Research instruments
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The document discusses various research instruments used in business research methods such as observation, interviews, telephone surveys, mail surveys, and interview schedules. It provides advantages and limitations for each research instrument, noting things like accuracy, costs, response rates, and data quality. Key research instruments are compared in terms of their economic feasibility, speed, coverage, and ability to gather reliable and detailed information.
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Introduction to Research
This document provides an introduction to research. It defines research as a systematic study that involves carefully collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to relate thinking to reality. The scientific method involves recognizing a problem, collecting data through observation and experiment, and testing hypotheses. Good research is systematic, controlled, empirical, critical, logical, cyclical, analytical, methodical, and replicable. Characteristics of a good researcher include intellectual curiosity, prudence, healthy criticism, honesty, and creativity. Research is important for improving quality of life by addressing people's needs and problems through new inventions and technologies. There are different types of research like basic, applied, and developmental research, as well as different methods like library, field, and laboratory research.
The research instruments
The document discusses various research instruments that can be used to collect data, including questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists, sociometry, document analysis, scorecards, observation, psychological tests, and standardized tests. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each instrument. Guidelines are also provided for ensuring research instruments are valid, reliable, and field tested to effectively gather accurate and useful data.
Research instruments
After the formulation of research questions and sample selection, the next step in research chain is developing data collection instruments or research instruments.
They are measurement tools (i.e., tests, questionnaires or interviews)
They can be designed by the researcher or can be previously-developed by other researchers.
Kinds & classification of research
There are many ways to classify research, including by purpose, goal, level of investigation, type of analysis, scope, choice of answers to problems, statistical content, and time element. Some of the main classifications are basic/pure research conducted for intellectual purposes versus applied research which tests theories in practice, quantitative research which uses statistics versus non-quantitative, and historical research which describes the past versus descriptive or experimental.
Instrument in research
This document discusses various research instruments used to collect data, including questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists, sociometry, document analysis, scorecards, teacher-made tools, and observation. It provides details on closed and open questionnaires, structured vs unstructured interviews, different types of rating scales, and criteria for measuring the validity and reliability of research instruments. The purpose of research instruments is to systematically gather information to address the objectives of a study.
Classification of research
This document classifies research into three main categories: basic research, applied research, and action research. It also describes strategies for research, dividing them into quantitative and qualitative methods. Basic research aims to develop and refine theory, while applied research focuses on problem solving. Action research involves practitioners studying their own problems. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis and large sample sizes, while qualitative research relies on collecting stories and developing narratives from smaller samples. The document provides examples of studies conducted with these different approaches.
Writing the research title
Here are 6 possible research titles:
1. Factors Affecting Students' Academic Performance
2. Impact of Social Media Usage on Mental Health
3. Effectiveness of Different Teaching Methods
4. Community Perceptions of Crime and Policing
5. Barriers to Accessing Healthcare Services
6. Sustainable Waste Management Practices
Meaning and characteristics of research
This document outlines the key concepts and components of research. It defines research as the systematic study of trends or events through careful data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Some key points discussed include:
- The characteristics of good research, which include being empirical, logical, analytical, critical, and methodical.
- The qualities of a good researcher, such as being resourceful, creative, honest, and religious.
- The values of research to humanity, such as improving quality of life, instruction, and satisfying needs through new discoveries and applications.
- The different types of research like basic, applied, and developmental research.
- How research classifications include library, field, and laboratory research.
Recommended
Introduction to Research
This document provides an introduction to research. It defines research as a systematic study that involves carefully collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to relate thinking to reality. The scientific method involves recognizing a problem, collecting data through observation and experiment, and testing hypotheses. Good research is systematic, controlled, empirical, critical, logical, cyclical, analytical, methodical, and replicable. Characteristics of a good researcher include intellectual curiosity, prudence, healthy criticism, honesty, and creativity. Research is important for improving quality of life by addressing people's needs and problems through new inventions and technologies. There are different types of research like basic, applied, and developmental research, as well as different methods like library, field, and laboratory research.
The research instruments
The document discusses various research instruments that can be used to collect data, including questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists, sociometry, document analysis, scorecards, observation, psychological tests, and standardized tests. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each instrument. Guidelines are also provided for ensuring research instruments are valid, reliable, and field tested to effectively gather accurate and useful data.
