SUBJECT:-Pharmaceutical engineering 1
CONTENTS
-general study of composition
-properties
factors affecting the selection of material of pharmaceutical plant
-construction with special reference to S.S and glass
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
INCLUDES SPREADING COEFFICIENT AND ITS THEORY AND ALSO FEW OF ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD
WILL BE HELPFUL FOR B PHARMACY STUDENTS
INCLUDES HOW IT IS DERIVED AND ALSO HOW IT IS RELATED TO SPREADING OF A CREAM OR OINTMENT ON OUR SKIN
IMPORTANCE OF SPREADING COEFFICIENT
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
objectives, applications, mechanism of size separation, the official standard of powders, sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter, elutriation tank
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
Subject is pharmaceutical engineering.
in study of various material are used in pharma. industry the chapter name is Material of pharmaceutical plant construction.
CONTENTS is..
-general study of composition
-properties of material
-construction with special reference to S.S and glass.
SUBJECT:-Pharmaceutical engineering 1
CONTENTS
-general study of composition
-properties
factors affecting the selection of material of pharmaceutical plant
-construction with special reference to S.S and glass
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
INCLUDES SPREADING COEFFICIENT AND ITS THEORY AND ALSO FEW OF ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD
WILL BE HELPFUL FOR B PHARMACY STUDENTS
INCLUDES HOW IT IS DERIVED AND ALSO HOW IT IS RELATED TO SPREADING OF A CREAM OR OINTMENT ON OUR SKIN
IMPORTANCE OF SPREADING COEFFICIENT
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
objectives, applications, mechanism of size separation, the official standard of powders, sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter, elutriation tank
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
Subject is pharmaceutical engineering.
in study of various material are used in pharma. industry the chapter name is Material of pharmaceutical plant construction.
CONTENTS is..
-general study of composition
-properties of material
-construction with special reference to S.S and glass.
Dear All, Best Greetings! This presentation is very useful to all of you to understand the steel basics, background, history, steel making process video, characteristics, metallurgical properties, iron carbon diagram, different phases in steel, effects of alloying elements, high carbon steel introduction, and application of low, medium and high carbon steel.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
There are numerous engineered materials being used to manufacture various types of valves. The materials are selected as per the application and other key parameters. There parameters include size, pressure of the fluid, working temperature and leakage class requirements etc. This presentation is split into two parts to cover MOC of major parts of the valves and the sealing components.
Unit-5 Materials for plant construction (Metals and Nonmetals ).pptxpakhichakraborty1
Pharmaceutical engineering notes By CVS shubhramanyam UNIT-V
topics covered: Material used for plant construction, Basic material handing system for solids, conveyors, types of conveyors, storage of solids.
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool, causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by means of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool. Welding is usually used on metals and thermoplastics but can also be used on wood.
Similar to Pharmaceutical Engineering: Material of pharmaceutical plant construction (20)
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
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disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
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the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
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the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Pharmaceutical Engineering: Material of pharmaceutical plant construction
1. Factors Influencing the Selection
of Materials for Pharmaceuticals
Parag Jain
Assistant Professor
Chhattrapati Shivaji Institute
of Pharmacy
Durg, Chhattisgarh
Presented by
2. Factors Influencing The Selection Of Materials
• A number of equipment are used in the manufacture of
pharmaceutical, bulk drugs, antibiotics, biological products etc.
• In addition, several accessories such as containers for processing
and packing of finished products are essential.
• A wide variety of material can be utilized for the construction of
equipment.
• In the plant improvement is depend on->(1) Design of equipment
(2) Selection of material (3)Technique of fabrication.
3. • The selection of material for the construction of equipment depends on the
following properties..
• Chemical factors
• Physical factors
• Economical factors
• Sub-factors is..
• Chemical resistance
• Structure strength
• Resistance to physical shock
• Resistance to thermal shock
• Ease of fabrication
• Cost
• Maintenance
Mainly 3 factors are affected
4. Chemical Factors
• The contents should not alter the properties of the material
with which the vessel is made, when these are in contact
with each other, the effects may be understood in two
ways:-
• The consents may react and thus get contaminated with
the material of the plant.
• The drugs and chemical may destroy the material of the
plant.
5. • 1)…Product may contaminated by material of
equipments and lead to instability, decomposition and
physiological effects, it may also affect physical
properties of products like appearance and color.
