Based on CTEVT syllabus of Civil Engineer

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Carpentry
It is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and
installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges,
concrete formwork, etc. ... Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to
leave.
What is the carpenter?
Carpenters typically do the following: Follow blueprints and building plans to meet the
needs of clients. Install structures and fixtures, such as windows and molding. Measure,
cut, or shape wood, plastic, and other materials.
What's the difference between a joiner and a carpenter?
Both joiners and carpenters have many shared traits. ... A joiner is a trained
craftsman who makes or joins the wood, usually in a workshop, whereas
acarpenter constructs the timber on site. In simple terms a joiner makes the wood that
a carpenter then fixes on site.
What is furniture and cabinet making?
A cabinet is a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers for storing
miscellaneous items. ... Cabinets are typically made of wood (solid or with veneers or
artificial surfaces), coated steel (common for medicine cabinets), or synthetic materials.
Tree cutter and lumber products or (Producer)
Cutting Methods
Cut trees using the three-cut method. Make the first cut, or undercut, on the side of the
tree facing the direction you wish the tree to fall. Cut horizontally into the tree, one-third
of the way through the trunk. Make the second cut 2 to 3 inches below the first. Cut at
an upward angle to meet the first cut. Remove the resulting wedge of wood. Make the
third cut, or backcut, on the tree's opposite side. Cut horizontally into the tree, 2 inches
above the first cut. Saw no more than halfway through the tree. Remove the saw from
the cut, turn it off and place on the ground when the tree begins to fall. Retreat down
one of the escape paths.
Wood as Construction Materials:
Wood is a sustainable construction material. Wood is a versatile raw material and the
only renewable construction material. ... Increasing the proportion
of wood in construction can facilitate a reduction in the use of other construction
materials, such as concrete, steel and brick.
Temporary structure
Wood has an important role providing temporary structural support during the building
process. Common wooden temporary structures include formwork and scaffolding.
What is timber structure?
Timber frame. The term 'timber frame' typically describes a system of
panelisedstructural walls and floors constructed from small section timber studs, clad

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with board products, in which the timber frame transmits vertical and horizontal loads
to the foundations.
Tools:-

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Furniture making
The art and design of furniture making can be learned in a classroom or on the job. Either way,
furniture makers need artistic vision and woodworking skills to excel in this field. Read on to explore
the career field of furniture making.
Paper and cardboards
Paper, carton and cardboard. Used paper, carton
and cardboards are collected and sorted by .A.S.A. and
sold mainly to the paper mills, which use the old fibres as
raw materials in the production process of fresh paper. ... It
is possible to say that recycling 1 ton of paper saves more
than 2 tons of wood.
Plywood makings
Plywood is made of three or more thin layers of wood bonded together with an adhesive. Each
layer of wood, or ply, is usually oriented with its grain running at right angles to the adjacent
layer in order to reduce the shrinkage and improve the strength of the finished piece.
Tree and its Growth: Study from Course book of Engineering Material.
Insects and Wood borers:
Wood-destroying pests can be divided into four categories: (1) carpenter ants, (2) termites, (3)
bark beetles and woodborers, and (4) powderpost beetles. any individuals with ant problems
fear the insects are termites. ... They eat bits of organic matter including dead insects.
Termites also have 2 straight antennae,
whereas antantennae are curved.
Additionally, termite bodies can be dark brown,
black, white, and sometimes even translucent. If you see
these insects and notice crumbling wood or chipped paint
in your home, you may have a termite infestation.
The best way to kill termites with boric acid is to
use bait stations.
1. Coat or spray wood (or another cellulose material) evenly with boric acid.
2. Plant the boric acid bait in the garden near your house or in an open infestation.
3. Check on the bait station regularly and replenish it with boric acid as needed
Reason of termites develop in home
Subterranean termites must have moist soil nearby and infest any wood that is in contact with
the ground. ... Warm weather and consistent humidity make southern residents most likely to
experience termite activity. Moisture. Leaky pipes, improper drainage, and poor airflow all
create moisture issues that attract termites.

