This document provides information on important engineering materials. It discusses metals including ferrous metals like steel and cast iron, and non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper, lead, tin, and nickel. It also covers non-metallic materials like wood, ceramics, and abrasives. For each material, the document outlines key properties and applications in engineering.

1. Important Engineering
Materials
ENRL NO:
1301 10119056 - VINAY SUDANI
1301 10119057 - PAVAN SUREJA
1301 10119058 - MANSI SUTARIA
1301 10119059 - PARTH VASAVA
1301 10119060 - DEEP VASHI

2. Engineering
materials
Metals &
their alloys
Ferrous
metals
Non-ferrous
metals
Non -metals

3.  Metals and their alloys : such as
iron,steel,aluminium,copper,nickel,etc.
 The ferrous metals : are those which have iron as
their main constitutent.
Such as iron,steel &cast iron.
 The non-ferrous metals : are those which has a metal
other than iron as their main constituent.
Such as alluminium,copper,tin,zinc,etc.
 Non-metals : such as ceramics,glass,plastic,rubber
etc.

4. PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS

5.  IT IS DEFINED AS A QUALITATIVE OR
QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF RESPONSE
OF MATERIAL TO EXTERNALLY
IMPOSEDCONDITIONS LIKE FORCE AND
TEMPERATURE.

6.  PHYSICAL
 MECHANICAL
 CHEMICAL
 THERMAL
 ELECTRICAL
 MEGMETIC
 OPTICAL
 TECHNOLOGICAL

7. 1. STRENGTH :-
ABILITY TO RESIST THE BREAKING UNDER
THE ACTION OF EXTERNAL LOADS.
2. STIFFNESS :-
ABILITY TO RESIST DEFORMATION UNDER
STRESS.
3. HARDNESS:-
ABILITY TO RESIST SCRATCHING , WEAR
,PENETRATION ,ABRASION ,ETC.

8. 4. DUCTILITY:-
PROPERTY TO UNDERGO DEFORMATION
UNDER TENSION WITHOUT BREAKING .
5. BRITTLENESS:-
PROPERTY OF MATERIAL BY VIRTUE OF
WHICH IT WILL FRACTURE WITHOUT
APPRECIABLE DEFORMATION.

9. 6. TOUGHNESS:-
PROPERTY TO RESIST FRACTURE DUE TO
HIGH IMPACT LOADS LIKE HAMMER
BLOWS AND ABSORB A CERTAIN
AMOUNT OF ENERGY.
7. MALLEABILITY:-
ABILITY TO WITHSTAND DEFORMATION
UNDER COMPRESSION WITHOUT
FRACTURE.

10. 8. ELASTICITY:-
ABILITY TO REGAIN ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE
AFTER DEFORMATION WHEN EXTERNAL
LOADS ARE REMOVED.
9. PLASTICITY:-
ABILITY TO BE PERMANANTLY
DEFORMED WITHOUT FRACTURE EVEN
AFTER THE REMOVAL OF THE LOAD.

11. 10. RESILIENCE:-
ABILITY TO ABSORB OR STORE ENERGY AND
TO RESIST SHOCK AND IMPACT LOADS.
11. CREEP:-
SLOW AND PERMANENT DEFORMATION
DUE TO CONSTANT STRESS AT HIGH
TEMPERATURE FOR LONG TIME IS CALLED
CREEP.

12. 12. FATIGUE:-
WHEN MATERIAL FAILS AT STRESSES
BELOW YIELD POINT STRESSES SUBJECTED
TO REAPETED TENSILE AND
COMPRESSIVE STRESSES .THIS FALURE IS
CALLED ‘FATIGUE’.
13. CORROSION RESISTANCE:-
PROPERTY OF MATERIAL WHICH RESIST
CORROSION.

13. 14. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:-
ABILITY TO CONDUCT THE AMOUNT OF
HEAT PER UNIT TIME THROUGH A UNIT
AREA .
15. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY:-
PROPERTY DUE TO WHICH IT RESIST THE
FLOW OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH IT.
16. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY:-
PROPERTY DUE TO WHICH IT ALLOWS
THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH IT.

