Tle review-drafting-carpentry-masonry-plumbing-electricity

Technology and Livelihood Education
Electricity
ElectronicsCarpentry
Plumbing
Drafting
Entrepreneurship
Foods
CosmetologyMasonry

Drafting
 The process of drawing to communicate ideas and
instructions to others.
 Most manufactured products and all major buildings
were first created on drawing boards

Drafting Equipment
 T square –instrument used in drawing horizontal
lines. It is also used in guiding triangles when
drawing vertical lines.

Drafting Equipment
 Triangle – a three sided ruler which has typically two
equal sides meeting at 900.
 30 x 60 and
 45 x 45 degrees.

Drafting Equipment
 Divider - is used to create equal distances, transfer
measurements and spacing points or lines

Drafting Equipment
 Masking tape - material used for fastening the
drawing paper on the drawing table.

Drafting Equipment
 Erasing Shield - is a useful tool to protect the rest of
the drawing when clearing up smudges,
unnecessary pencil lines and other erasures.

Drafting Equipment
 Pencil - is made of a much better grade of graphite, commonly called lead
which is used in drawing lines. (9H, 8H, 7h, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, HB, B,
2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, and 6B)

Drafting
 Freehand drawing or Sketching – the use of
pencil, paper and eraser only.

Drafting
 Mechanical drawing – describing the shapes of
objects completely and exactly with the aid of
drawing instruments and by the use of orthographic
projection.

Drafting
 Technical Drawing – used to show the material,
dimension (Width, Height, Depth) and shape of a product.

Drafting
 Orthographic Drawing– representing the exact shape of
an object into 2 or more views on planes, generally at
right angle or 90 degrees.

Drafting
 Isometric drawing – the object is represented by three
sides seen at one time. It is made with a 30 x 60 degrees
triangle.

Drafting
 Pictorial drawing – it shows object as it would appear in
a photograph. It shows more than one side of the object.

Lettering (Free Hand)
 Lettering is usually done freehand
 Either one of these two styles may be made;
 vertically or inclined.
 Italics is 67.5 degrees

 A good height of lettering for dimension and notes on
a working drawing is 1/8 of an inch.

 For the lettering of subtitles 3/16 of an inch is
recommended.
 All titles should be lettered with capital letters.
 When only capital letters are used, the beginning
letter of each sentence is often made higher than the
remaining letters.
 When lower case letters are used, capitals are used
in the beginning letter at the start of a sentence, and
for proper names,

Lettering (Guidelines)
 [1]Cap line – the uppermost line for uppercase
letters and for ascender.
 [2]Waist line – line between Cap and Base lines,
used to determine the height of the lower case
letters.
 [3]Base line – line where all the letters rest or stand.
 [4]Drop line – a line for letters with strokes that
extend downward known as descender.
Day
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

Drafting (Kinds of Letters)
 Gothic – all letters are composed of uniform width
elements
ABCDEF abcdef
 Roman – letters have strokes (accented), or made
up of thick and thin elements
ABCDEF abcdef
 Text – elements are made with style C or D
speedball pens. Old English, church text.
ABCDEF abcdef

Drafting (Lines)
 [1]Dimension line - used to indicate the measurement of objects
which are represented by dark solid lines.
 [2]Extension line – fine line used to show clearly the dimension
limits.
 [3]Center line – light broken lines used in circles, sometimes as
extension line
 [4]Leader line – line leading from a dimension value, or explanatory
note to the feature on the drawing. An arrowhead is used in pointing
end but not in note end.
 [5]Long break – a limiting line used to limit the length of elongated
object.
 [6]Invisible line - a series of light dash line that represents parts of a
drawing that are not seen.
 Border line - is considered as the darkest lines that surround a
drawing usually in rectangular shape

Drafting (Lines)
3’’
[1]Dimension line
[2]Extension line
[3]Center line
[4]Leader line
[5]Long break
[6]Invisible line
[1
]
[2
]
[3
]
[4]
[5
]
[6]

Drafting (Isometric Drawing)
 It presents the object in 3 views, FV (Front View), TV (Top View) and
RSV (Right Side View).
 Three axes are needed to perform isometric drawing, the vertical
axis, left 300 axis and right 300 axis (a=1200 , b=1200 , c=1200 )

Drafting (Isometric Drawing)
 The drawing that has equal measure.
 The BOX method is the starting point of isometric drawings.

Drating (Pictorial Drawing)
 Axonometric Drawing – the object turned so
that three faces are viewed simultaneously
 Oblique Drawing
 a pictorial drawing having one side parallel to the
picture plane. It maybe drawn at any convenient
angle.