Research instruments
After the formulation of research questions and sample selection, the next step in research chain is developing data collection instruments or research instruments.
They are measurement tools (i.e., tests, questionnaires or interviews)
They can be designed by the researcher or can be previously-developed by other researchers.
Kinds & classification of research
There are many ways to classify research, including by purpose, goal, level of investigation, type of analysis, scope, choice of answers to problems, statistical content, and time element. Some of the main classifications are basic/pure research conducted for intellectual purposes versus applied research which tests theories in practice, quantitative research which uses statistics versus non-quantitative, and historical research which describes the past versus descriptive or experimental.
Instrument in research
This document discusses various research instruments used to collect data, including questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists, sociometry, document analysis, scorecards, teacher-made tools, and observation. It provides details on closed and open questionnaires, structured vs unstructured interviews, different types of rating scales, and criteria for measuring the validity and reliability of research instruments. The purpose of research instruments is to systematically gather information to address the objectives of a study.
Classification of research
This document classifies research into three main categories: basic research, applied research, and action research. It also describes strategies for research, dividing them into quantitative and qualitative methods. Basic research aims to develop and refine theory, while applied research focuses on problem solving. Action research involves practitioners studying their own problems. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis and large sample sizes, while qualitative research relies on collecting stories and developing narratives from smaller samples. The document provides examples of studies conducted with these different approaches.
Writing the research title
Here are 6 possible research titles:
1. Factors Affecting Students' Academic Performance
2. Impact of Social Media Usage on Mental Health
3. Effectiveness of Different Teaching Methods
4. Community Perceptions of Crime and Policing
5. Barriers to Accessing Healthcare Services
6. Sustainable Waste Management Practices
Meaning and characteristics of research
This document outlines the key concepts and components of research. It defines research as the systematic study of trends or events through careful data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Some key points discussed include:
- The characteristics of good research, which include being empirical, logical, analytical, critical, and methodical.
- The qualities of a good researcher, such as being resourceful, creative, honest, and religious.
- The values of research to humanity, such as improving quality of life, instruction, and satisfying needs through new discoveries and applications.
- The different types of research like basic, applied, and developmental research.
- How research classifications include library, field, and laboratory research.
Research instrument
This document discusses research instruments used for data collection. It describes three common instruments: questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires involve structured questions to elicit responses, while interviews can be structured, unstructured, or focused. Observation can involve participating or non-participating. The document provides examples of each type of instrument and discusses characteristics of good instruments, such as being valid and reliable. It also outlines steps to prepare questionnaires and types of questions used.
Characteristics of Research
This document discusses the characteristics of good research and researchers. It provides 7 key characteristics of research: empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicability. It also lists 5 qualities of a good researcher: intellectual curiosity, prudence, healthy criticism, intellectual honesty, and intellectual creativity. The document emphasizes that good research is based on direct experience, uses valid procedures, starts and ends with a problem, uses proven analytical methods, involves careful judgment, follows systematic methods, and can be replicated. Good researchers are curious, careful, open to criticism, honest, and creative in their work.
Analysis and interpretation of data
The document discusses various statistical analysis methods and their purposes. It defines descriptive statistics as methods used to describe characteristics of a population or sample, such as measures of central tendency, dispersion, location, and distribution. Inferential statistics draw inferences from samples to make generalizations about populations. The document outlines specific descriptive and inferential statistical tests for both parametric and nonparametric data, and explains that the appropriate statistical method depends on the research problem and level of measurement used in a study.
Chapter 4
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data collected for a research study. It provides guidelines for clearly presenting data through tables, figures, and charts. The data should be sufficient, valid, and accurately presented to answer the research questions. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis may be used depending on the type of data. Analysis involves describing patterns in the data and highlighting significant findings without making conclusions. Interpretation explains the implications of the findings and their connection to previous literature. Proper formatting and labeling of tables, graphs, and figures is also covered to effectively communicate the data.
Primary and Secondary Sources
This document defines and provides examples of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials created during the time being studied, such as diaries, autobiographies, speeches, historical documents, photographs, recordings, and letters. Secondary sources are materials created after the event as interpretations or analyses of primary sources, such as biographies, textbooks, encyclopedias, newspaper or magazine articles analyzing past events, and oral histories. Primary sources provide direct insight from participants, while secondary sources provide context and interpretation from later authors.