14. 17. CASTABILITY:-
THE EASE WITH WHICH THE MATERIAL
CAN BE GIVEN VARIOUS SOLID SHAPE
FROM LIQUID STATE .
18. WELDABILITY:-
ABILITY TO BE WELDED UNDER THE
FABRICATION CONDITION.

15. 19. MACHINABILITY:-
THE EASE WITH WHICH MATERIAL CAN
BE CUT OR REMOVED BY CUTTING TOOL
WITH SURFACE FINISH .
20. WORKABILITY:-
THE EASE WITH WHICH METAL CAN
CHANGE ITS SHAPE IN SOLID STATE.

16. FERROUS MATERIALS
• Materials consisting primarily of IRON as its main component
are called FERROUS materials.
• They are widely used as they provide wide range of
properties.
• Principle ferrous metals:
• 1)Wrought Iron
• 2)steels
• 3)alloy steels
• 4)cast iron
• Raw material used :- pig iron(obtained by smelting of
iron in blast furnace)

17. FERROUS METAL
Name Properties Uses
Low Carbon Steel (Mild
•Fairly Strong
Steel)
•Rusts easily
(Carbon 0.1%-0.3%)
(iron + carbon)
girders, car body panels,
nuts and bolts, Food cans,
car body panels
Medium Carbon Steels
(Carbon 0.3%-0.7%)
(iron + carbon)
•Harder than low carbon
steel
Nails and screws, metal
chains, wire ropes,
screwdriver blades, engine
parts, bicycle wheel rims
High Carbon Steel (tool
steel)
(Carbon 0.7%-1.3%)
(iron + carbon)
•Harder than medium
carbon steel
•Brittle
Chisels, hammers, drills,
files, lathe tools, taps and
dies.
High Speed Steel
(Carbon 0.6%)
(iron + carbon + tungsten +
chromium)
•Harder and more lasting
than high carbon steel
•Can retain its hardness at
high temperature (700°C)
Cutting tools for lathes and
drill bits

18. FERROUS METAL
Name Properties Uses
Stainless Steel
(Carbon 0.2%)
(iron + carbon + nickel +
chromium)
•Hard and tough
•Polishes well
•Resistant to corrosion
and rust
Cutlery, kitchen utensils
and appliances, sinks,
surgical instruments
Cast Iron
(Carbon 2%-4%)
(iron + carbon)
•Hard and brittle
•Rusts easily
Car engine blocks
Manhole covers
Engineer’s vice

19. Wrought Iron
• Highly refined iron(almost 99% iron).
• Properties :- the slag fibres improve strength & corrosion
resistance of iron
• Tough, malleable & ductile
• Applications :- bolts, chains, railway couplings.

20. Steels
• Alloy of carbon and iron.
• Carbon range :- 0.5-1.5%
• Classified on basis of carbon content:-
• 1)low carbon steel- (0.15-0.30%)
• 2)medium carbon steel- (0.30-0.60%)
• 3)high carbon steel – (0.60-1.50%)
• Hardness and strength varies with carbon content.

21. FERROUS METAL
High
Harder

22. Ferrous Metals
LOW CARBON STEEL

23. Ferrous Metals
MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

24. Ferrous Metals
HIGH CARBON STEEL

25. Alloy steel
• Elements other than carbon are added in sufficient
amounts to achieve desired properties.
• Main types are:-
• 1)stainless steel
• 2)heat resisting steel
• 3)high speed steel
• 4)spring steel

26. • Stainless steel- contains chromium, nickel,
molybdenum, and manganese((utensils, surgical
instruments, dairy industries))
• Heat resisting steels- tungsten, chromium & nickel
((gas turbines, furnace parts))
• High speed steels- main component-tungsten,
chromium & vanadium ((high speed cutting tools)).
• Spring steels- contains manganese & silicon ((leaf and
helical springs))

27. Ferrous Metals
HIGH SPEED STEEL

28. Cast Iron
• Alloy of carbon & iron(carbon – 2-4.3%)
• Very brittle % less ductile.
• Various type are:-
• 1)Grey cast iron
• 2)White cast iron
• 3)Malleable cast iron