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Wood preservatives
What are the best types of wood preservatives?
 Potential threats. ...
 Wood preservatives.
 Chromate Copper Arsenate: Chromate Copper Arsenate (CCA) is a pesticide containing
chromium, copper and arsenic that protects wood against termites, fungi and other
pests that can degrade or threaten the integrity of wood products.
What chemicals are used to treat wood?
Pressure treating is a preservative process that helps wood withstand the elements and
wards off termites, microorganisms and fungal decay. The most common chemicals
used to treat wood are Alkaline Copper Quaternary (ACQ), Copper Azole (CA), and
Micronized Copper Azole (MCA).
Heat treatment is a method for improving the durability and dimensional stability ofwood.
The treatment method used in this work is called Thermo Wood and is industrially applied in
Finland. ... The method involves heating wood in a steam atmosphere where the heat causes
chemical changes in the structure of the wood.
Brushing and spraying are not good treating methods for preserving wood exposed to high
risk of decay, such as for ground contact uses. The term cold soaking is used when an
unheated oil solution of preservative, such as penta or copper naphthenate, is used.
Pressure-treated lumber is wood that has been immersed in a liquid preservative and placed
in a pressure chamber. The chamber forces the chemical into the woodfibers. ... The most
common chemical used to treat lumber used to be chromated copper arsenate, or CCA.
Defect Cause by dampness:-
Structural dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building, either
the result of intrusion from outside or condensation from within the structure. ... A high
proportion ofdamp problems in buildings are caused by ambient climate dependent factors of
condensation and rain penetration.
Wood Carvings:
Wood carving is a form of woodworking by means
of a cutting tool (knife) in one hand or a chisel by
two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one
hand on a mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or
figurine, or in the sculptural ornamentation of
a wooden object.

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Process of carvings (Method)
 Chip carving
 Relief carving
 Scandinavian flat-plane
 Caricature carving
 Lovespoon
 Treen
 Whittling
 Chainsaw carving
Sculpture
A wood carver begins a new carving by selecting a chunk of wood
the approximate size and shape of the figure he or she wishes to
create or if the carving is to be large, several pieces of wood may
be laminated together to create the required size. The type of wood
is important. Hardwoods are more difficult to shape but have
greater luster and longevity. Softer woods may be easier to carve
but are more prone to damage.
Figure 1 Tudal
Figure 2 Shutter

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Unit 10 Painting on Wooden Surfaces:
Definition of wood primer (Prime Coat)
A primer coat is the first layer of preparation pain applied to a freshly sanded or raw surface. Primer
coats are the foundation that is going to help to adhere the paint to the cabinet. Different types of
construction materials are being introduced into kitchen cabinetry designs, but properly applied primer
coating can ensure universally smooth top finish coating. However, not all primer coats are the same
or can be used for every situation.
Definition of wood varnishes/enamel and chapra (French polish)
Varnish is a clear transparent hard protective finish or film. Varnish has little or no color and has no
added pigment as opposed to paint or wood stain which contains pigment. However, some varnish
products are marketed as a combined stain and varnish. Varnish is primarily used in wood
finishing applications where the natural tones and grains in the wood are intended to be visible. It is
applied over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film for gloss and protection. Varnish finishes are
usually glossy but may be designed to produce satin or semi-gloss sheens by the addition of "flatting"
agents.
Enamel paint is paint that air-dries to a hard, usually glossy, finish, used for coating surfaces that are
outdoors or otherwise subject to hard wear or variations in temperature. Typically the term "enamel
paint" is used to describe oil-based covering products, usually with a significant amount of gloss in
them, however recently many latex or water-based paints have adopted the term as well.
French polishing is a wood finishing technique that results in a very high gloss surface, with a deep
colour and chatoyancy. French polishing consists of applying many thin coats of shellac dissolved
in denatured alcohol using a rubbing pad lubricated with one of a variety of oils (see below). The
rubbing pad is made of absorbent cotton or wool cloth wadding inside of a piece of fabric (usually
soft cotton cloth)
French polish is a process, not a material. The main material is shellac, although there are several
other shellac-based finishes, not all of which class as French polishing.
The finish is considered by many to be among the most beautiful ways to finish highly figured wood,
but it is also recognized to be fragile.
Identification of painting brushes/rollers
A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or sometimes ink. A paintbrush is usually made by
clamping the bristles to a handle with a ferrule. They are available in various sizes, shapes, and
materials. Thicker ones are used with for filling in, and thinner ones are used for details. They may
be subdivided into decorators' brushes used for painting and decorating and artists' brushes use
for visual art.Types include:
 watercolor brushes which are usually made of sable, synthetic sable or nylon;
 oil painting brushes which are usually made of sable or bristle;
 Acrylic brushes which are almost entirely nylon or synthetic.