• Eg. – presence of traces of heavy metal decompose
penicillin
• -Stability of vit. Decreased in presence of metallic
ions.
• -The color of esters will change to pale yellow in
presence of iron impurities.
6. • 2)…the solutions that come into contact with the
equipment are generally corrosive in nature.
• In addition, equipment are exposed to extremes of pH,
temperature and pressure.
• As a result, the material gets corroded, losing its
strength and durability. So the life of the equipment is
reduced.
• Materials of plants construction assists greatly in
providing a plant that will be resistant to attack of
acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents etc.
8. Strength
• In the compression of tablets, the dies and punches
should have sufficient mechanical strength to transmit the
applied pressure, otherwise tablets are poorly formed.
• Glass satisfies the property of strength, but is breakable.
• Here, aerosol containers must withstand pressure as high
as 960kPa to 1.20 Mpa at 55oC. Tin plate containers can
satisfy this condition, while plastic containers can’t be
used due to its poor mechanical strength.
9. Wear Properties
• Wear properties become important, when there is a
possibility of friction between the moving parts.
• Eg. During milling and grinding, the gridding surface
wear off and these materials will be incorporated into
powder as impurities.
• Such type of mills should be avoided, when drugs of
high purity are required.
• The risk of contamination is more due to wear of ceramic
or iron equipment.
10. Sterilisation
• In the production of parenterals products, antibiotics
and biological, sterilisation is an essential step, which
is obtained by autoclaving.
• E.g. Equipment and vessels are made of S.S, because
they can be sterilised easily.
11. Cleaning
• Smooth and polished surface allow the process of
cleaning easily
• E.g. S.S & Glass are suitable for this purpose.
12. Mass
• Many times, the equipment should be transported or
moved from one place to another. This is possible
when the material is light in weight, when other factors
are satisfactory.
13. Thermal conductivity
• In industries some time equipment such as
evaporators, dryers, stills and heat exchanger are
used, for used good thermal conductivity materials.
• E.g. iron, glass or graphite tubes are used in the
fabrication of heat exchangers, so that effective heat
transfer is possible.
14. Thermal Expansion
• If the material has high coefficient of expansion, the
design of plants may be greatly complicated.
• This increases should be able to maintain size and
shape of equipment at working temperatures.
• The material should be able to maintain size and shape
of equipment at working temperature.
15. Ease of Fabrication
• During fabrication the material undergoes various
process such as casting, welding, forging, etc..
16. Transparency
• Transparency may be useful property because it
permits the visual observation of the changes during a
process.
• For this reason, borosilicate glass has been use
increasing used in the construction of reactors,
fermentors etc…
17. Economical Factor
• Cost and maintenance of the plant must be economical. The cost is made up
of three parts:-
• The basic cost of material
• The fabrication cost
• The scrap value of the plant at the end of its life.
• It can happen that an apparently expensive material will be the most
economical in long run.
• E.g. -: Sub. With better wearing qualities and lower maintenance cost.
19. Classification of Materials for Plant
Construction
Material of
construction
Non-metals
Ferrous
Metals
Cast iron
Glass
PlasticRubber
OrganicInorganic
Lead aluminium
Non-ferrous
Stainless
carbon
Stainless
steel
20. Ferrous Metals
• Iron metal is one of the widely used materials for the
construction of plants because of its mechanical
strength, abundant availability and lower cost.
• Some varieties of iron are discussed here,
• Cast iron
• Steel carbon
• Stainless steel
21. Cast Iron
• Consists :Fe + carbon (1.7+5.0%)+ silicone (Si) +
manganese (Mn)
• Its property is depend on the amount of carbon present in
it.
• Cast iron is abundantly available, inexpensive and widely
used.
• There is two type of cast iron.
• 1) White cast iron
• 2) Grey cast iron
22. • 1) White cast iron: upon fracture it gives a while surface.
• it contains the carbon in the from of the cementite, and is
produced by rapid cooling.
• It is malleable. It is very abrasive and wear resistance. It is
used as liner, for grinding balls, dies and pumps impellers.
• 2) Grey cast iron: it consist less cementite, its carbon
occurs in the form of graphite.
• Grey cast iron is much less hard and brittle than white
cast iron.
