Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.

1. Making Buildings Cost-
Effective Through Innovative
Architectural Design, Energy
efficiency, Water efficiency,
Material Efficiency
,Construction
Technology, Construction
Management
 Jit Kumar Gupta
 mail- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com

2. Context of
Buildings--
Resources/
environment

3. BUILDINGS --AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES
•Built environment– significantly impact environment /consumption of
resources/generators of waste/climate change/rising temperature:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of residents having sick building syndrome
• --70% of global warming outcome of ;
•--built environment & transportation
-- Majority of existing buildings
--- low concern for energy conservation.

4. ANGING CONSTRUCTION PERCEPTIONS

5. IMPLICATIONS OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT


6. DESIGNING COST-EFFECTIVE BUILDINGS
 A building design is said to be to be cost-effective if it--
 - has a lower whole life cost, including
 -- low initial design and construction cost
 -- low operational and maintenance cost
 -- low parts replacement cost
 -- High disposal cost or salvage value and
 -- Large useful life of system or building
 -- without compromising with the quality of life
 --Using minimum resources
 --Consumes minimum energy
 -- consume minimum water
 - Generates its own energy
 -- generating minimum waste.
 - providing high indoor quality
 -Making users healthy and productive

7. DESIGNING COST-EFFECTIVE BUILDINGS
 Building Design -- most powerful tool to achieve cost- effectiveness –
 Buildings need to be designed by adopting integrated approach to
design which include;
 Optimizing the macro climate- climatic zone
 Optimizing the local climate
 Optimizing the Orientation-
 Optimizing the Solar movement-- to maximizes use of free solar
energy for heating /lighting- Generating electricity
 Optimizing Wind direction-air flow
 Optimizing site planning--- planning with nature, making best use of
site climate/ site potential, orientation, landscaping
 Optimizing space planning in building-
 Optimizing Design of Building envelop- Height, openings, projections,
shading devices -- with minimum energy implication
 Designing buildings which facilitates the use of cost-effective materials
and cost effective technologies

8. PROMOTING ECONOMY THROUGH GOOD DESIGN
 Good Architectural design based on following principles—
 Buildings to be the product of site- driven by its shape, size,
dimensions, physical features, surroundings, accessibility,
location, neighborhood, views , architects vision etc
 Doing a detailed analysis of the site through a SWOT
 Making best use of the strength of the site
 Overcoming through design all the prevailing weaknesses
 Respecting site and the existing physical features
 Avoiding tempering with the site through minimizing
disturbance
 Avoiding cutting the existing trees, flora and fauna- making them
integral part of designing of building
 Minimising cutting and filling of the site
 Making best use of materials available on the site
 In case of rebuilding- using maximum demolished material in the
new building
 In the contoured site- try to plan along the contours and not
across the contours- to avoid cutting and filling

9. PROMOTING ECONOMY THROUGH GOOD DESIGN
 Good Architectural design based on following principles—
 Define clearly the goals/agenda of building right in the beginning.
 Building performance must be monitored even after building is made
operational.
 Design a compact building with minimum footprints
 Workout building details right in the beginning
 Involve all professionals right in the beginning for designing and
detailing
 Avoid changes/alterations during construction
 Design buildings based on specified norms and standards to avoid
their over/under-designing
 Adopt a shape which leads to minimum length and area of walls
 With maximum usable area
 Building must achieve high space efficiency-- carpet area x100/gross
area--- with minimum area under walls, circulation and amenities
 Evolving design having-- low wall area/plinth area ratio
 Evolving design on optimum structural grid
 Plan room sizes based on the available product sizes of flooring- to
avoid wastage

10. REDUCING CONSTRUCTION COST- DESIGN
 Design with least amount of wastage & negative spaces.
 Stick to right/ obtuse angles and simple room shapes to
minimize complexity of construction.
 Where design is form based- avoid negative spaces or spaces having acute
angles
 Build multi- storied construction- because per square foot
of foundation and roofing costs are high.
 Don't increase room ht.- instead of area/adopt Volume
 Design Lean- Decrease self -load of building
 Don't design for additional floors if not required
 Use same flooring in rooms/ toilets-reduce wastage.
 Plan Electrical/Plumbing- services carefully- .
 Don't compromise on quality--reduce requirements to fit
your budget
 Look at life-cycle cost rather than initial cost to achieve
real cost effectiveness- Initial cost only 10%, operational
cost- 90%