Components of the research process
The document outlines the key components of the research process which include: defining the research problem and objectives, formulating hypotheses, developing a theoretical or conceptual framework, stating assumptions, reviewing related literature, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions and recommendations. It provides more details on defining the research problem, objectives and hypotheses, describing the different types of hypotheses, and explaining the purpose of the theoretical framework and assumptions in research.
Ch 2 types of research
This document outlines different types of research according to objectives and methods. It discusses pure vs applied research, exploratory vs explanatory research, and quantitative vs qualitative research. It also examines different research methods - historical method, descriptive method, and experimental research. For each method, it provides details on their purpose, characteristics, types, variables, and key aspects of conducting the research.
Methods of Research
This document outlines the key components and processes of conducting research. It discusses defining research problems and objectives, developing hypotheses, reviewing related literature, choosing appropriate research designs (such as descriptive, experimental, correlational), determining sample sizes and sampling methods, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It also covers important concepts like validity, reliability, and operationalizing definitions. The overall purpose is to provide guidance to researchers on how to properly plan and carry out a study.
Lesson 2 characteristics, purpose and types of research
This document discusses the characteristics, purposes, types and approaches of research. It provides details on qualitative and quantitative research methods. Some key points:
- Research must be accurate, objective, timely, relevant and clear. It should also be systematic.
- The purposes of research include learning independently and scientifically, gaining in-depth knowledge, and improving skills.
- Research can be pure/applied, descriptive/correlational/explanatory/exploratory/action based. It can also use qualitative/quantitative data and primary/secondary sources.
- Qualitative research uses words while quantitative uses numbers. Approaches include scientific, naturalistic, and triangulation.
- Types of qualitative research
Lesson1 Quantitative Research - Practical Research 2
This document defines quantitative research as explaining phenomena through collecting and analyzing numerical data, especially using statistics. It describes characteristics of quantitative research such as being reliable and objective, generalizing findings through statistics, and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Advantages include producing objective answers and reliable results from large samples, while disadvantages include ignoring context and limited narratives. The document stresses the importance of quantitative research across fields like education, business, medicine and health, and science and technology.
Matching type of evaluation
This document defines and describes matching type tests. It begins by defining matching type tests as objective tests consisting of two sets of items that must be matched based on a specified attribute. It notes they measure the ability to identify relationships between similar items.
The document then provides more details on the structure and components of matching type tests, including that they have two columns - a premises column with items to be matched and a response column with potential matches. It discusses advantages like being more representative and removing subjective scoring. It also outlines disadvantages such as encouraging memorization without understanding.
Finally, the document provides guidelines for constructing effective matching type tests, including using clear directions, ensuring homogeneity, and using an imperfect match structure when possible.
Descriptive research
This document discusses different types of descriptive research studies including normative surveys, educational surveys, and psychological research studies. It provides examples of each type of descriptive study including the purpose, procedures, and key findings. A normative survey examines typical conditions and practices to establish norms. An educational survey looks at factors related to the teaching and learning process. A psychological research study compares behaviors and reactions in different situations. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions and phenomena without manipulating variables.
Checklist as a tool of data collection -by Dr. Neha Deo
While conducting research, a researcher has to use different techniques & tools of data collection. Observation technique is very important for quantitative as well as qualitative research. In the observation technique, there are two important tools- a checklist & a rating scale. In this presentation, Observation technique & checklist-related information is given.
Basic research
Basic research is the search for fundamental knowledge and understanding without a specific commercial application or use in mind. It aims to increase scientific knowledge for its own sake. Some key aspects of basic research include that it is theoretical, builds new knowledge, explores fundamental principles without seeking to solve direct problems, and lays the foundation for applied research. The goal is to expand understanding of phenomena through studying questions like the origins of the universe or composition of subatomic particles, without necessarily creating something new.
Lesson 22 planning data collection procedures
This document discusses planning data collection procedures for research. It describes four main types of quantitative data collection: observation, surveys, quantitative interviews, and questionnaires. Observation involves collecting structured information without direct respondent answers. Surveys collect data from a sample population. Quantitative interviews use a standardized interview guide with closed and some open-ended questions. Questionnaires can be standardized or researcher-made, and guidance is provided on developing a valid researcher-made questionnaire.