• Low in cost and easy to cast
23. • It has outstanding ability to absorb vibration and wear
resistance.
• Uses:
• Supports for plants
• Jackets of steam pans
• Linings with enamel, plastic or suitable protective
material.
• 14% addition of silicon in cast iron a hard and brittle
casting alloys is formed, which is resistance to attack by
HNO3 or H2SO4.
24. • Advantage:
• Cheap, it is used in place of expensive plant material with
coatings or linings of enamel or plastic.
• It is resistance to conc. H2SO4 , nitric acid and dil. Alkalis.
• Since cast iron has thermal conductivity, it is used for the
construction of outer surface of jackets of steam pans.
• Disadvantage:
• Cast iron is very hard and brittle.
• Cast iron is attacked by dil. H2SO4 , dil. nitric acid, and as
well as conc. HCL acid.
• Since cast iron has low thermal conductivity, it can’t be used
for heat transfer in stills.
25. Carbon Steel or Mild Steel
• Carbon steel is iron alloy, which contains only a small
percentage of carbon.
• Variants of carbon steel:- the property of carbon steel can be
altered by alloying it with other metals and their properties are…
• Nickel (Ni):- improves toughness, corrosion resistance and low
temperature to oxidation.
• Chromium (Cr):- increase hardness, more abrasive resistance to
oxidation.
• Silicon (Si):- increases hardness, more abrasive resistance to
oxidation
• Molybdenum (Mb):- provides strength at elevated temp.
26. • Uses:
• Construction of bars, pipes and plates.
• Storage tanks for water, H2SO4 , HCL and organic solvent, etc..
• Supporting structure such as grinders and bases for plant vessels.
• Advantages:
• Cheapest, therefore it is preferred.
• wieldable and frequently used in fabrication.
• Disadvantages:
• Limited resistance to corrosion
• Its react with caustic soda, brine water and sea-water.
27. Stainless Steel
• There are more than 70 standard types of steel.
• S.S-302 Contains – Fe + Cr (18%) + Ni (8%) + C (0.08%)
• S.S-304 Contains – Fe + Cr (19%) + Ni (9%) + C (0.08%)
• The abundant use of S.S is due to the properties such as:
• Heat resistance
• Corrosion resistance
• Ease of fabrication
• Cleaning and sterilisation
• Tensile strength
28. Vishvajitsinh Bhati
• Depending on the composition, S.S alloys are available
in three groups, viz., marten sic, ferritic and austenitic.
Composition Advantage Disadvantage Uses
Mertensitic :
Chromium 12-20%
Carbon 0.2- 0.4%
Nickel up to 2.0%
Mildly corrosion
resistance,
atmospheric & organic
exposures.
Ductility is poor Sinks, bench tops,
storage tanks, buckets,
mixing elements etc..
Ferritic (α- form)
Chromium: 15-30%
Carbon: 0.1%
Nickel: -
Better corrosion
resistance, easy to
machine, resistant to
oxidation and temp.
(upto-800oc)
Not good against
reducing agents , HCL
Tower linings, baffles,
separator, tower, heat
exchanger, tubings,
condensers, furnace
parts, pumps shafts,
valve parts.
Austenitic (γ-forms)
Chromium: 13-20%
Nickel: 6-22%
Carbon: 0.1%<0.25%
Highly corrosion
resistant, readily
cleaned, sterilizable,
ease to weld, non-
magnetic
Not easy to machine Fermentors, storage
vessels, evaporators,
extraction vessels,
small apparatus.
28
30. Aluminium
• A number of ‘Al’ items are use in regular day to day life.
• Resone is :-
• Cheap
• Light in weight
• Mechanical strength
• Easily fabricated
• Maintenance & cleaning is also easy.
31. • Aluminium alloys and modifications:-
• A number of ‘Al’ alloys are available with improved
qualities and mechanical properties.
• ‘Al’ alloys are used in the construction of equipment
producing medicinal substance, since aluminium dose
not affect the salts
• Aluminium is non-toxic to microorganisms.
• it has considerable use in biosynthetic process such as
the production of citric acid, gluconic acid and
streptomycin by deep culture method.
• It is most useful for the construction of containers
namely drums, barrels, rail tankers etc…
32. Advantages:
• High resistance to atmospheric conditions, industrial fumes,
vapor and fresh or salts waters. ‘Al’ can be used with conc.