11. ECONOMY THROUGH GOOD DESIGN
 Promote Sharing--Adopt a system of building common walls between
adjoining houses to economise on space, materials, time / structure
 For multi-storeyed buildings--- repeat floor plans one above other –
with no change in structural components
 Keep/club your spaces that need plumbing --close together or above
each other to minimize cost
 Design all public health services near to supply / drainage network to
reduce length of pipes and cost
 Design Green Buildings – saves lot of water and electric energy- makes
building cost- effective over entire life cycle
 Provide standard sized doors with limited variations- minimise sizes of
doors provided
 Minimise number of doors
 All finishing/fittings- floor, windows, glass, paneling etc designed
based on standard size products available in market- to minimise
wastage etc-- Build to match standard material dimensions.
 Using pre-caste /pre-fabricated products to the extent possible- doors/
windows cupboards etc
 Avoid fancy/false/decorative structures in building

12. ECONOMY THROUGH GOOD DESIGN
 Use Flexibility-Make rooms versatile to optimise space utilisation—
 -- example - do you really need a living room --same space can serve
many uses. A guest room can be an expensive luxury
 Design spaces based on living and non-living areas- with living areas
placed in the best possible orientation
 Avoid corridors to extent possible- Corridors can be dead spaces-- only
used for moving between adjacent spaces
 -Avoid single loaded corridors- to optimize space
 Where unavoidable- provide optimum width of the corridors
 Think long term-- as cost of ownership spans may be many years. Some
extra insulation and passive heating / cooling may be beneficial over length
of your home ownership. .
 Select your window placement well-- they are costly - in first cost and in
energy loss---select standard window sizing.
 Keep bathrooms to a minimum, --- most expensive room per square foot in
home.
 Try to design multi use bathrooms--- with private enclosures for shower,
toilet and sink-- Make 3 people using one bathroom at same time.
 Ensure having a Good indoor quality of internal spaces
 Make optimum use of courtyards in narrow sites and in hot climate
 Make courtyard spaces multi-functional

13. PROMOTING ECONOMY THROUGH GOOD DESIGN
 Building envelop needs to be designed with care
 Avoid unnecessary projections and balconies- make buildings
expensive and consume large amount of space.
 Openings- windows and doors need to be placed carefully- looking
objectively the requirement of sunlight, air and ventilation.
 Sizes and placement of the windows need careful study- they are
expensive
 Shading devices have to be carefully worked out and can be largely
avoided based on careful study of the orientation and the site.
 Make best use of the vegetation and trees to shade and make
buildings cool
 Avoid multi-layering of projections to protect openings
 Make best use of arches instead of Concrete lintels to reduce cost
 Use of Jallis to cover large/small openings can help in achieving dual
purpose of providing light and ventilation besides avoiding large glass
windows
 Avoid cladding of external walls and allow the natural materials to
define the building envelop

14. PROMOTING ECONOMY THROUGH GOOD DESIGN
 Minimizing area under walls to make buildings lightweight
and to increase carpet area.-- using pre-cast concrete
blocks, reducing width of walls-7 1/2 “ instead of 9” walls/
pre-cast concrete blocks
 Use innovative technologies-- Rat-Trap brick walls to
reduce quantity of material used
 Evolving design on optimum structural grid
 Use new cost- effective materials ---aerated cement
concrete blocks to reduce the width of walls, weight of wall,
number/ size of joints, use of cement etc
 Use local & contemporary materials
 Use materials in the natural form- avoid using additional
layers on natural material
 Use materials having minimum maintenance cost
 Use UPVC or Aluminium Windows instead of teak wood,
same goes for doors, use flush doors instead

