The document discusses different types of metals used in craftsmanship. It describes ferrous metals like cast iron, carbon steels, and stainless steel. It also describes non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper alloys, and lead. For each metal, it discusses properties like color, hardness, and corrosion resistance as well as common uses.
Properties of materials
Types and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous metals
Timber
Abrasive material
Silica
Ceramics
Glass
Graphite
Diamond
Plastic
Polymer
Properties of materials
Types and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous metals
Timber
Abrasive material
Silica
Ceramics
Glass
Graphite
Diamond
Plastic
Polymer
Engineering Materials are classified as metals , non metals.
metals are further classified as ferrous and non ferrous alloys. Nonmetals are classified as ceramics and plastics. Classification of advanced materials like composites are also discussed
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
Engineering Materials are classified as metals , non metals.
metals are further classified as ferrous and non ferrous alloys. Nonmetals are classified as ceramics and plastics. Classification of advanced materials like composites are also discussed
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
Our God is neither seeking praise and worship singing specialists, nor is He seeking pastors, teachers of the Word, prophets, evangelists, servants, christian converts etc.. He is seeking sons and daughters who will spend quality time in the intimacy of His presence, beyond the veil, in His chambers, and take the time to lay their hearts against His and listen as He whispers kingdom secrets.
English 8 - Types of Reading (Intensive vs. Extensive)Juan Miguel Palero
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Types of Reading (Intensive vs. Extensive). It also includes the definition and types of Reading Styles.
Lathe-Types, Parts, Feed Mechanisms, Specifications,Lathe Accessories and Att...rajguptanitw
Who could ever think of manufacturing metals and other materials like wood and plastic without the lathe machine? Since the lathe machine is an important tool used in the machining process, which is an integral process in the manufacturing technology, it is just fitting to learn about it.
Machining is one of the most important material removal methods in the technology of manufacturing. It is basically a collection of material working processes that involves other processes such as drilling, shaping, sawing, planning, reaming, and grinding among others. Machining is practically a part of the manufacture of all metals and other materials such as plastics, and wood as well. An important machine that is useful in machining is the lathe machine.
A lathe machine is generally used in metalworking, metal spinning, woodturning, and glassworking. The various operations that it can perform include the following: sanding, cutting, knurling, drilling, and deforming of tools that are employed in creating objects which have symmetry about the axis of rotation. Some of the most common products of the lathe machine are crankshafts, camshafts, table legs, bowls, and candlestick holders.
The first lathe machine that was ever developed was the two-person lathe machine which was designed by the Egyptians in about 1300 BC. Primarily, there are two things that are achieved in this lathe machine set-up. The first is the turning of the wood working piece manually by a rope; and the second is the cutting of shapes in the wood by the use of a sharp tool. As civilizations progressed, there have been constant modifications and improvements over the original two-person lathe machine, most importantly on the production of the rotary motion.
The production of the rotary motion therefore evolved according to the following procedures: the Egyptians manual turning by hand; the Romans addition of a turning bow; the introduction of the pedal in the Middle Ages; the use of the steam engines during the Industrial Revolution; the employment of individual electric motors in the 19th and mid 20th centuries; and the latest of which is the adaption of numerically controlled mechanisms in controlling the lathe machine.
For the lathe machine to function and perform its operations, various important parts are integrated together. These essentials parts make up the lathe machine.
Sheets Metal used in Manufacturing ProcessRishabh Singh
Presentaion is on how sheets metal are used in manufacturing process.
You get to know about how many types of steels are there and what are there types.
More than than it contains information about metals used in metallurgy.
Here is a power point presentation I used for my Furniture Design Course. It shows interesting images of Metal, Fiberglass, Mixed Media, and Upcycled Furniture Designs.
CONTENTS
Ferrous metal
Type of ferrous metal
Pig iron
Cast iron
Working of cupola furance
Wrought iron
Steel
Stainless steel
Tools steel
Application of ferrous metal in automotive
Merits and Demerits of ferrous metal materials in automotive
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. As a craftsman, you will work with a variety of
materials. In this module, you will learn about
the most common metals and their properties,
such as hardness, color, corrosion resistance,
and brittleness
Also as a craftsman you will use several types
of metals. You must know how to identify each
type.
There are two classes of metals: ferrous and
non-ferrous. Ferrous metals have iron content.
Ferrous metals are iron and steel. Metals other
than iron and steel are classed as non-ferrous
metals.
3. FERROUS METALS
The most commonly used ferrous metals are:
o cast iron
o carbon steels
o stainless steel
Cast Iron
Iron for commercial use is mixed with carbon.
Cast iron is a ferrous metal. Cast iron is dark
gray and dull in appearance. After machining,
it may appear bright and shiny.
Manufacturers make items of cast iron by
pouring the molten iron into pre-shaped
molds, then allowing the metal to cool. That
process is known as casting the iron. When a
casting is cool and outside the mold, it is ready
for use or for any machining it may need.
However, cast iron is very brittle.
Brittle means that it will break
easily when struck with force. You
cannot bend it. Shock blows easily
crack or break cast iron. Other
substances added to cast iron give
the metal special qualities. For
example, adding small amounts of
silicon makes cast iron easier to
machine
4. Carbon Steels
Steels are also an alloy of iron and carbon.
Therefore, steels are ferrous metals. Carbon is
the most important element in all types of
steel. The form and amount of carbon content
control the properties of steel. Increasing the
carbon content increases its tensile strength,
hardness, and the response of the steel to
various heat-treatment processes. An increase
in carbon makes it more difficult to work with.