HNO3 acid and acetic acid.
• Thermal conductivity of ‘Al’ is 60% that of pure copper.
Disadvantages:
• The mechanical strength decreases greatly above 150℃.
• Al can’t be used with strong caustic solution.
• Many mineral acids attack aluminium.
• Oxide and hydro-oxide film is thickened by chemical and
electrolytic means. These provide so called anodized finishes.
33. Copper & Copper Alloys
• Properties of copper & Copper alloys
–It is malleable and ductility, so easily fabricated.
–It has high electrical and thermal conductivity.
–It can be hammered, welded, brazed and
soldered, but dose not cast well.
–It is readily formed into tubes and pans.
–Surface polish is high so it is easy to clean, so
good heat transfer surfaces.
–It resists non-oxidizing agent well.
–HNO3 attacks copper readily
34. –Caustic alkali solution dissolve copper appreciably.
–It attacked by hot conc. HCL, H2SO4 And ammonia.
–Many drugs constituents react with it, and for this
reason copper is usually protected by a lining of
Tin.
• Applications:
–It is used for evaporator, pans, stills, fractionating
columns.
–For piping of cold water, gas, vacuums and low
pressure steam.
–It is widely used for organics and brewing and food
industries.
35. Copper Alloys
• This alloys include with Zn, Al, Si, Ni, Tin etc..
1. Copper zinc alloys [ BRASSES ]
• Their corrosion resistance is less than that of copper so
has limited application in pharma. Plants.
• They are easily worked and their tensile strength is
greater than COPPER.
• Uses: prepare tubes, valves, nuts, bolts and rods.
2. Copper-Tin alloys [BRONZES]
• 2-13% of tin with small quantity of phosphorous and
traces of other elements, harder than brass.
• Uses: filter gauzes stirrers, valves, pumps, high
pressure pipes, special tablet punches and dies.
36. Lead
• Lead has the lowest cost and is used as collapsible
tube material particularity for non-food products such
as adhesive, inks, paints and lubes.,
• Lead tubes with internal linings are sometimes used
for fluoride tooth-paste.
• Lead chamber process is used in the manufacture of
H2SO4.
• Disadvantage:
– Lead has low melting point and hence possesses poor
structural qualities.
– It has high coefficient of expansion. So, temp. strain result
in permanent deformation.
37. • Lead is little used in pharmaceutical practice , because
of the risk of contamination even in traces produces
toxicity and of cumulative nature.
• Uses:
– It is used in chemical industries.
– Construction of clod water pipes, waste pipes and dilution
tanks for laboratories.
• Lead alloys and modification:-
– Silver and copper
• Improvement corrosion resistance
• Improvement creep and fatigue resistance.
– Antimony, Tin, Arsenic:-
• Hardness, still melting point is low.
38. NON METALS - Inorganic
• GLASS :- a number of glass article are use in daily
life. Glass has the advantage of superior protective
qualities, attractiveness and low cost.
• It is chemically inert to a large range extent and
available in variety of sizes, shape and color.
• Glass containers practically offer excellent barrier
against every element except light.
• UV rays and sunlight are harmful to certain
ingredients and bring about chemical deterioration.
• Protective action against light can be achieved by
amber-colored glass.
39. • Protection against IR rays can be obtained by using
green glass.
• The disadvantages are its fragility and weight.
• Glass is considered as super-cooled, through it is
seen in solid state. The constituents are present in
amorphous state.
• Glass is composed of the following constituents…
– Sand – silica pure(SiO2) – based material
– Soda ash – sodium carbonate(Na2Co3) – improves the
properties
– Lime stone – calcium carbonate(CaCO3) – improves the
properties
– Cullet – broken glass – fusion agents
• Some varieties of glasses are given in table ….
40. No Type Application
1 Type-1
( Borosilicate
Or natural or Pyrex)
-Chemical glass ware
-Ovenware
-Container for alkali sensitive
preparation
2 Type-2 Treated soda lime
glass
(soda-glass with surface
treatment, sulphured
containers)
-Containers for Alkali sensitive
preparations
-For food blood, plasma and
infusion fluids
-Parental
-Used once only.