15. PROMOTING ECONOMY THROUGH GOOD DESIGN
 Minimise provision of dead/storage spaces in the usable
areas- make use of negative spaces- making multiple uses
of space under the stairs etc
 Adopting Solar Passive Building Design makes building
cost- effective over entire life-span
 Limiting the scope of building--Build What You Need
 Makes building effective, efficient and cost-effective.
 Adopting the approach-- less is more-- will always make
buildings more compact and efficient
 Adopting the principle-Simple is beautiful - will always
make buildings cost- effective
 Designing, thin , lean and smart makes a building cost-
effective
 Plan for life-cycle cost and not initial cost

16. DEFINING- GREEN BUILDINGS

17. BUILDINGS COST
-- Cost of Building
--Initial Cost
- Life Cycle- cost

18. COST OF BUILDING PROJECT-INITIAL COST
 Initial Building Project cost comprises of:
i Cost of Land, Land Registration, land survey
ii Cost of Designing , plan approval
iii Cost of developing Site
iv Cost of Construction
v Cost of Money
vi Carrying Charges
vi Government fees and Taxes
vii Cost of Advertisement
viii Legal expenses
ix Cost of Supervision
x Cost of Manpower and Security
xi. Cost of Equipment and Furniture
xii Transportation and Travel Charges
xiii Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient
xiv Cost of Time
xv Contractor’ Margin
xvi Builder’s Margin
xvii Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges

19. WHAT CONSTITUTES INITIAL COST OF BUILDING
 Life Cycle Cost of building depends upon:
I Cost of land
ii Cost of construction
iii Cost of maintenance and
 iv Cost of parts replacement cost
 v. Disposal cost or salvage value, and
 vi Useful life of system or building
 Building cost viewed --in both -- short term & long term
 Building cost also evaluated -- Initial Cost & Life Time Cost
 Short Time Cost includes-- Initial Cost of Construction of building
 Long Term Cost component --- whole life cost.
 -- To promote economy in building– Life
cycle cost of building will be critical

20. BUILDINGS-
LIFE CYCLE COSTS
Operating Cost 89%
Maintenance/
Consumables 1%
Initial Cost
10%

21. Building Year
awarded
Built-in Area
(sq.ft)
Rating
Achieved
%
Increase
in cost
Payback
(Yrs)
CII-Godrej GBC,
Hyderabad
2003 20,000 Platinum 18 % 7 years
ITC Green Centre,
Gurgaon
2004 1,70,000 Platinum 15 % 6 years
Wipro,
Gurgaon
2005 1,75,000 Platinum 8 % 5 years
Technopolis, Kolkata 2006 72,000 Gold 6% 3 years
Spectral Services
Consultants Office, Noida
2007 15,000 Platinum 8% 4 years
Kalpataru Square 2008 3,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Suzlon One Earth, Pune 2010 8,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
COST OF GREEN BUILDINGS-INDIAN EXPERIENCE
 Cost showing a decreasing trend over the years
 Incremental Cost lower-- if base design has already factored normal Green features

22. DESIGNING COST -EFFECTIVE BUILDINGS
 1. Adopting integrated approach to building design
 2. Design based on Climate
 Macro Climate – Regional climate; Meso Climate– local climate
 Micro Climate--Site climate -- based on site characteristics,
 3. Orientation -- to optimize light , heat gain/ heat loss
 4. Sun movement-- to maximizes use of free solar energy for heating /lighting
 5.Wind direction---using air movement for ventilation/ cooling
 6. Planning of Building-- optimize site, size, shape, planning spaces, allocating
uses, placing rooms, circulation, promoting building efficiency, promoting natural
sunlight, air / ventilation
 7.Designing Building Envelop--– Mass – space relationships/ solids/voids,
positioning –openings/projections, shading devices, height, shape of building, natural
lighting and ventilations etc
 8. Materials- low embodied energy; locally ; natural form, lightweight
9.-Technology- cost effective/material efficient/speedier/energy efficient
 10.ndoor Air Quality-Creating optimum living conditions for occupants