 Types of Oblique drawing
 Cavalier –the width, depth and height is the true length or
size (Actual representation)
 Cabinet –the depth is reduced to one half. The front is
actual size, while the depth of top and right side are
drawn one half to the actual

 Perspective Drawing – the most realistic, the object is
drawn as it seen by the naked eye.
 One point drawing (Vanishing Point)
 Two points drawing
VP

Sample Question 1
 A.) Perspective
 B.) Isometric
 C.) Orthographic
 D.) Technical
a
b c

Sample Question 2
 This is a kind of letter in lettering where letters have
strokes (accented), or made up of thick and thin elements
 ABCDEF abcdef
 A.) Gothic
 B.) Roman
 C.) Text
 D.) Old English

Sample Question 3
 This is a series of light dash line that represents
parts of a drawing that are not seen.
 A.) Dimension Line
 B.) Leader Line
 C.) Invisible Line
 D.) Center Line

Carpentry
 Carpentry is the term commonly referring to
technology and science of cutting, fitting, and
assembling related materials in the construction of
boats, bridges and piers, or any other structure
made from construction materials.

Carpentry (Woods)
 Woods Are by-product of trees which are used for
carpentry projects.

Carpentry (Types of Woods)
 Lumber - woods that came from trees, either softwood or
hardwood.
 Yard Lumber – prepared lumber for variety of uses.
Select and common
 Softwood – it comes from the evergreen or needle
bearing trees. These are called conifers because many of
them bear cones.
 Hardwood – it comes from broad leafed (deciduous)
trees that shed their leaves at the end of the season.
 Select grade – is lumber of good appearance that can
take different finishes such as stain, paint, and enamel.
 Common grade – it is suitable for rough carpentry. It is
not of finishing quality. (eg. Coco Lumber)

Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)
 Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close to the
bark
 Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is made
up of accumulated dead cells.
 Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the inner
part of the wood and the bark.

 [a] Sapwood
 [b] Heartwood
 [c] Cambium layer

 Layers

Carpentry (Lumber Defects)
 Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the
wood along the grain like small crack or split

 Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has been
exposed when the log is cut.

 Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains resinous
materials. (usually attracts ants)

 Stain – discoloration of the wood surface

 Shake – separation between the annual growth
rings.

 Defects

Carpentry (Quality of wood)
 S2S – planed or smooth on two sides
 S4S – planed or smooth on four sides

Carpentry (Unit of Measurement of wood)
 The unit of measure for lumber is “board foot”.
 (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
 How many board feet are there in 7 pieces of 2”
x 4” x 12’ lumber?
 56 bd. ft.

Carpentry (Wood Preparation)
 Seasoning – the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
 Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in open air
 Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the used of oven to dry wood
 Treated – Use of Chemical compound before seasoning
 The approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture is
 20 % for softwood, 6-12 % for hardwood

Carpentry (Finishing)
 Scraper is tool made of steel. It is used to
produce a very smooth surface.

 Wood Fillers - this are
used to eliminate deep
cuts and holes in your
finished project, so that
surface can be made
even and smooth.

 Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from
different color of woods such as walnut,
mahogany and natural color.

 Shellac - a finishing material came from gums
substance of insects.

 Varnish - a finishing
material when
applied produces
high glossy finish to a
project. It came in
different forms, from
gum, linseed oil,
resin, turpentine and
or chemical drier.

Carpentry (Joints)
 Joinery is the process of putting the work together.

Carpentry (Joints)
 Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to the surface or edge
of other piece.

Carpentry (Joints)
 Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45 degrees and joined
forming right angle.

Carpentry (Joints)
 Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and chairs. (“Kaltas”)

Carpentry (Joints)
 Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest joint used for quality
chairs, tables and benches. (Force Fitting)

Carpentry (Joints)
 Dado - is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or edge
of the second board. (“TnG”)

Carpentry (Joints)
 Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for making frames to hold
glass in constructing drawers and other cabinetwork.

•Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled in a fixed casing and
retracts automatically by spring.
Carpentry (Common Tools)

Knife is used when you know that the marks will disappear.

Try Square - is use for testing the squareness of two surfaces.
Woodworking tool used to mark a line at 90 degrees to
the edge of the wood or finding "square".

Marking Gauge - it is used in laying out and marking the thickness
and width of stock.

Sliding T Bevel - this tool can be set to lay out any angle.

Scratch awl is used to lay out positions for drilling and boring holes.

Dividers are used for dividing space equally, transferring
measurements and scribing arcs and circles.

Bench Vise is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to be
performed in it.
Carpentry (Holding Tools)

Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for
clamping parts together when assembling projects.

Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener bits and other tools
with rectangular shape shanks.

Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large and round timber.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)

Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain.

Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across the grain. The shape
of the teeth is similar to knife blades.

Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the
bench and the vise.

Hack saw – is used to cut metal.

Coping saw – used in cutting irregular shapes.

Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in a wood.

Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or width of a piece of
wood and for smoothing surfaces
Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)

Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and concave edges

Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of
woods.

Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)

Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with
rectangular shape shanks.

Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood.

Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It is
used in boring holes with small diameter.

Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails.
Carpentry (Driving Tools)

Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in driving chisels with
wooden handles.

Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer.
It is used in metal work

 Vise is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to be performed in it.
 Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for clamping
parts together when assembling projects.
 Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener bits and other tools with

 Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large and round timber.
 Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain.
 Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across the grain. The shape
of the teeth is similar to knife blades.
 Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the
bench and the vise.
 Hack saw – is used to cut metal.
 Coping saw – used in cutting irregular shapes.
 Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in a wood.

 Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or width of a piece of
wood and for smoothing surfaces
 Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and concave edges.
 Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of
woods.

 Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods.
 Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with
 Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood.
 Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It is
used in boring holes with small diameter.

 Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in driving chisels with
wooden handles.
 Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails.
 Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer.
It is used in metal work.

Carpentry (Roofs)
 Gable Roof. This roof has two roof slopes that meet at the center
(ridge), forming a gable. It is the most common roof because it is
simple, economical, and may be used on any type of structure.
 Hip Roof. This roof has four sides or slopes running upward toward
the center of the building to create a ridge (or peak)
 Lean-To or Shed Roof. This roof used where hasty or temporary
construction is needed and where sheds or additions to buildings are
erected.
 Valley Roof. This roof is framed of two intersection hip or gable
roofs. The two roofs meet at a valley.

Sample Question 1
 What computational formula is used to compute for the
measurement of wood in board feet?
 A.) (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
 B.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
 C.) (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
 D.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12

Sample Question 2
 How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he purchase 14
pieces of 2x2x10 of lumber and the prices per board foot
is Php 12.50?
 A.) Php 41.66
 B.) Php 583.33
 C.) Php 46.66
 D.) Php 653.33
Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33
Total Amount = (3.33 Bd.ft x 14 pcs ) x Php12.50
Total Amount = (46.66 Bd.ft) x Php 12.50
Total Amount = Php 583.33

Sample Question 3
 What kind of joint in carpentry is illustrated below?
 A.) Mortise & Tenon
 B.) Dovetail
 C.) Milter joint
 D.) Dado

Masonry
 Masonry is the art of building with stone, bricks,
concrete blocks or similar materials.
 It is the building of structures from individual units
laid in and bound together by mortar.

Masonry (Basics)
 Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of mixing
sand, cement, gravel and water.
 Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water used for
binding stones, bricks, etc. or for plastering.
 Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and
hardened to produce smooth surface.
 Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to
form a hard stone-like substance.

Masonry (Basics)
 Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to
form a hard stone-like substance.
 Two types of Cement
 Portland Cement (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
 Pozzoland Cement (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)

Masonry (Tools)
 Roughing up tools
 Plumb bob is used in guiding the vertical position in
laying bricks

Masonry (Tools)
 Water and Tube Level – use to establish level
marks in laying out masonry works

Masonry (Tools)
 Crandall – tool with pointed steel pikes used for
dressing concrete.

Masonry (Tools)
 Bolster – tool similar with chisel including its
services

Masonry (Tools)
 Spade – basic construction tool used in mixing
concrete.

Masonry (Tools)
 Float – tool with handle at the back usually made of
wood.

Masonry (Tools)
 Trowel – flat tool used for applying, spreading and
shaping plaster or mortar to produce smooth finish.

Masonry (Common Materials)
 CHB - is the most widely used masonry material for
construction works.
 Bricks – are manufactured from clay and other materials
processed into workable consistency and molded to standard
sizes.
 Ashlars – carefully worked and joined stone blocks laid in
parallel horizontal courses.
 Rubble stone – irregular stones with good face for wall
surface.
 Aggregates - the material that is bound together into a
conglomerated mass by cement and water to form concrete,
mortar or plaster.
 Fine – sand
 Coarse – crushed rocks, gravel .

Masonry (Mixing Proportion)
 Cement Sand Gravel
 AA – 1 : 1 ½ : 3
 A – 1 : 2 : 4
 B – 1 : 2 ½ : 5
 C – 1 : 3 : 6
 For Handmixing
 ½ kg of water + 1 kg of cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5
– 3 kg of gravel

Masonry (Strength of Concrete)
 Correct proportion of the ingredients
 Quality of the materials
 Proper methods of mixing
 Proper placement or depositing of the concrete
inside the form
 Adequate protection during the period of curing
 Finding the Quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel
 It will depend on the kind of mixture (AA, A, B or C)
 Find the volume

 One cubic feet of gravel is equal to 95% of the volume of
concrete
 Cement is equal to
 cubic feet of gravel
 quantity of gravel in the proportion
 Sand is equal to
 cubic feet of gravel
 2
 Volume = T” x L’ x W’
 Example: 5” x 10’ x 20’
 5/12 x 10 x 20 = 83.33 cu. ft.