41. No Type Application
3
Type – 3
Soda-lime glass ordinary
glass
-Medicated bottle
-Only for non-aqueous liquid
preparation
-For powders for injection
-Not for alkali sensitive products
-Not for Parental
-Used once only
4
Type-NP
(Non-Parental)
- Use for oral and topical
preparation
42. No Type Application
5 Colored glass -Used for sunlight sensitive product
-Do not use for parenterals unless
specified
6 Lead free glass -Used for liquid preparation
-Used when preparation-ment for lead
poisoning e.g. Na. E.D.T.A.
43. Glassed Steel
• Glassed steel is an organic product of fusion, which is
cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing.
• It requires special consideration in its design and use.
• These surface are applied to heavy vessels.
• Normally, several coating are fused in furnace,
glassed steel combines the corrosion resistance of
glass with the working strength of steel.
• Uses:- glass lined steel is used for strong acid, alkalis
and saline solutions. For small-scale manufacture
and pilot plant work, glassed steel vessels are used.
44. • Advantages:-
– It has excellent resistance to all acids except
hydrofluoric acid and hot conc. H2SO4.
– It can be attacked by hot Alkaline solution. Particularly
suitable for piping when transparency is desirable.
– It is brittle and gets damaged by thermal shock. Hence it
is protected using glass lined with epoxy polyester fiber
glass.
45. NON METALS - Organic
• Mainly 2 material are widely used in plant
construction of this group…
1. Rubber
2. Plastic
• Other is…
– Wood/Timber
– Carbon/Graphite
– Silica ware
46. RUBBER
• Rubber is used as such or as lining material for the
construction of plant. Both nature and synthetic rubber
are used.
• Types of RUBBER..
I. Natural rubber
II. Soft rubber
III. Hard rubber
IV. Synthetic rubber
a. Neoprene
b. Nitrile rubber
c. Butyl rubber
d. Silicon rubber
e. polyisoprene
47. Ideal Quality of Rubber for Closure
1. Softness and elasticity
2. Impermeable to air and moisture
3. Provide air tight closing
4. Compatible with product
5. Do not migrate any additive to the preparation
6. Negligible extraction of preparation ingredients
7. Withstand sterilization temp.
8. Good aging qualities
9. Oil resisting for oily preparation
10.Do not yield any fragments.
48. Natural Rubber
– :- natural rubber is a naturally occurring polymer,
which is obtain as latex from rubber tree.
–It is common example of an elastomer.
–Elastomer is a substance that can be stretched
readily and when released, rapidly regains its
original from.
Soft Rubber
–the naturally occurring polymer is known as soft
rubber.
–it is a polymer of monomeric isoprene (C5H8).
– its advantage is resistant to dilute mineral acids, dil.
Alkali and salts.
49. –It disadvantage is that soft rubber can be attacked
by oxidizing media, oils and organic solvents.
–Uses:- lining materials for plants, as it can bond
easily to the steel.
–After addition of carbon black to the soft rubber
gives hardened rubber. It is used for making tyres,
tubes and conveyor belts.
Hard Rubber
–when soft rubber is mixed with sulphur, warmed
and set into a given shape, it retains its from. The
sulphur combines with the polymeric chains of
rubber and cross-links btwn them. This process is
called vulcanization.
–Soft rubber with 25% or more sulphur is known as
hard rubber.
50. –Its advantages is hardness and strength.
–Uses:- for making gloves, bands, tubes and
stoppers.
Synthetic Rubber
–Synthetic rubber has taken greater importance
over natural rubber due to its superiority in
properties such as resistance to oxidation,
solvents, oils and other chemicals.
–Here some type of synthetic rubber are describe
in table..
51. Sr.
no
Synthetic rubber Properties uses
1. Neoprene
(Polychloro-
prene)
•Dose not burn readily
like natural rubber
•Stable at high temp.
•Insulating material in
electric cables,
conveyor belts in coal
mines, making hoses
in the transportation of
oils. Rubber stoppers,
cap-lines, dropper
assemblies for eye
drops etc.
2. Nitrile rubber •Resistance to oil and
solvents.
-
3. Butyl rubber •Resistance to..
- minerals acids & alkali
- conc. acids
•Used for closures of
freeze dried product
containers bcoz of its
low water vapor
permeability.
52. Vishvajitsinh Bhati
•Synthetic rubber is thermoplastic, but when mixed
with sulphur, warmed and set into a given shape, it
retains its from.