The Literature and Study Review and Ethical Concern
This document discusses the literature review and ethical concerns related to social research methods. It defines key terms like "related literature" and "study". It describes the purpose of reviewing related literature, including identifying gaps and avoiding duplicating previous work. Sources of literature are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary. Characteristics of effective literature include recency, objectivity, and relevance. The conclusion reiterates that a literature review evaluates and integrates previous research to position a study in a field of inquiry. Ethical concerns in social research involve informed consent, privacy, and truthfully collecting and reporting data.
Historical Research
Historical Research is the systematic and objective evaluation and synthesis of evidence in order to establish facts and draw conclusions about past events.
Descriptive research
This document discusses different types of descriptive research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe "what exists" with respect to current conditions or variables. Methods include surveys, correlation studies examining relationships between variables, and developmental studies analyzing changes over time. Descriptive research can be quantitative by collecting numerical data or qualitative by describing categories. It involves gathering and organizing data to depict and describe observations. Examples of descriptive studies ask questions about attitudes, activities, reactions, and changes over time.
Action research proposal
This action research proposal aims to improve the listening skills of students through the use of multimedia. It involves assessing students' current listening abilities, implementing multimedia activities and tasks to develop their skills, and re-evaluating the students to analyze the impact. The research will be conducted with a class of students over multiple sessions involving listening tests, exercises identifying sounds and completing poems, and more advanced tasks with recorded instructions. The results will be studied to determine conclusions and next steps in an effort to empower students and teachers through improved listening comprehension.
Type study method
The type study method involves closely examining a single typical case to understand its characteristics and use it as a model for comparing and generalizing to similar cases. It has 6 main steps: 1) selecting a topic type to study, 2) motivating students, 3) stating the model case, 4) studying details, 5) comparing details to the model, and 6) generalizing conclusions. Its advantages are that it is simple, concrete, psychologically valid by focusing intensely on details, and time-saving. Disadvantages are that not all subjects are suitable, conclusions from a single case may not be reliable, and it risks forming hasty generalizations.
The research instruments
The document discusses research instruments, focusing on questionnaires. It describes questionnaires as one of the most common tools for obtaining data beyond an observer's physical reach. Questionnaires can be sent to people thousands of miles away. They come in closed-form or open-form versions. Guidelines for constructing effective questionnaires include using clear language, singular purpose, relevance to the study objectives, and correct grammar. The document also lists 12 principles for developing questionnaires and discusses advantages like facilitating data gathering, as well as disadvantages such as potential for low response rates.
Types of instruments new
This document discusses research instruments and data collection methods. It defines key terms like data, instrumentation, and questionnaires. It describes common types of research instruments like rating scales, interviews, checklists, and anecdotal records. It provides guidelines for developing and pilot testing questionnaires, including writing clear questions and providing response options. The document outlines best practices for administering tests and collecting data, as well as advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods.
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Research instrument
This document discusses research instruments used for data collection. It describes three common instruments: questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires involve structured questions to elicit responses, while interviews can be structured, unstructured, or focused. Observation can involve participating or non-participating. The document provides examples of each type of instrument and discusses characteristics of good instruments, such as being valid and reliable. It also outlines steps to prepare questionnaires and types of questions used.
Characteristics of Research
This document discusses the characteristics of good research and researchers. It provides 7 key characteristics of research: empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicability. It also lists 5 qualities of a good researcher: intellectual curiosity, prudence, healthy criticism, intellectual honesty, and intellectual creativity. The document emphasizes that good research is based on direct experience, uses valid procedures, starts and ends with a problem, uses proven analytical methods, involves careful judgment, follows systematic methods, and can be replicated. Good researchers are curious, careful, open to criticism, honest, and creative in their work.
Analysis and interpretation of data
The document discusses various statistical analysis methods and their purposes. It defines descriptive statistics as methods used to describe characteristics of a population or sample, such as measures of central tendency, dispersion, location, and distribution. Inferential statistics draw inferences from samples to make generalizations about populations. The document outlines specific descriptive and inferential statistical tests for both parametric and nonparametric data, and explains that the appropriate statistical method depends on the research problem and level of measurement used in a study.
Chapter 4
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data collected for a research study. It provides guidelines for clearly presenting data through tables, figures, and charts. The data should be sufficient, valid, and accurately presented to answer the research questions. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis may be used depending on the type of data. Analysis involves describing patterns in the data and highlighting significant findings without making conclusions. Interpretation explains the implications of the findings and their connection to previous literature. Proper formatting and labeling of tables, graphs, and figures is also covered to effectively communicate the data.