29. Ferrous Metals
CAST IRON

30. • Grey cast iron- contains carbon as GRAPHITE FLAKES
(automotive cylinder blocks, fly-wheels, pipe fittings)
• White cast iron- contains carbon as cementite(iron
carbide)
• Extremely hard & brittle(mill liners, grinding balls)
• Malleable cast iron- formed by long heat treatment
to white cast iron.
• Ductile - Can be bent without breaking- high tensile
strength (agricultural machinery, door hinges)

31. NON FERROUS MATERIALS

32.  Non-ferrous materials are those that contain a metal
other than Iron as its chief constituent.
 CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Ease of manufacturing
2. Corrosion resistant
3. Electrical and thermal conductivity
4. Weight

33. ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
 Benefits:
 Lighter than steel, copper
 Highly corrosion resistant
 Good Machinability, Formability, Castability
 Silvery white colour
 Drawbacks:
 Low hardness, poor strength
 Examples: Duralumin, Y-alloy
 Applications: Aircraft, automobile industry, overhead
cables, wiring, cooking utensils

34. Y-Alloy Duralumin

35. COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS
 Benefits:
 soft
 Ductile
 Malleable
 Good conductor of electricity
 Higher resistance to corrosion
 Examples: Brass, Bronze
 Applications:
1. Brass (Cu+Zn): used in hydraulic fittings, pipe linings,
utensils, bearings, etc.
2. Bronze(Cu+Sn): used in pipe linings, bushes, gears,
springs, utensils etc.

36. Bronze
Brass

37. LEAD AND ITS ALLOYS
 Benefits:
 Heaviest and softest
 Malleable and ductile
 Can be rolled easily
 Good corrosion resistance
 Good lubricating properties
 High radiation absorbing power
 Applications: used for making solders, as a lining for acid
tanks, water pipes, bearing, batteries etc.

38. LEAD BLOCKS

39. TIN AND ITS ALLOYS
 Benefits:
 Brightly shining white
 Malleable and soft
 Can be rolled easily into sheets
 Applications: used for making solders, as a protective
coating on iron and steel, for making tin foil used as
moisture proof packing, etc.

40. TIN LUMP

41. NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS
 Benefits:
‾ High mechanical strength properties
‾ Corrosion resistance
 Applications: used for production of stainless steel,
propellers, condenser tubes etc.

42. Monel metal Nitinol stench

43.  Why we use non – metallic material?
These type of materials are used in engineering due
to –
 Low cost
 Low density
 Resistant to heat
 Resistant to electricity
 Flexibility

44. Non-metallic
natural
synthetic

45.  Natural material : rubber,wood,ceramics,asbestos
 Synthetic materials : plastics,polymers,etc.

46.  It is the wood which made suitable for engineering
practice.
 Wood is natural polymer composite.
 The principle polymeric molecules are those of
cellulose.
 Is obtained by cutting trees after their full growth.

47.  The innermost part or core is known as pith.
 Heart wood which consists of innermost annular
rings is around the pith.
 The thin layer below the bark is called the cambium
layer.
 The thin fibers,which extend from pitch outwards
and hold the annular rings together are called
medullar rays.
 The heart wood and sap wood from the main part of
timer for suitable application.

48. Applications:
• It is widely used for making door-window, roof
members, furniture, sound-proof construction,
tool-handles, railway sleepers, sports goods,
packing cases, etc.
Advantages:
• It has high strength to weight ratio.
• Easily desired shape can be given.
• Attractive appearances and good toughness.

49. Disadvantages:
• Properties of timber are being changed with season.
• It is inflammable and strength is very along the
length and across the length.

50.  Abrasive material is hard material.
 It is used in the form of powder, emery-paper,
emery-cloth, solid discs, wheels or bars of various
shapes and sizes.
 E.g., Silicon carbide, aluminium oxide, emery,
diamond, etc. Are the various abrasive materials.