You can work low-carbon steel with
hand tools and machine tools. You
can bend thin-section low-carbon
steel when it is cold. However, you
need to add heat to bend heavy
Low-Carbon Steel
Low-carbon steel is the most common of the
carbon steels, and is usually know as mild
steel. It normally has a range of carbon content
in it of 0.05–0.3%. The color of low-carbon
steel and other carbon steels is light gray. After
machining, the steels appear bright and shiny.
Uses of low-carbon steel include
bar, shafts, pipe, plate, and
threaded fasteners. Other
examples are metal furniture,
machine skids, and low-pressure
pipe work.
5. Medium-Carbon Steel
Working with medium-carbon steel with hand tools and machine is more
difficult than working with low-carbon steel. Medium-carbon steel exhibits
much greater strength than low-carbon steel, and does not bend as easily
without heat. It normally has a range of carbon content in it of 0.3–0.6%.
An important characteristic of medium-carbon steel is its ability to harden
with heat. Many cutting tools made from medium-carbon steel have
hardened cutting edges.
In addition to cutting tools, medium-carbon steel is in such shop stock items
as bar, shafting, pipe, and plate. Other uses of medium-carbon steel are
fasteners, fabrications and pipe work that must withstand high pressures and
stresses, hand tools, and machine levers.
6. High-Carbon Steel
High-carbon steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It has the highest percentage of
carbon of all carbon steels. Because of its high carbon content, it is very hard
and brittle. It normally has a range of carbon content in it of 0.6–1.0%.
Because it is very hard, you cannot file high-carbon steel or cut it with a
hacksaw. However, you can shape it with a grinding machine. You can bend
high-carbon steel if you first apply heat.
Most high-quality, high-carbon steel products do not corrode. Some of the
lower-quality products have coatings to protect them against corrosion.
High-carbon steel makes good metal cutting tools. Such tools include twist drill
bits, lathe machine cutting tools, taps and dies.
7. Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is a ferrous metal, an alloy of iron, carbon,
and chromium. The chromium content ranges upward
from 10.5%. Like the carbon steels, stainless steel is light
gray and appears bright and shiny when machined.
While a ferrous metal, many grades of stainless steel are
not magnetic. A simple check with a magnet may help you
to identify if the metal is ferrous or non-ferrous.
Under normal conditions, stainless steel does not corrode
easily. Stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion and
attack by acids. Its use is for equipment that might corrode.
Such equipment includes pump impellers and shafts,
mechanical seals, measuring instruments, and valves.
Some fabrications and pipe work that require a combination
of strength and corrosion-free properties use stainless steel.
Shop stock items made of stainless steel include shafts,
pipes, and plates. Some threaded fasteners come in stainless
steel.
8. NON-FERROUS METALS
The term, non-ferrous, is used to indicate
metals other than iron and alloys that do not
contain an appreciable amount of iron. Most
non-ferrous metals are easy to work. However,
you should avoid grinding them, as grinding
will clog up the grinding wheel.
The most common non-ferrous metals used
are:
o aluminum
o copper and its alloys
o lead
Aluminum
Aluminum is a base metal that is
strong, soft, and lightweight. When
alloyed with other substances, it
gives special qualities. For example,
an aluminum alloy that contains
silicon is much harder than pure
aluminum.
The natural color of aluminum is
silver-gray. Its color can change with
different processes.
Copper and its Alloys
Copper is a base metal, reddish brown in color, and is easy to work with hand tools
and machine tools. Copper resists corrosion. However, copper turns green if it is
exposed to air over time.
Copper becomes hard with age and with constant vibration. However, when it is
heat-treated by annealing, it returns to its normal soft state. You can bend copper
without heating it.
You find many copper parts and equipment in the workshop. These include piping
and tubing, and soft jaws for vises.
9. Bronze
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Bronze is a
yellow-orange metal. Like copper and
aluminum, it is easy to work with tools. Bronze
resists corrosion. And, because it wears well,
bronze makes good bearings and bushings.
Bronze goes into tools, as pipe fittings and
packing glands.
Brass
An alloy of copper and zinc, brass is
harder than copper. However, brass
still is a soft metal. Brass is yellow
and appears shiny when you
machine it. It is very easy to work
with tools. Like copper, bronze, and
aluminum, brass is too soft to
grind. Brass also has a low melting
point.
Brass resists corrosion very well.
Many cast or formed shop stock
items and machine parts come in
brass. Examples are metal bar, rod,
and sheeting. It also makes good
threaded fasteners and bushings.
Brass is also a good conductor of
electricity.
LEAD
Lead is a soft, malleable metal, also considered
to be one of the heavy metals. Lead has a
bluish white color when freshly cut, but
tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is
exposed to air and is a shiny chrome silver
color when melted into a liquid.
10. Casting
Manufacturing process by which a liquid
material is usually poured into a mold, which
contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape,
and then allowed to solidify.
Cold Working
Altering the shape or size of a metal
by plastic deformation (when the
material is cold).
Machining
Machining is one of the most important
material removal methods. It is a collection of
material-working processes in which power-
driven machine tools, such as lathes, milling
machines, and drill presses are used with a
sharp cutting tool to mechanically cut the
material.
Normalizing
To restore to a normal condition.
Quenching
Rapid cooling from a high temperature by
immersion in a liquid bath of oil or water.
Welding
Welding is the most common way of
permanently joining metal parts. In this
process, heat is applied to metal pieces,
melting and fusing them to form a
permanent bond.