Primary and Secondary Sources
This document defines and provides examples of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials created during the time being studied, such as diaries, autobiographies, speeches, historical documents, photographs, recordings, and letters. Secondary sources are materials created after the event as interpretations or analyses of primary sources, such as biographies, textbooks, encyclopedias, newspaper or magazine articles analyzing past events, and oral histories. Primary sources provide direct insight from participants, while secondary sources provide context and interpretation from later authors.
Components of the research process
The document outlines the key components of the research process which include: defining the research problem and objectives, formulating hypotheses, developing a theoretical or conceptual framework, stating assumptions, reviewing related literature, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions and recommendations. It provides more details on defining the research problem, objectives and hypotheses, describing the different types of hypotheses, and explaining the purpose of the theoretical framework and assumptions in research.
Ch 2 types of research
This document outlines different types of research according to objectives and methods. It discusses pure vs applied research, exploratory vs explanatory research, and quantitative vs qualitative research. It also examines different research methods - historical method, descriptive method, and experimental research. For each method, it provides details on their purpose, characteristics, types, variables, and key aspects of conducting the research.
Methods of Research
This document outlines the key components and processes of conducting research. It discusses defining research problems and objectives, developing hypotheses, reviewing related literature, choosing appropriate research designs (such as descriptive, experimental, correlational), determining sample sizes and sampling methods, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It also covers important concepts like validity, reliability, and operationalizing definitions. The overall purpose is to provide guidance to researchers on how to properly plan and carry out a study.
Lesson 2 characteristics, purpose and types of research
This document discusses the characteristics, purposes, types and approaches of research. It provides details on qualitative and quantitative research methods. Some key points:
- Research must be accurate, objective, timely, relevant and clear. It should also be systematic.
- The purposes of research include learning independently and scientifically, gaining in-depth knowledge, and improving skills.
- Research can be pure/applied, descriptive/correlational/explanatory/exploratory/action based. It can also use qualitative/quantitative data and primary/secondary sources.
- Qualitative research uses words while quantitative uses numbers. Approaches include scientific, naturalistic, and triangulation.
- Types of qualitative research
Lesson1 Quantitative Research - Practical Research 2
This document defines quantitative research as explaining phenomena through collecting and analyzing numerical data, especially using statistics. It describes characteristics of quantitative research such as being reliable and objective, generalizing findings through statistics, and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Advantages include producing objective answers and reliable results from large samples, while disadvantages include ignoring context and limited narratives. The document stresses the importance of quantitative research across fields like education, business, medicine and health, and science and technology.
Matching type of evaluation
This document defines and describes matching type tests. It begins by defining matching type tests as objective tests consisting of two sets of items that must be matched based on a specified attribute. It notes they measure the ability to identify relationships between similar items.
The document then provides more details on the structure and components of matching type tests, including that they have two columns - a premises column with items to be matched and a response column with potential matches. It discusses advantages like being more representative and removing subjective scoring. It also outlines disadvantages such as encouraging memorization without understanding.
Finally, the document provides guidelines for constructing effective matching type tests, including using clear directions, ensuring homogeneity, and using an imperfect match structure when possible.
Descriptive research
This document discusses different types of descriptive research studies including normative surveys, educational surveys, and psychological research studies. It provides examples of each type of descriptive study including the purpose, procedures, and key findings. A normative survey examines typical conditions and practices to establish norms. An educational survey looks at factors related to the teaching and learning process. A psychological research study compares behaviors and reactions in different situations. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions and phenomena without manipulating variables.
Checklist as a tool of data collection -by Dr. Neha Deo
While conducting research, a researcher has to use different techniques & tools of data collection. Observation technique is very important for quantitative as well as qualitative research. In the observation technique, there are two important tools- a checklist & a rating scale. In this presentation, Observation technique & checklist-related information is given.
Basic research
Basic research is the search for fundamental knowledge and understanding without a specific commercial application or use in mind. It aims to increase scientific knowledge for its own sake. Some key aspects of basic research include that it is theoretical, builds new knowledge, explores fundamental principles without seeking to solve direct problems, and lays the foundation for applied research. The goal is to expand understanding of phenomena through studying questions like the origins of the universe or composition of subatomic particles, without necessarily creating something new.