 How many bags of cement, sand and gravel are
needed for the construction of a concrete flooring
with 5 inches thick and dimensions of 10 x 20 feet of
class B concrete mixture?
 class B – 1 : 2.5 : 5
 Volume = 5/12 x 10 x 20 = 83.33 cu. ft.
 83.33 x 95% = 79.16 cu.ft. of gravel
 79.16 / 5 = 15.83 bags of cement
 79.16 / 2 = 39.58 cu.ft. of sand
 Values in Red are constant (Based on Mixing prop)

 A floor 15 feet by 20 feet is to be concreted with 4
inches thick. The proportion is Class A. Find the
number of cement, sand and gravel in cu.ft.
 Cement = 23.75 bags
 Sand = 47.5 cu.ft.
 Gravel = 95 cu.ft.

Masonry (CHB Quantity)
 Find the area of the wall (sq. m.)
 The area to 12.5 (given no. of HBs per sq.
m. with ½ “ thick mortar )
 Ex. 3m x 8m = 24 sq. m. x 12.5 = 300
 How many CHBs are needed for the construction of
8 meters high and 8 meters long fence?

Plumbing (RA 1378)
 Plumbing is the art and science of installing pipes,
fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply
water in buildings and to dispose and discharge
waste water in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary
way.
 Plumbing designs and installations are governed by
a set of rules prescribed by the National Plumbing
Code.
 Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the
"Plumbing Law".

Plumbing (Purpose of the Code)
 Establish standards that will protect the health of the
community. Faulty plumbing is a serious health
hazard.
 With the increasing standardization of equipment
and materials, plumbing codes in different areas of
the country are tending more and more toward
uniformity,.

Plumbing (Basic Terms)
 Fixture – any of the fixed plumbing items in a household such as
lavatories, showers, bath tubs, etc.
 Sewer – an underground tunnel that carries off the drainage and
water matter from a house.
 Fittings – are piece of apparatus, equipment or furnishing used for
pipe installations.
 Drainage – includes all piping within the public or private premises
that conveys sewage, rainwater and other liquid wastes.
 Vent pipe – facilitate ventilation to avoid siphonage or backflow of
the water seal.
 Soil pipe – pipes that convey waste coming from water closet
(toilet).
 Waste pipe – conveys waste from various fixtures other than water
closet.
 Solid waste – from water closet (toilet)
 Liquid waste - from various fixture

 Cleanout be installed in the pipe system to facilitate troubleshooting
in case of stoppage of flow

 Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at least one soil
stack or stack vent extended full size above the roof.
 Not less than 3” or 75mm diameter, no less than 2 m above the
roof if the roof is used other than protection from the elements of
weather.
 The ideal position of horizontal pipe, were those installed at 2%
slope. 2 cm per 1 meter length, a 3 meters pipe will have inclination
of 3x2=6 cm.
 The house drain shall be provided with adequate number of
cleanouts to facilitate troubleshooting or cleaning in case of
stoppage or flow. Every 20 m space

Plumbing (Types of Pipe)
 Rigid type
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
 Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
 Flexible type
 Polyethylene (PE)
 Polybuthylene (PB)
 Copper pipe – used in installing hot water
supply
 PVC pipes quickly installed using solvent
cementing.

Plumbing (The Septic Tank)
 Septic Tank – is is the receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste
discharge from the house sewer.
 An ideal size of septic tank is 1.3 cu.m, for 6 family members
 A very large tank is not advisable because the bacterial activities would be
retarded.
 Bacteriological Processes
 Sedimentation process - decomposition in the upper portion of the tank
(with the scum)
 Anaerobic decomposition –decompo-sition of the sludge at the bottom of
the tank.
 Sludge – a semi-liquid substance accumulated at the bottom of the septic
tank.
 Scum – a floating substance at the septic tank.
 The minimum distance required between the septic tank and residence is
ten feet (10’)
 The minimum distance required between the well and septic tank is seventy-five feet
(75’)

Plumbing (Tools and Materials)
 Pipe wrench – used in turning soft iron pipes and
fittings with rounded surface.

 Wrench – is used to tighten or loosen hexagonal
fittings.

 Pipe vise – used in holding pipes for cutting and
threading.

 Threader – tools used in making teeth on pipes

 Tube cutter – or pipe cutter used for thinner pipes
and tubes.

 Hacksaw – a fine tooth saw with blade held under
tension in a frame, used for cutting metals or
plastics.

 Fittings
 P-trap – a device designed to seal a liquid or prevent the
back passage of air without affecting the flow of the
sewage through it.

 Fittings
 Nipple – a short pipe with small opening which provides
way for liquid to pass through the pipe. It has a male
thread on each end and is used for extension from fitting.

 Fittings
 Bushing - fittings that can be inserted into one pipe and
allow you to screw another (smaller pipe) pipe into it.

 Fittings
 Coupling – a fitting device used to connect two shafts
together at their ends.