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
Figure 3 Different kinds of paint Brush
A Rollers for large, flat surface areas like walls
and ceilings, paint rollers will help you get the
job done in about half the amount of time it
would take with a paintbrush. Most painters use
brushes for trim work and around windows and
doors, then turn to rollers to fill in the big blank
spaces. Rollers for painting flat areas come in
varying widths -- from 4 to 18 inches -- but the
two most common sizes for interior jobs are 7
inches and 9 inches wide.
The roller package will also identify the length
of the roller cover's nap, or pile, which can vary
from 1/16 inch to 11/2 inches. For rough
surfaces, use the long naps; choose short ones
for smooth surfaces. The pile is attached to a
tube that slips over the roller's plastic or
cardboard frame.
Part1
Preparing Wood for Painting
1. Take your time to prepare the wood for painting.
2. Remove any old paint from the wood as necessary.
3. Fill all dings and deep gouges with quality wood putty, if possible.
4. Sand the surface of the wood with coarse sandpaper and finish off with fine
sandpaper.
Sanding tools:
Random orbital sander: Powerful but expensive, requires sanding disks.
Sheet sander: Less effective, but cheap and uses regular sandpaper. Best on flat

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surfaces.
Sanding block: Very labor-intensive. Not recommended except on small projects or for
finishing touches.
5. Clean off any dust or wood residue with a tack cloth
6. Tape off any parts of the wood that you don't wish to paint.
7. Prime the wood.
8. Choose your type of paint.
9. Choose a kind of sheen for your paint. Sheen, or gloss, is the amount of light
reflected in your paint. High-gloss paints will appear to shimmer when exposed to light,
while matte paints will absorb light and hide imperfections. When choosing a paint, look
for descriptions of sheen and buy accordingly.
Common types of sheen:[6]
Flat: non-reflective finish good for hiding imperfections. More color depth and
easier to touch up
Matte: very slightly reflective. Easier to clean than flat but not as much as more
reflective paints.
Eggshell, Satin: increasingly more reflective. These tend to vary greatly by
manufacturer.
Semi-gloss, Gloss: the most reflective and durable sheens.
10.
Unit 11 Simple and Complicated Wood joints
Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining together pieces of timber or lumber, to produce
more complex items. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use
only wood elements. The characteristics of wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness,
appearance, etc. - derive from the properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint.
Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the
joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make puzzle toys, although some
concepts overlap.
Joint Image Description
Butt joint
The end of a piece of wood is butted against another piece
of wood. This is the simplest and weakest joint. Of those,
there is the a) T-butt, b) end-to-end butt, c) T-lap d) Miter
butt and e) edge-to-edge butt.

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Lap joint
The end of a piece of wood is laid over and connected to
another piece of wood. This is the next simplest and
weakest joint.
Bridle joint
Also known as open tenon, open mortise and tenon, or
tongue and fork joints, this joint is where the through
mortise is open on one side and forms a fork shape. The
mate has a through tenon or necked joint. Bridle joints are
commonly used to join rafter tops, also used in scarf
joints and sometimes sill corner joints in timber framing.
Dowel joint
The end of a piece of wood is butted against another piece
of wood. This is reinforced with dowel pins. This joint is
quick to make with production line machinery and so is a
very common joint in factory-made furniture.
Mitre joint
Similar to a butt joint, but both pieces have been bevelled
(usually at a 45 degree angle).
Box joint
A corner joint with interlocking square fingers. Receives
pressure from two directions.

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Dovetail
joint
A form of box joint where the fingers are locked together by
diagonal cuts. More secure than a box joint.[1]
Dado joint
Also called a housing joint or trench joint, a slot is cut
across the grain in one piece for another piece to sit in;
shelves on a bookshelf having slots cut into the sides of the
shelf, for example.
Groove joint Like the dado joint, except that the slot is cut with the grain.
Tongue and
groove
Each piece has a groove cut all along one edge, and a thin,
deep ridge (the tongue) on the opposite edge. If the tongue
is unattached, it is considered a spline joint.
Mortise and
tenon
A stub (the tenon) will fit tightly into a hole cut for it (the
mortise). This is a hallmark of Mission Style furniture, and
also the traditional method of jointing frame and
panel members in doors, windows, and cabinets. This joint
is a good strong joint to use.
Birdsmouth
joint
Also called a bird's beak cut, this joint used in roof
construction. A V-shaped cut in the rafterconnects the rafter
to the wall-plate.[2]

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Cross Lap
A joint in which the two members are joined by removing
material from each at the point of intersection so that they
overlap.
Splice joint A joint used to attach two members end to end.
Nontraditional woodworking joints[edit]
Joint Image Description
Pocket-hole
joinery
A hidden screw is driven into the joint at an angle.
biscuit A wooden oval is glued into two crescent-shaped holes.
Floating tenon
joint
See Mortise and tenon
stitch and glue
Wood panels stitched together, usually with copper wire,
and glued together with epoxy resin