Lesson 22 planning data collection procedures
This document discusses planning data collection procedures for research. It describes four main types of quantitative data collection: observation, surveys, quantitative interviews, and questionnaires. Observation involves collecting structured information without direct respondent answers. Surveys collect data from a sample population. Quantitative interviews use a standardized interview guide with closed and some open-ended questions. Questionnaires can be standardized or researcher-made, and guidance is provided on developing a valid researcher-made questionnaire.
The Literature and Study Review and Ethical Concern
This document discusses the literature review and ethical concerns related to social research methods. It defines key terms like "related literature" and "study". It describes the purpose of reviewing related literature, including identifying gaps and avoiding duplicating previous work. Sources of literature are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary. Characteristics of effective literature include recency, objectivity, and relevance. The conclusion reiterates that a literature review evaluates and integrates previous research to position a study in a field of inquiry. Ethical concerns in social research involve informed consent, privacy, and truthfully collecting and reporting data.
Historical Research
Historical Research is the systematic and objective evaluation and synthesis of evidence in order to establish facts and draw conclusions about past events.
Descriptive research
This document discusses different types of descriptive research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe "what exists" with respect to current conditions or variables. Methods include surveys, correlation studies examining relationships between variables, and developmental studies analyzing changes over time. Descriptive research can be quantitative by collecting numerical data or qualitative by describing categories. It involves gathering and organizing data to depict and describe observations. Examples of descriptive studies ask questions about attitudes, activities, reactions, and changes over time.
Action research proposal
This action research proposal aims to improve the listening skills of students through the use of multimedia. It involves assessing students' current listening abilities, implementing multimedia activities and tasks to develop their skills, and re-evaluating the students to analyze the impact. The research will be conducted with a class of students over multiple sessions involving listening tests, exercises identifying sounds and completing poems, and more advanced tasks with recorded instructions. The results will be studied to determine conclusions and next steps in an effort to empower students and teachers through improved listening comprehension.
Type study method
The type study method involves closely examining a single typical case to understand its characteristics and use it as a model for comparing and generalizing to similar cases. It has 6 main steps: 1) selecting a topic type to study, 2) motivating students, 3) stating the model case, 4) studying details, 5) comparing details to the model, and 6) generalizing conclusions. Its advantages are that it is simple, concrete, psychologically valid by focusing intensely on details, and time-saving. Disadvantages are that not all subjects are suitable, conclusions from a single case may not be reliable, and it risks forming hasty generalizations.
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Lesson 2 characteristics, purpose and types of research
Lesson 2 characteristics, purpose and types of research
Lesson1 Quantitative Research - Practical Research 2
Lesson1 Quantitative Research - Practical Research 2
Checklist as a tool of data collection -by Dr. Neha Deo
Checklist as a tool of data collection -by Dr. Neha Deo
The Literature and Study Review and Ethical Concern
The Literature and Study Review and Ethical Concern
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The document discusses research instruments, focusing on questionnaires. It describes questionnaires as one of the most common tools for obtaining data beyond an observer's physical reach. Questionnaires can be sent to people thousands of miles away. They come in closed-form or open-form versions. Guidelines for constructing effective questionnaires include using clear language, singular purpose, relevance to the study objectives, and correct grammar. The document also lists 12 principles for developing questionnaires and discusses advantages like facilitating data gathering, as well as disadvantages such as potential for low response rates.
Types of instruments new
This document discusses research instruments and data collection methods. It defines key terms like data, instrumentation, and questionnaires. It describes common types of research instruments like rating scales, interviews, checklists, and anecdotal records. It provides guidelines for developing and pilot testing questionnaires, including writing clear questions and providing response options. The document outlines best practices for administering tests and collecting data, as well as advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods.
Chapter 9-METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
Sample research instrument
This document describes a test of writing proficiency administered to junior Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) and Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) students at Catanduanes State University for the 2012-2013 school year. The test asks students to write an essay on the topic "LOVING: The greatest risk yet the bravest act" and will be assessed based on content, mechanics, organization, vocabulary, and grammar. Scores will be given on a scale of 1 to 4 for each category, with total scores between 0 and 100 used to determine writing proficiency levels of novice, intermediate, advanced, or superior.
Types of instruments (observation schedule, rating scales, criterion for sele...
