinforcement in metal matrix composite may impart plastic deformation to the matrix there by
resulting in a reduction of the residual stresses. Thermal mismatch strains also may quite often crack
the matrix resulting in a relaxation of the residual stresses. The interface in MMCs is a porous, noncrystalline portion in comparison with the matrix or the reinforcement (metal matrix and ceramic reinforcement in this case).
Tensile, Impact and Hardness Testing of Mild SteelGulfam Hussain
The main purpose of this report is to study the mechanical properties and
failure mode of mild steel. Three types of standard tests i.e. tensile test, impact
test, and hardness test were conducted on the standard specimens of mild steel.
From the tests, results were obtained; Tensile strength, Impact strength, and
hardness were calculated. It was observed that Tensile Strength, Impact Strength
and Hardness of MS specimen were 1450.833 N/mm², 29.5 J & 59.25 HRB.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
2. 2
Classifications & Specifications of Metallic Materials
Major characteristics of metallic materials are
crystallinity, conductivity to heat and electricity and
relatively high strength & toughness.
Classification: systematic arrangement or division of
materials into group on the basis of some common
characteristic
Generally classified as ferrous and nonferrous
Ferrous materials-iron as the base metal,
range from plain carbon (>98% Fe) to high
alloy steel (<50% alloying elements)
Nonferrous materials consist of the rest of the
metals and alloys
Eg. Aluminum, magnesium, titanium & their
alloys
Metal / Metallic materials
3. 3
Within each group of alloy, classification can be
made according
(a) chemical composition, e.g. carbon content or
alloys content in steels;
(b) finished method, e.g. hot rolled or cold
rolled;
(c) product form, e.g. bar, plate, sheet, tubing,
structural shape;
(d) method of production, e.g. cast, wrought
alloys.
4. 4
Designation: identification of each class by a
number, letter, symbol, name or a combination.
Normally based on chemical composition or
mechanical properties.
Example : Table 2.1 designation systems for steel
System used by AISI & SAE: 4, or 5 digits which
designate the alloy composition.
1st
two digits indicate Alloy system
Last two or three digits nominal carbon content
in hundredths of a percent
6. 6
In most eng. application, selection of metallic is usually
based on the following considerations:
1) Product shape: a) sheet, strip, plate, (b) bar, rod, wire,
(c) tubes, (d) forging (e) casting
2) Mechanical properties-tensile, fatigue, hardness,
creep,impact test
3) Physical & chemical properties-specific gravity, thermal
& electrical conductivity, thermal expansion
4) Metallurgical consideration-anisotrophy of properties,
hardenability of steel, grain size & consistency of
properties
5) Processing castability-castability, formability,
machinability
6) Sales appeal-color, luster
7) Cost & availability
7. 7
Design and selection for metals
One of the major issues for structural components
is deflection under service load.
A function of the applied forces and geometry,
and also stiffness of material.
Stiffness of material is difficult to change,
either shape or the material has to be changed
if order to achieve a large change in the
stiffness of a component.
8. 8
Load carrying capacity of component can be related
to the yield strength, fatigue strength or creep
strength depending on loading & service condition.
All are structure sensitive.
Changed by changing chemical composition of the
alloy, method and condition of manufacturing, as
well as heat treatment
Increasing the strength cause metal ductility &
toughness to decrease which affects the
performance of component.
9. 9
Electrical & thermal conductivities
Thermal conductivity, K
Is measure of the rate at which heat is
transferred through a material
Al & Cu- Manufacture of component where
electrical conductivity is primary
requirement
Corrosion resistance & specific gravity limits
the materials.
10. 10
Manufacturing consideration
Majority of metallic components are wrought or cast
Wrought m/str:
usually stronger and more ductile than cast.
Available in many shapes & size tolerance
Hot worked products:
Tolerance are wider thus difficult for automatic
machining
Poor surface quality, esp. in sheet/wire drawing
Cold worked product:
Narrow tolerance
Residual stress cause unpredictable size change during
machining
11. 11
Weldability – a function of material composition.
So structure involve welding of the components
need to consider. Also for other joining means.
Machinability:
Important if large amounts of material have
to be removed
improvement by heat treatment or alloying
elements
Economic aspects:
material able to perform function at lowest
cost
Plain carbon steel & cast iron are the least
expensive
12. 12
Classifications of Polymers
Polymer – low density, good thermal & electrical
insulation, high resistance to most chemicals and
ability to take colours and opacities.