23. Daylighting
Local materials
NDIAN WAY OF APPROACHING DESIGN
 Rediscovery of Indian ethos
 We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites
Jal (Water) Water Efficiency
Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight
Views
Water body

24. Focus Areas: Green Buildings

25. INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS
 Five Climatic Zones In India-
 Hot and Dry
 Warm and Humid
 Moderate / Temperate
 Cold (Cloudy/Sunny)
 Composite
 All green buildings need not-- to be same
All zones have specific requirements regarding:
--light,
--heat,
--ventilation and
--thermal comfort
Different zones require different design strategies regarding --
building envelop,
 --HVAC,
 -- Lighting ,
 -- Fenestration,
 -- Performance standards

26. INDIAN CLIMATIC ZONES

27. MANAGING SITE- MIN. CUTTING &FILLING

28. UNDERSTANDING/VALUING SUN

29. Orientation-
building’s positioning
relation to
-sun --wind patterns.
Techniques- for improving
thermal comfort inside
building.
Orientation- critical for
planning /Designing
Buildings
-Optimizes heating /
cooling needs throughout
building.

30. UNDERSTANDING ORIENTATION

33. BUILDING ENVELOPE

35. SOLAR SHADING
• .

36. EFFICIENCY OF BUILDING ENVELOPE

37. SITE PLANNING-IMPACT OF BUILDINGS- MINIMIZING
BUILDING FOOTPRINTS

38. ANNING FOR SPACES IN BUILDINGS

39. TOWER OF SHADOWS

40. BUILDINGS COST
--Energy efficiency

41. OPTIMISING ENERGY

43. COST EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
Reduce energy
demand by
passive measures
Reduce energy
demand by active
measures
Integration of
renewable energy
Least
cost
impact
Some
cost
impact
Highest
cost
impact
• Climate responsive
architectural design
• Efficient building envelope
• Daylight harvesting
• Integration of natural sources
for cooling & heating in
building design.
Offset energy demand from the
grid by installing on-site
renewable energy
• Energy efficient equipment
• Lights
• Fans
• Air- conditioners
• Efficient building Operation &
Maintenance through BMS (Building
Management System) & Smart
Metering

44. (WWR)
Window-wall ratio;-- ratio of window area to exterior
wall area of facade.-- important for determining
energy performance of building.
-- Windows -cause energy loss twice more the wall-
impact heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation. -
Size/number of windows - designed according to
climatic conditions.
--In addition to- interior/exterior shading/ high-
performance glazing system --Windows reduce
undesirable solar heat gains through windows

45. BUILDINGS COST
--Water efficiency

46. APPROACH
Reduce
Recycle/
Reuse
Recharge Refuse

48. Optimization of
water demand
Use of water
efficient systems
Use of recycled
water and rainwater
harvesting
Some
cost
impact
Highest
cost
impact
Least
cost
impact
COST EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR WATER EFFICIENCY

49. Phytoremediation
 Wastewater treatment system
◦ Biological mechanism
◦ Treated water used for irrigation

50. Material
Efficiency

51. STRUCTURE DESIGN EFFICIENCY
Building / construction sector accounts for;
-- Half of total Energy usage
- Consumption of 1/3rd of raw material
- - Causing depletion of natural resources
- -Undertaking - Optimization / selecting innovative
structural systems --helps minimizing weight of structure-
self load/dead load of buildings
- -helps minimize consumption of natural resources.-
Structure- typical shapes/ cross-sections/ varieties - being
developed to optimize use of Materials.