Types of instruments (observation schedule, rating scales, criterion for sele...International advisers
This document discusses types of instruments used in educational research, focusing on observation schedules and rating scales. It describes structured vs unstructured observation, participant vs non-participant observation, and controlled vs uncontrolled observation. Rating scales are defined as quantifying judgements on traits using numerical, descriptive, or graphical scales. Validity and reliability are important criteria for selecting instruments, where validity refers to accurately measuring the intended concept and reliability means consistent results over repeated measurements.Methods of data collection
Data are numerical facts collected systematically for research purposes. Economists study phenomena and draw conclusions from collected data. There are two main sources of information: primary and secondary data. Primary data involves collecting original data directly from sources for a specific research purpose, such as through observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules. Secondary data refers to data that was originally collected by someone else for another purpose and has been published, such as government publications, journals, or reports.
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This document discusses sample size decision in research methodology. It defines key terms like population and sample. It also covers different sampling methods like probability and non-probability sampling. The document notes that factors like the nature and size of the population, complexity of data collection, desired level of accuracy and confidence level influence sample size decision. It distinguishes between sampling errors that occur due to the selection of samples and non-sampling errors caused by non-response or incorrect responses. The conclusion emphasizes representing the population accurately with the appropriate sample size to minimize errors.
Online marketing research 2011
The document discusses online marketing research and provides information on several topics:
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- It discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of conducting internet surveys and online focus groups.
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DEPENDENT & INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
The document discusses independent and dependent variables in scientific experiments. It provides examples of experiments that could investigate how different independent variables, like temperature or type of plant, affect a dependent variable, like how quickly ice melts or size of plant growth. The document instructs the reader to identify independent and dependent variables for sample experiments and explain their choices.
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The document provides an overview of key concepts in research design, including worldviews, strategies of inquiry, methods, literature reviews, variables, sampling, validity, reliability, experiments, qualitative methods, coding, and strategies for ensuring qualitative reliability and validity. It defines important terminology such as independent and dependent variables, intervening variables, moderating variables, control variables, confounding variables, and sampling terms. It also briefly describes purposes statements, research questions, hypotheses, and types of experiments and qualitative research.
Developing instruments for research
The document discusses various concepts and procedures related to developing and validating assessments. It covers preparing a table of specifications, writing test items considering learning objectives and cognitive skills, conducting item analysis after scoring, and using different forms of assessment beyond paper-and-pencil tests. The document also discusses further steps like reliability analysis, validity analysis, and revising tests based on pilot results.
School Counselor Intro
Mrs. Thomas is the school counselor who helps students through individual and group counseling sessions, peer mediation, and classroom lessons. She can assist students dealing with issues like divorce, anger, death of a loved one, and conflict resolution by having them fill out a care sheet in her office mailbox. Information shared with Mrs. Thomas will remain confidential unless it pertains to safety issues.
Questionnaires
This response highlights a few potential problems with questionnaire research:
1. Questions may be misunderstood or interpreted differently than intended. The girl in this example found a way to answer the question in a non-straightforward way, suggesting she may have been uncomfortable or that the question lacked clarity.
2. Questionnaires cannot probe responses or ask follow-up questions to clarify meanings. The researcher had no way of following up to understand exactly what the girl meant by her response.
3. Respondents may not feel comfortable answering sensitive questions openly and honestly in a written format without an interviewer present. The indirect nature of the girl's response suggests she did not want to directly state her sexual experience.
4. Questionnaires
Rating scales
Rating scales are used to evaluate student behavior and can measure the degree to which students exhibit certain behaviors. Descriptors provide detailed information about rating scale levels. Rating scales are useful when combined with other assessments like interval recording. Several commonly used rating forms include the Teacher Report Form, Child Behavior Checklist, Youth Self-Report, Behavior Rating Profile-2, and Conners Teacher and Parent Rating Scales. These forms measure behaviors, adaptive functioning, and problems through ratings from teachers, parents, and students. While rating scales can provide useful information, they also have limitations like subjectivity.
Dependent v. independent variables
Independent variables are variables that are controlled or manipulated in an experiment or study. Dependent variables are measured and allowed to vary in relation to changes in the independent variables. The key differences are that independent variables are intentionally manipulated, can be controlled, and cause variation in dependent variables, which are simply measured and their variation must be determined.