But unreinforced bulk polymer are mechanically
weaker, lower elastic moduli & high thermal
expansion coefficients.
Improvement Reinforced variety of fibrous
materials Composites (PMC).
Design for polymer
13. 13
Advantages : ease of manufacturing & versatility.
Can manufacture into complicated shapes in one
step with little need for further processing or
surface treatment.
Versatility : ability to produce accurate
component, with excellent surface finish and
attractive color, at low cost and high speed
Application: automotive, electrical & electronic
products, household appliance, toys, container,
packaging, textiles
Basic manufacturing processes for polymer parts
are extrusion, molding, casting and forming of
sheet.
14. 14
Thermoset & thermoplastic
Differ in the degree of their inter-molecular
bonding
Thermoplastic-litle cross bonding between
polymer, soften when heated & harden when
cooled
Thermoset-strong intermolecular bonding which
prevents fully cured materials from softening
when heated
Rubber are similar to plastic in structure and the
difference is largely based on the degree of
extensibility or stretching.
15. 15
Design consideration for polymer
Structural part/When the parts is to carry load
Should remember the strength and stiffness
of plastics vary with temperature.
Troom data cannot be used in design calculation
if the part will be used at other temp.
Long term properties cannot be predicted from
short term prop. Eg. Creep behavior
Engineering plastics are britle (notched impact
strength < 5.4 J/cm)
Avoid stress raiser
16. 16
Classification of Ceramic Materials
Ceramics – inorganic compounds of one or more metals
with a nonmetallic element. Eg Al2O3, SiC, Si2N3.
Crystal structure of ceramic are complex
They accommodate more than one element of
widely different atomic size.
The interatomic forces generally alternate
between ionic & covalent which leave few free
electrons
usually heat & electrical insulators.
Strong ionic & covalent bonds give high hardness,
stiffness & stability (thermal & hostile env.).
Design for ceramics
17. 17
Structure:
(1) Amorphous or glass-short range order, (2)
crystalline (long range order) & (3) crystalline
material bonded by glassy matrix.
Clasiification:
Whitewares, glass, refractories, structural clay
products & enamels.
Characteristics:
Hard & brittleness,
low mechanical & thermal shock
High melting points
Thermal conductivities between metal & polymer
18. 18
Design consideration for ceramics
Britle, low mechanical & thermal shock-need special
consideration
Ratio between tensile strength, modulus of rupture &
compressive strength ~ 1:2:10. In design, load ceramic
parts in compression & avoid tensile loading
Sensitive to stress concentration
Avoid stress raiser during design.
Dimensional change take place during drying and firing,
should be consider
Large flat surface can cause wrapping
Large changes in thickness of product can lead to
nonuniform drying and cracking.
Dimensional tolerances should be generous to avoid
machining
19. 19
Introduction
A composite material can be broadly defined as
an assembly two or more chemically distinct
material, having distinct interface between them
and acting to produce desired set of properties
Composites – MMC, PMC & CMC.
The composite constituent divided into two
Matrix
Structural constituent / reinforcement
Design for composite
20. 20
Properties / behavior depends on properties, size
& distribution, volume fraction & shape of the
constituents, & the nature and strength of bond
between constituents.
Mostly developed to improve mechanical
properties i.e strength, stiffness, creep
resistance & toughness.
Three type of composite
(1) Dispersion-strengthened,
(2) Reinforcement – continuous & discontinuous
(3) Laminated (consist more than 2 layers
bonded together).
22. 22
Designing with composite
A composite materials usually are more expensive on
a cost.
Used when weight saving is possible when the
relevant specific property (property/density) of the
composite is better than conventional material
E.g. specific strength (strength/density), specific
elastic modulus ( elastic modulus/density)
Efficient use of composite can be achieved by
tailoring the material for the application
E.g., to achieve max. strength in one direction in a
fibrous composite, the fibers should be well
aligned in that direction
23. 23
If composite is subjected to tensile loading,
important design criterion is the tensile
strength in the loading direction
Under compression loading, failure by buckling
become important
Fatigue behavior:
Steel- show an endurance limit or a stress
below which fatigue does not occur
Composite-fatigue at low stress level because
fibrous composites may have many crack, which
can be growing simultaneously and propagate
through the matrix