 Fittings
 Union – like coupling, except it is designed to allow quick
and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance.
“Union Patente”

 Fittings
 Plug – cap end, designed to insert into the end of tube to
end the flow of water.

 Fittings
 Cap – similar to plug, it covers the end of a pipe.

 Fittings
 Elbows – ¼ bend, 45 degrees and 90 degrees, to change
direction

 Fittings
 Reducer – used to connect smaller pipe from a larger
pipe.

 Fittings
 Tee

 Fittings
 Wye

 Valves
 Gate valve – it is used to permit or prevent the flow of
water.

 Valves
 Check valve – a device which allows liquid to flow
through it in only one direction. It is often used in some
types of pumps – inlet and outlet ball check valves.

 Valves
 Inlet valve – it is used to control the pressure of the flow
of water.

 Valves
 Flush valve – device
located at the bottom
of the tank for
flushing water
closets.

 Valves
 Float valve – used in filling water tanks, avoiding
overflow and backflow of water.

Sample Question 1
 The Plumbing Law is also known as?
 A.) RA7077
 B.) RA6442
 C.) RA 1387
 D.) RA 1378

Sample Question 2
 If the ideal size of a septic tank for a 6 Family members is
1.3 cu. m, what size will it take to have a family member
of 9?
 A.) 1.93 cu. m
 B.) 1.96 cu. m
 C.) 1.92 cu. m
 D.) 1.95 cu. m
cu.m/fm = (1.3 cu.m/ 6)
Cu.m/fm=0.216
Septic size = cu.m/fm x N
Septic size = 0.216 x 9
Septic size = 1.95 cu.m

Sample Question 3
 Plumbing material that is used to connect smaller pipe
from a larger pipe.
 A.) Tee
 B.) Union
 C.) Reducer
 D.) Elbow

Electricity
 Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the
existence of charged particles (such as electrons &
protons). Either statically on an accumulation of
charge of dynamically a current
 Current Directional flow of electric charge
 Insulator vs. Conductor

Electricity (Sources)
 Biomass – all solid materials from plants and animals
which energy may be extracted.
 Advantages of Biomass Energy
 Renewable energy source
 Very low greenhouse gas emissions
 Can produce energy on-demand
 Energy is easily stored
 Disadvantages of Biomass Energy
 Low energy return on investment
 High air pollution emissions
 Very high water and land requirements
 High occupational hazards
 Geothermal Energy – heat energy of the earth.

 Hydropower – force of moving water from rivers and water
reservoirs.
 Advantages of Hydropower
 Very high return on energy investment
 Very low greenhouse gas & air pollution emissions
 Inexpensive once dam is built
 Disadvantages of Hydropower
 Very high land requirements
 Extremely high impacts to land and water habitat
 Best sites are already developed or off-limits
 Disastrous impacts in case of dam failure
 Ocean Power – energy from the currents and waves.
 Marine Currents
 Two-way currents – caused by ocean tides.
 One-way currents – ocean water flowing like rivers.

 Solar Energy – heat energy provided by the sun
 Advantages of Solar Energy
 Very low air pollution emissions
 Very low water requirements
 Modular, low-profile, low-maintenance
 Very safe for workers and public
 Disadvantages of Solar Energy
 Intermittent energy source
 High land requirements
 Expensive
 Manufacture involves some toxics

 Wind Power – energy from the force of the wind.
 Advantages of Wind Power
 Very low air pollution emissions
 Very low water requirements
 Very safe for workers and public
 Disadvantage of Wind Power
 Intermittent energy source
 Limited to windy areas
 Potentially high hazard to birds
 Moderate land requirements

 Coal Energy – energy derived from burning coals, a rock
mostly made of carbon element.
 Advantages of Coal Energy
 Inexpensive
 Abundant
 Low land requirements
 Disadvantages of Coal Energy
 Non-renewable energy source
 Very high greenhouse gas emissions
 Very high air pollution emissions
 High land/water impacts from acid rain, mine drainage
 Highly hazardous occupation

 Nuclear Energy – energy trapped inside the atom, the same with the
principle of producing energy by heat.
 Advantages of Nuclear Energy
 Low greenhouse gas emissions
 Low air pollution emissions
 Low land requirements for power plants (though not for waste
storage)
 Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
 Non-renewable energy source
 High water requirements
 Relatively expensive
 Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
 Serious accident would be disastrous

 Natural Gas – energy from methane, a combination
of hydrogen and carbon, formed when organic
matters are trapped beneath the sedimentary layers
of the earth.

Electricity (Types of Current)
 Alternating Current (AC) - the flow of electrons changes
alternately. It goes positive, and then it goes negative,
and so on as a cycle.
 It reverses direction 120 times per second, or 60 cycles
per second – called 60 hertz power.
 Direct Current (DC) - the flow of electron in a conductor
is only in one direction.
 It flows from negative pole, through a device, and on the
positive pole.
 Sources:
 Chemical battery , Electronic power supply, and
Mechanical Generator

Electricity (Types of Electricity)
 Static Electricity – electricity at rest, the buildup of
electric charge on the surface of objects.
 Electricity produced by friction
 Dynamic Electricity – the flow of electric charge,
also known as electric current. It also known as
electricity in motion.