51. Application:
• Wear away softer material.
• Grinding
• Cutting
• Scratching
• Rubbing
• Polishing

52.  SiO2 is basically a refractory material which can
withstand high temperatures.
 Most simple silicon material found on earth.
 The tetrahedron structure of silica is electrically
neutral.
 It has three primary polymorphic crystalline forms
which are known as –
1. Quarts
2. Cristobalite
3. tradymate

53.  Application:
 Blast furnaces
 Chemical reactor lining
 Lining of aluminium melting furnaces
 Rotary kilns

54.  Ceramics materials are defined as those consisting of
compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements.
 The compounds are usually oxides, nitrides,
carbides, etc.
 The very commonly used ceramic materials include
clay, cement and glass.

55.  Properties:
1. Greater stability at high temperatures.
2. Very hard
3. Strong
4. Dense materials
5. Brittle
6. Less ductile
7. They are chemically inert so they are not affected by
chemical actions and remain stable under severe
environmental conditions.

56.  Applications:
 In the field of heat engines.
 Electronic packaging.
 Gas turbine.
 Chemical rector lining.
 Electrical Resistance heating elements.

57.  Glass is a transparent silica product which may be
amorphous or crystalline , depending on heat
treatment.
 It refers to material which is made by the fusion of
mixture of silica, basic oxides and a few other
compounds that react either with silica or with the
basic oxides.

58.  Properties :
 Non-corrosive in nature
 High temperature resistance
 Better optical properties
 Chemical stability
 It is used for glass equipments for various use.

59.  Graphite is an allotrope of carbon.
Properties :
 Conductor of electricity
 Very stable material
 Withstand high temperatures.

60.  Application:
 As electrodes of an arc lamp and arc welding.
 In bronze as a lubricant.
 For making graphite crucibles in-
1. steel making,
2. brake lining,
3.foundry facings,
4.zinc-carbon batteries,
5.Electric motor/generator brushes
6.Pencils for drawing and writing.

61.  It is an allotrope of carbon.
 The hardest known material.
 They are naturally available material.
 Artificial diamonds are also available.
they are manufactured by high pressure , high
temperature process.
it is yellow in colour due to nitrogen as impurity.
diamond is the hardest and tough and has the
characteristics of high dispersion of light due to which it
is used in many industrial application and jewelry.

62.  They make superlative abrasive due to this it is used
in engraving tools.
 Diamonds are widely used in drilling and other
finishing operation like lapping , honing and super
finishing .

63.  The plastics are synthetic materials which are
moulded into shape under pressure with or without
the application of heat.
 These can also be cast,rolled,extruded,liminated and
machined.
 Plastics are usually divided into two groups ,
thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
 Plastic have been increasingly accepted as
engineering material.

64.  Properties :
 Attractive material
 Low weight
 Low cost
 No moisture
 Chemical resistance
 Toughness
 Abrasive resistance
 Strength
 Appearance
 Insulation
 Formability
 machinability

65.  Application :
 In the manufacture of aeroplane
 Automobile parts
 Making safety glasses
 Laminated glasses
 Self-lubricating besrings.

66.  The basic structural units of polymers are referred to
as monomers.
 A polymers is therefore , made up of thousands to
form a large molecule of colloidal dimension , called
macromolecules.
 The process by which polymers are formed is a
chemical reaction known as polymerization.
 There may be naturally occurring polymers or
synthetic polymers.
 Polyethylene ,polytyrene, nylon ,terelene,dacron,etc.
are the synthetic polymers.

67.  Low density , good corrosion resistance , excellent
surface finish , good insulator etc. are some of the
characteristics of polymer.
 Applications:
 Polymers are used for making high structure fibers
like silk and wool.
 They are also used in optical industries , reflectors ,
packaging and coating material etc.

68.  A composite material is defined as a combination of
more than one materials which are used in combination
to rectify a weakness is one material by a strength in
another.
 This combination of two or more materials offers
properties distinctly different from those of the
individual materials used to make the composite.
 Composites may be man-made or natural.
 Wood material obtained from tress is also a composite
which is formed naturally.
 Wood consists of strong and flexible cellulose fibers
surrounded by a stiff material called lignin.