52. COST- EFFECTIVE ENERGY EFFICIENT MATERIALS
 Building materials considered 'green' include:
-- rapidly renewable plant materials -- bamboo and straw,
 stone, recycled stone, recycled metal ,
--- Non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable Products include--
 - Recycled industrial goods-- minimize waste products from environment.
 -- Coal combustion products, foundry sand,
-- Demolished debris in construction projects
Green materials are:
 Made up of recycled content
 Containing natural/ renewable content
 Available Locally
 Reduced transportation.
 Salvaged/refurbished or remanufactured
 Reusable or recycled
 Durable –must last longer than their conventional counterparts
 -- Use of energy efficient and eco-friendly equipments
 Materials assessed on the basis of--
 -- Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) --
 embodied energy,

53. GREEN MATERIAL - FLY ASH BRICKS

55. AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE
Autoclaved aerated concrete
- (sand, calcined gypsum, lime
(mineral), cement, water and
Aluminum powder,)
- -- versatile
- - lightweight construction material
- used as blocks which are:
- Lightweight
- low density with
--excellent insulation properties.
-- good acoustic properties
-- durable
--- good resistance to sulphate attack
---- damage by fire /frost.
-- used as inner leaf of a cavity wall.
-- also used in outer leaf,
-- when rendered in foundations.
Autoclaved aerated concrete
-- easily cut to any required shape.

56. UPVC( UNPLASTISIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) DOORS AND
WINDOWS
The Vinyl windows
--- excellent insulators :
--Reduce heating / cooling
loads by:
- preventing thermal loss
through frame / sash material
-- not affected by -
-weather/ air pollution / salt,
acid rain/ industrial pollution
,pesticides ,smog,
discoloration/ structural
damage .
- user friendly
- Eco- Friendly
- ,-- readily accepted and safe

57. BAMBOO
i. Strength at par with hard wood
--- Bamboo extremely strong natural fibre, on par with
hardwoods-- when cultivated, harvested, prepared and stored
properly
-- Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with
a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.
--Bamboo has higher compressive strength than wood,
brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel
 ii High Flexibility - Bamboo highly flexible--during growth
trained to grow in unconventional shapes.
-- After harvest, may be bent /utilized in archways / curved
areas.
iii. Earthquake-resistance - Great capacity for shock
absorption, -- makes it useful in earthquake- prone areas.
iv. Lightweight - Bamboo extremely lightweight.
 -- Building with bamboo can be accomplished faster with
simple tools than building with other materials.
-Cranes /other heavy machinery rarely required.
 v. Cost-effective – Economical
 --- especially in areas where cultivated/ readily available.
 --Transporting cost also much lesser.
 -- Helps achieve cost effective construction.

58. HOLLOW BLOCKS Hollow blocks allow ;
- Adoption of thinner walls
- Increased floor space,
- Air space of -- 25% block’s
total area,
- Saves material.
- Lightweight
- - Less self-load of building-
--- Use less material for
jointing
- - Withstand
earthquake better
- - Easy to install
- -- Since blocks are
precast,
-- surface is smoother
-- requires less plastering
material.
.

59. INNOVATIVE MATERIALS
CLAY RED MUD BURNT BRICKS

60. Construction
Technologies

61. APPROPRIAT TECHNOLOGIES FOR
CONSTRUTION

62. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
 -- originally Known as--intermediate technology
 – evolved by economist Ernst Friedrich-- “ Fritz Schumacher ”
 -- in his work Small Is Beautiful--Outcome of energy crisis of 1970s
 Options for solving local issues must focuses-- on environment
/ Sustainability Issues&
 --technological choice made applicable-- must be based on ;
 --small- time operation,
 -- which is affordable
 -- labor-intensive,
 -- energy-efficient,
 -- environmentally friendly
 --people-centric.
 Involving locally solution
 --Mahatma Gandhi -- often cited as --"father" of appropriate technology movement.

63. PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS
 Prefabricated buildings are buildings,
 -- designed /constructed in factories in
parts,
 -- as per modular design,
 - Transported & placed on site
 --joined through in-situ concrete or
anchors.
 numerous prefab technologies used
in India/ in different countries.
 National Building Code of India,--
 -- prepared design standards for
 --various prefab Technologies being
used in India.