•Vulcanization of rubber it possible. It is used for
making gloves, bands and tubes, caps for vials.
Sr.
no
Synthetic
rubber
Properties uses
4. Silicon rubber
(Poly-siloxanes)
•Resistant to..
- high and low temp.
- attack to aliphatic solvents, oils
and greases.
-
5. Polysoprene •Stable at high temp., translucent,
flexible.
-
53. • Rubber is soft material, but can be hardened by
adding carbon black.
• Hardened rubber is used for making tubes, tyres
and conveyor belts.
PLASTIC
• Plastic is use in various way, and It is cheap and
light in weight so it is easily transpiration is easy.
• These available in variety of shapes implying that
it can be easily fabricated.
• Plastic material is used for storing a number of
substance such as inorganic salts and weak
mineral acids.
54. • in machines, plastic material are preferred whenever
moving parts are present indicating that it offers less
friction.
• These have better resistance to environmental
factors, in similar manner, plastic materials also used
in the construction of plants.
• Plastic are synthetic resins contain long chains of
atoms liked to from giant macromolecules. They
have molecular weight.(103to107).
• Generally Advantages of PLASTIC.
I. Low thermal and electrical resistance
II. Excellent resistance to weak mineral acids.
III. Unaffected by inorganic salts.
IV. Resistance to slight changes in pH.
55. • Plastic have disadvantage like that….
I. Low thermal and electrical strength.
II. High expansion rates.
➢ Basically, two type of plastic are used in pharma.
Industry.
1) Thermosetting plastic
– Its can be formed under heat and pressure but
these can’t be softened or remolded, once
hardened.
– Some are made from Phenolic and Urea resins.
2) Thermoplastic plastic
– Its also made up from heat and pressure but
these are softened and remolded. This is a
specific advantage.
56. • Some thermoplastic materials and their uses are
given below..
– Polyethylene - cables, buckets, pipes
– Polypropylene – milk cartons, ropes
– Polyvinyl chloride – gloves, water proof garments
– Teflon – gaskets, coatings
• Based on the utility of plastic in plant construction,
these can be categorized as:
I. Rigid materials
II. Flexible material
III. Metallic material
IV. Plastic cements
V. Special case plastic
57. Rigid Materials
• These are phenolic resins with various inert fillers.
These are used in the fabrication of a number of
items. For e.g. kibosh is a rigid material and used for
gears, bearing etc..It is light in weight. Some of its
application are… pumps, ducts, fittings, etc..
• Disadvantage :- these are resistant to corrosion
except oxidizing substance and strong alkalis.
Flexible Materials
• These material is can be rigid or flexible depending
upon the amount of plasticizer added. Used in
fabrication..tanks, buckets, funnels, pipes..
58. Metallic Surfaces
• Plastic of polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride type are
used along with plasticizer for the coating of metallic
surfaces.
• These are used in the protect the metal from
corrosion. And it applied on tanks, vessels, stirrers,
fans.
Plastic Cements
• Used in spaces btwn acid resistance tiles and bricks.
Special Cases
• Used as guards for moving parts of machinery. Nylon
and PVC are use for aseptic screening.
59. • types of thermoplastic..
1. Polyolefin's
a) Low density polyethylene [LDP]
b) High density polyethylene [HDP]
c) Poly propylene [PP]
2. Polystyrene
3. Polyvinyl chloride [PVC]
a) Plasticized
b) Unlplastized
4. Polycarbonate
5. Polymethyl - methacrylate [PMMA]
6. Poly amides [NYLONS]
7. Polytetrafluro Ethylene [PTEE]
60. Overall plastics is used as:
• Containers for transfusion solution and retention
enemas.
• Containers for Eye and Ear drops, nasal sprays.
• Eye ointment tubes.
• Spray bottles – squeeze bottle.
• Suppositories pack.
• Flexible packing.
• Bottles, jars and closures.
61. Advantages of Plastics
• Unbreakable, tough, flexible, durable.
• Light in weight and easily transported.
• Molded into various shapes and sizes.
• Cheaper.
• Readily and easily manufactured on large scale.
• Pleasant to touch.
• Suck-back feature.
• Odorless.
• Good chemical resistance.
62. Website: www.probecell.com Email: probecellinfo@gmail.com
Ph: 7415211131
Office: Smriti Nagar, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh - 490020
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