Electricity (Electric Circuit)
 Circuit is the complete flow of current through a
conductor or path from the source to the load and
back to the source. It is the continuous flow of
current.

 Source – it provides electrical power to the circuit.
Ex. Cell or battery, generators.

 Load – electrical device (appliances) connected to
the circuit that consumes electricity or power.

 Control/Switch – a device that turns the current ON
and OFF.

 Path – a conductor composed of 2 or more lines that
provide passage for the current from the source to
the load.

Electricity (Electric Symbols)
 QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL PROPONENT
FORMULA
 Electron Current Ampere I or A Andre Ampere I = E / R
 Applied Voltage Volt V or E Allesandro Volta V = I x R
 Circuit Resistance Ohm R George Ohm R = E / I
 Power Watt P James Watt P = I x E

Electricity (Types of Circuit)
 Series Circuit
 Loads are connected end to end along the path of current in a single closed loop.
 Current is the same throughout the circuit (Itotal = Il=I2=I3….)
 Voltage is equal to the sum of individual voltage drops in a circuit.
 (Vtotal = Vl+V2+V3….)
 Resistance in series is equal to the sum of individual resistances
 (Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)

 Series Circuit
 (Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)
 RT=R1+R2+R3
 RT=10+10+20
 RT=40Ohms

 Parallel Circuit
 Loads are connected side by side across the path of the
current.
 Current in each branch is independent from each other, when branch or load
opens, the other load will still function.
 Current is equal to the sum of the individual currents.
 (Itotal = Il+I2+I3….)
 Voltage drop across each load is the same. (Vtotal = Vl=V2=V3….)
 Resistance is found by this formula:
 1
 -----------------------
 1 1 1
 --- + --- + ---
 R1 R2 R3

 Parallel Circuit
 Resistance is found by this formula: (Product over sum)
 RT= (R1)(R2)
 R1 + R2
 RT= (10) (20)
 10 + 20
 RT= 200
 30
 RT= 66.66Ohms

 Series and Parallel Circuit
 Combination of series and parallel connection in one circuit.

Electricity (Ohms Law)
 OHM’S LAW
 George Simoun Ohm – discovered the
relationships of voltage, current and resistance in
a circuit.
 Current is directly proportional to voltage
 Increase in voltage will result to increase in current
 Current is inversely proportional to resistance
 Increase in resistance will result to a decrease in
current

Electricity (Basic Computation)
 QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL FORMULA
 Electron Current Ampere I or A I = V / R
 Applied Voltage Volt V or E V = I x R
 Circuit Resistance Ohm R R = V / I
 Power Watt P P = I x V

Electricity (Ampere “I”)
 Ampere is represented as “I”
 Voltage is represented as “V”
 Resistance is Represented as “R”
 How to determine the Ampere required for a voltage of 12V and a resistance
of 1o ohms.
 I = V / R
 I= 12 /10
 I=1.2
 The Ampere required is 1.2A

Electricity (Voltage “V”)
 How to determine the Voltage required for a current of 2A and a resistance
of 14 ohms.
 V=I x R
 V= 2 x 14
 V=28
 The Voltage required is 28V

Electricity (Resistance “R”)
 How to determine the Resistance of the circuit for a current of 2A and a
Voltage of 24V.
 R=V/I
 R= 24 x 2
 R=12
 The Resistance is 12Ohms

Electricity (Power “P”)
 Power is Represented as “P”
 How to determine the Power (Watts) for a current of 30A and a Voltage of
220V.
 P=V x I
 P= 220 x 30
 P=6600
 The Power or watts is 6600W

Electricity (Trick of the trade)
V
I R
P
I V

Electricity (Circuit Protection)
 Breaker – an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
electrical circuit caused by overload or short circuit.
 (Fuse operates once, must be replaced. Breaker can be reset to resume
normal operation).
 20 amp – for convenience outlets (general purpose)
 15 amp – for lighting fixtures
 30 amp – for heavy duty appliance outlets (SPO) such as ref and aircon.
 60 amp - for main breaker

Electricity (Circuit Conditions)
 Overload – when the total current flowing in the circuit is more than the
capacity of the conductor.
 Short Circuit – when insulated conductors from line 1 and line 2 of a circuit
come into contact with each other without passing any load, or when the
resistance of the load becomes unnecessary low.
 This is dangerous because it creates a very high flow of current which
produces unusual heat and may cause fire.
 Grounded circuit = when one uninsulated conductor touches the metal part
of an appliance. It causes voltage drain, and electrocution when touch by
uninsulated individual.
 Open circuit = when the flow of the current is incomplete. When circuit is
switched off.
 Closed circuit = when the flow of current is complete. When circuit is
switched on.