64. TRADITIONAL ON -SITE CONSTRUCTION-ISSUES
 Majority of construction in India follow;
 -- traditional on-site pattern of construction.
 --Known as linear construction
 -- where every component constructed on site &
 -- also completed before project moves to next phase.
 --Construction major implications in terms of
 -- time;
 -- cost,
 --quality,
 safety,
 noise,
 pollution,
 manpower

65. TRADITIONAL ON -SITE CONSTRUCTION-ISSUES
 Highly time consuming-time intensive
 Generating large scale waste- material inefficient
 Construction dictated by prevailing weather - Weather dependent
 Unsafe for workers deployed in construction.
 Large manpower needed for making /supervision- manpower intensive
 Large inventory of material- material intensive/Storage facilities
 Creation of accommodation for workers deployed at construction
 Loss/theft of material- Constructed/Individual/human oriented
 Large variation in quality- dependent on work force deployed
 Use of lot of water/energy – resource intensive- Grey Buildings
 Increased initial cost of construction- cost inefficient
 Uneconomical in cost/resources- cost overrun
 Delayed return / Unpredictable project schedule- Construction inefficiency
 Limited application in hazardous areas
 Large site disruption ;Adverse impact on surroundings- Pollution intensive;

66. PRE- FABRICATION/MODULAR CONSTRUCTION/OFF-
SITE- ADVANTAGES
 Building in Hazardous Area
 Assured Quality Construction
 Material Efficiency
 Cost- Efficiency
 Green Construction
 Flexibility
 Reduced Site Disruption
 Time Efficiency
 Safety

67. LIGHT HOUSE
PROJECTS
Climate Smart Buildings | LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

68. Using Local
Material In Natural
Form

69. CHANDIGARH EXPERIMENT WITH LOW-COST HOUSES

70. CHANDIGARH WAY OF COST- EFFECTIVENESS
 - Adopting design solutions providing for optimum utilization of space
 ; row housing -- to minimize area under walls;
 common walls-- between adjoining houses to economize on space and cost;
 using bricks, locally available ;using modular system of optimum grid of 8’-3”;
 using walls as structural elements to support roof;
 using Pre-cast battens and tiles for roof
 clubbing services within house /adjoining houses
 ; extensively using brick jallis for perforation
 minimizing size of openings--- -to economize on cost of wood and glass;
 using standard battened doors with cross braces;
 bringing large area under exposed brick work to minimize maintenance;
 variety achieved through recessed entry, small square windows, projecting structural
walls, exposed roof battens
 Pre-cast gargoyles for draining rain water-- instead of cast iron rain water pipes;
 maximum height of room placed at 9’-6”;
 using simple floors -- made of plain cement;
 maintaining high quality of construction-- using quality bricks ;
 minimizing -- use of steel ,concrete and shuttering.
 Adopting a clustering approach in layout plan

73. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
FRONT FAÇADE ADORNED WITH DEEP SCREEN OF PRE-
CAST CONCRETE, A SORT OF MINIATURE brise-soleil

74. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
SECRETARIAT

80. PEARL RIVER TOWER- GUANGZHOU, CHINA
NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
YEAR OF COMPLETION- 2011
SITE AREA-10635SQ.M.
PROJECT AREA- 214,100SQ.M.
(2.3MILLION SQ.FT.)
NO. OF STORIES- 71
HEIGHT OF BUILDING-309 M
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACHIEVED
THROUGH
--SOLAR PANELS/
PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS
-- WIND TURBINES
-- DAY LIGHT HARVESTING
-DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALLS
--CHILLED CEILING WATER
UNDER FLOOR VENTILATION

81. BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTER - BAHRAIN
• Generating 15% energy from windmills
• Two 240 meter twin sky scrapers joined by
three windmill--, each 3 meters wide, attached to
walkways

86. RAT TRAP MASONRY

87. FERROCEMENT TECHNOLOGY
 A thin walled composite concrete with a uniform distribution of reinforcement of
chicken wire mesh and weld mesh, encapsulated in a rich cement mortar
 Drastic reduction in section thickness & reinforcement; by using an arch Geometry

88. MORE TECHNIQUES

89. MORE TECHNIQUES

94. BUILDING TYPOLOGIES-PLOTTED DEVELOPMENT

95. BUILDING TYPOLOGIES-FLATTED DEVELOPMENT

96. MIXED DEVELOPMENT- PLOTS/FLATS