Data collection methods
Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected by someone else, while primary data is data that is collected by the researcher themselves. Some advantages of using secondary data include not having to reinvent the wheel, saving time and money, and the data may be very accurate if collected by a government agency. However, secondary data can be limited by being outdated, incomplete, or inconsistent over time. Primary data collection allows customizing data to specific research questions but is more time consuming and expensive. Researchers must determine if their question can be answered by existing secondary data or requires new primary data collection.
Rating scale
The document discusses different types of rating scales used to evaluate performance or attributes. It describes numerical rating scales, graphic rating scales, descriptive scales, and percentage scales. For each type, it provides examples and discusses advantages like being easy to administer, and disadvantages like potential subjectivity. It also covers issues that can arise like leniency errors, central tendency errors, and halo effects that bias ratings. Overall, the document provides an overview of common rating scale approaches used in performance evaluations.
Basic variables ppt
This document defines the key types of variables in scientific experiments: independent variables, which are intentionally changed by the researcher; dependent variables, which change in response to the independent variable; and controlled variables, which are kept the same. It provides examples of identifying the independent, dependent, and controlled variables for experiments testing how temperature affects how high a ball bounces, how light color affects plant growth rate, and how parachute size affects how quickly a hippo falls.
Types of Variables
This document defines and provides examples of different types of variables:
- Dependent variables are affected by independent variables. Independent variables are presumed to influence other variables.
- Intervening/mediating variables are caused by the independent variable and themselves cause the dependent variable.
- Organismic variables are personal characteristics used for classification.
- Control/constant variables are not allowed to change during experiments.
- Variables can also be interval, ratio, nominal/categorical, ordinal, dummy, preference, multiple response, or extraneous.
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Research instruments
- 1. Aditya agrawal: 02 Pooja sawant: 04 Marcian samuel: 10 Rowan FernandesS : 18 Ansab wastewala: 31 2/23/2014 Research Methods In Business Research instruments 1
- 2. Research Methods In Business • Observation • Interview • Telephone survey • Mail survey • Interview schedule 2/23/2014 Research Instruments 2
- 3. Research Methods In Business 2/23/2014 Observation…. 3
- 4. Research Methods In Business • Accuracy. • Factual information available. • Records events as they occur. • Economical. • Accuracy in mechanical devices. 2/23/2014 Advantages…. 4
- 5. Research Methods In Business • Certain elements are missed. • Human errors possible. • Purposes is defeated, if secrecy is not maintained. • Observers bias. • Limited application. 2/23/2014 Limitations…. 5
- 6. Research Methods In Business 2/23/2014 Interview…. 6
- 7. Research Methods In Business • Flexibility. • Better co-operation from respondents. • Benefits of longer duration interview. • Availability of reliable & detailed information. • Better quality response. 2/23/2014 Advantages…. 7
- 8. Research Methods In Business • Costly. • Time consuming. • Information supplied may not be accurate. • Long term planning required. • Effective supervision on interviewers required. 2/23/2014 Limitations…. 8
- 9. Research Methods In Business 2/23/2014 Telephone Survey…. 9
- 10. Research Methods In Business • Economical. • High Speed. • Quick Response. • Information Is Available From VIPs. • Simplicity. 2/23/2014 Advantages…. 10
- 11. Research Methods In Business • Brief questionnaire required. • Limited information available. • Difficult to contact large number of respondents. • Non-availability of samples. • Limited coverage of samples. • Non-verbal responses are not available. 2/23/2014 Limitations…. 11
- 12. 12 Research Methods In Business 2/23/2014
- 13. Research Methods In Business 2/23/2014 Mail Survey…. 13
- 14. Research Methods In Business • Economical. • Wide coverage. • Speed in data collection. • Avoids interviewer’s bias. • Convenience to respondents. 2/23/2014 Advantages…. 14
- 15. Research Methods In Business • Problem of “no replies”. • Updated mailing list required. • Poor response, if questionnaire is defective. • Lacks accuracy of information. • Limited use. 2/23/2014 Limitations…. 15
- 16. Research Methods In Business 2/23/2014 Interview Schedule…. 16
- 17. Research Methods In Business • Honest & objective study of subject. • Valid and reliable co-ordination of data. • Response rate is high. • Information collected is better, complete & correct. • Data is uniform. 2/23/2014 Advantages…. 17
- 18. Research Methods In Business • Expensive and time consuming method. • Wide geographical area cannot be covered. • Dependence on sincere and honest researchers. 2/23/2014 Limitations…. 18
- 19. 19 Research Methods In Business 2/23/2014