Electricity (Basic requirements in electrical house
wiring)
 Prepare a house wiring plan in accordance with the safety standards of the
PEC
 PEC – Philippine Electrical Code or NEC – National Electrical Code
 Philippine Association of Mechanical and Electrical Engineers (PAMEE)
 Determine the load and compute for the expected power and current
consumption.
 Identify the service point where electricity will come from
 Determine the number of outlets per branch and their specifications
 Determine the sizes of the receptacles, tubes and panels
 Determine the sizes and ampacity of wires, cables and circuit protectors.
 3 watts per square foot – for general purpose circuit (lighting and
receptacles) or 24watts per 1 sq. m for lighting, 100 watts per outlet
 A nominal value of 1500 watts for each 20- ampere small appliances and
laundry circuit.
 Plus major appliances, (5000 watts for aircon) then get the total load.

Electricity (Basic Principles of Good
Wiring )
 Before beginning any electrical repair, shut off the power.
 (Remove the fuse or trip the breaker for the circuit you will be working on in
your service panel)
 Prepare and study the wiring diagram. This will help you understand
the basic principles of good wiring.
 Electrical wires are color coded to prevent wiring errors.
 Black is HOT wire
 White is Neutral wire
 Green is Ground wire
 Red is second HOT wire
 Yellow is Traveller wire

Wiring )
 Always use appropriate size of wires
 Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
 Measured in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge)
 # 14 AWG (2.0mm2) – for lighting fixtures
 # 12 AWG (3.5mm2) – for convenience outlets
 # 10 or 8 AWG (5.5 to 8.5mm2)– for service entrance

Wiring )
 Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)

Electricity (Test Instruments )
 Ohm meter – test for resistance
 Ammeter – test for current
 Voltmeter – test for voltage
 Multimeter/ VOM

Electricity (Word Problem)
 15 ohm and 13 ohm resistor is connected in series and will be called
“X”. Another is a 23 ohms and 5 ohms is connected in parallel which
will be called “Y”. What will be the total current of the whole circuit if
“X” and “Y” is connected in parallel and the voltage is 24V?

 A 4 Ohm resistor is connected in parallel to 3 series connected
resistors of 4, 3 and 5 Ohms, what will be the voltage of the circuit if
the Current is 8.3A?

 A 3 resistors is connected in parallel namely 3.7, 9.4 and 12.7 Ohms
is connected in a series to a 2 parallel connected resistors of 11.6
and and 7.3 Ohms, what will be the voltage of the circuit if the
Current is 12.3A?

Electronics
 Electronics – refers to the flow of charge (moving electrons) through
nonmetal conductors (mainly semiconductors).
 The flow of charge through various materials and devices such as,
semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, and vacuum tubes.

Electronics
 Electronic components -It refers to any physical entity in an electronic
system whose intention is to affect the electrons in a desired manner
consistent with the intended function of the electronic system
 Electronic circuit – composed of different components that are classified as
active and passive components.
 Passive – components that do not generate voltage but controls the current
in a circuit.
 Ex. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
 Active – components that can generate, amplify and even control voltage
and current in a circuit.
 Ex. Diode, transistor, integrated circuits (IC), etc.

Electronics
 Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor good
insulators
 Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in electric
current.
 Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the
voltage. It is non-polarized.
 Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy in an electric field.
 Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the complete
flow of current.
 Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move
freely
 Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
 Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.

Electronics
 Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor good
insulators
 Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in electric
current.
 Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the
voltage. It is polarized.
 Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy in an electric field.
 Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the complete
flow of current.
 Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move
freely
 Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.
 Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.

Electronics (Tools)
 Electric Drill and Drill Bits - in the range of 1/8 inch to 1/2 inch will come in
handy when you need to drill holes.
 Soldering Iron - a 20 Watt to 30 Watt soldering iron with tips of 1/8 inch to
1/2 inch can be used for soldering of through hole components.
 Disordering Pump - A pump aids in the removal of the liquid solder.
 Wire stripper - is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor before it
is used to connect to another wire.
 Long nose Pliers – a 4-inch long nose pliers used to hold components that
have short leads that need to be soldered onto the PCB.
 Side-Cutting Pliers - 4-inch side cutting pliers used to trim off excess
component leads on the printed circuit board and to cut wires before being
used.
 Small tweezers - is used to hold small components.
 Allen Wrench - set is used to unscrew or screw Allen type of screws.
 Philips/Flat Head Screwdrivers
 Socket wrench - sets that include nut drivers, hex drivers.

Electronics (Tools)
 Maintenance
 Tinning – the process of cleaning and applying a thin coat of solder on the
tip of the pre-heat soldering iron.
 Flux – chemical cleaning agent, The purpose of flux is to clean oxides from
metal surfaces to ensure a clean bond in soldering.
 Maintenance Tips of Electronic Tools
 Ensure that the tools are used only for their intended purposes.
 Keep them lubricated with a light film of oil to inhibit rust.
 Keep the tools clean and sharp; keep the soldering tips clean and well tinned.
 Ensure that proper uses of the tools are always adhered to by following the
instructions of using the tools.

Electronics (Components)
 Electronic Components
 It is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete form, intended
to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to
create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an
amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator).

Electronics (Capacitors)
 Capacitor
 is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric.
 It stores and discharge electrical energy.
 The voltage rating found in a capacitor is called working voltage.
 The rating is expressed in capacitance; the unit of measurement in
capacitance is farad.
 – invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)

Electronics (Capacitors)
 Types of Capacitor
 Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical Type Capacitor)
 Tantalum Capacitor
 Ceramic Capacitor
 Polystyrene Film Capacitor
 Mica Capacitor
 Metalized Polyester Capacitor
 Variable Capacitor
 Trimmer Capacitor

Electronics (Diodes)
 It converts AC to DC.
 It is a device that conducts current to flow in only one direction.
 They are called rectifiers
 It is polarized, the terminals are anode (positive) and cathode (negative)
 Forward biased – when current is applied to the cathode (negative), it
permits the flow of current. (ON switch)
 Reverse biased – when current is applied to the anode (positive), it will not
permit the flow of current. (OFF switch)
 Zener diode – used as voltage reference, connected across a circuit where
regulated voltage is required; acts as a regulator
 Light emitting diode (LED) – it acts like rectifier diode except that is usually
intended to indicate flow of current.
 Photo diode – a diode which is sensitive to light; a light sensitive diode.

Electronics (Transistors)
 Is an active semiconductor device having 3 electrodes. It could perform a
variety of applications such as switch, amplifier, and rectifier.
 The terminals of a transistor are base, collector and emitter.
 BASE - which is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.
 COLLECTOR - which is the positive lead.
 EMITTER - which is the negative lead.
 Kinds of Transistor
 NPN – arrow pointing outward;
 PNP – arrow pointing inward.

 The arrow points where negative is; supply is connected to the emitter and
collector.

Electronics (Resistors)
 Is a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the voltage.
 The simplest components in any circuit. Their job is to restrict the flow of
electrons and reduce the current or voltage flowing by converting electrical
energy into heat.
 Variable resistors (also known as potentiometers) have a dial control on
them so they change the amount of resistance when you turn them.

A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold. What is the
value and tolerance of the resistor?
Yellow = 4; Violet = 7; Black = 1;
47x1 = 47 ohms, +- 5%
What are those Pretty Colors on the Resistors?
Typically, a resistor will have 4 color bands on them which represent
the resistance values of the resistor. Each color of the “Resistor Color
Code” represents a numeric value:

Color 1st Significant figure 2nd Significant figure Multiplier Tolerance
Black ---- 0 1 ----
Brown 1 1 10 +- 1%
Red 2 2 100 +- 2%
Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3%
Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4%
Green 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 10,000,000
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%
A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold. What is the
value and tolerance of the resistor?
Yellow = 4; Violet = 7; Black = 1;
47x1 = 47 ohms, +- 5%

Let’s Try
 2 4 x 10 = 240Ohms +-5%
Black ---- 0 1 ----
Brown 1 1 10 +- 1%
Red 2 2 100 +- 2%
Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3%
Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4%
Green 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 10,000,000
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%

Let’s Try
 Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well
 Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes
Well

Let’s Try
Black ---- 0 1 ----
Brown 1 1 10 +- 1%
Red 2 2 100 +- 2%
Orange 3 3 1,000 +- 3%
Yellow 4 4 10,000 +- 4%
Green 5 5 100,000
Blue 6 6 1,000,000
Violet 7 7 10,000,000
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold ---- ---- 0.1 +- 5%
Silver ---- ---- 0.01 +- 10%
No color ---- ---- 20 +- 20%

Electronics (Circuit Board)
 Breadboard
 Temporary, no soldering required
 This is a way of making a temporary circuit, for testing purposes or to try out an idea.
 No soldering is required and all the components can be re-used afterwards.
 It is easy to change connections and replace components

 Strip board
 Permanent, soldered
 Strip board has parallel strips of copper track on one side. The strips are 0.1"
(2.54mm) apart and there are holes every 0.1" (2.54mm).
 Strip board requires no special preparation other than cutting to size. It can be cut with
a junior hacksaw, or simply snap it along the lines of holes by putting it over the edge
of a bench or table and pushing hard.

 Printed Circuit Board
 Permanent, soldered
 Printed circuit boards have copper tracks connecting the holes where the components
are placed.

Credit to the owner of this Power point from
my respective review center, CBRC.

Tle review-drafting-carpentry-masonry-plumbing-electricity

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