An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
The document discusses principles and types of bioassay. It begins by defining a bioassay as a comparative assessment of the potency of a test compound to a standard compound on living tissue. It then outlines the principles of bioassays, including using a standard and test sample with the same mechanism of action and comparing them using a reproducible pharmacological technique. The document categorizes bioassays as either graded, involving measuring a biological response on a scale, or quantal, involving measuring an endpoint response. It provides details on specific graded bioassay methods and discusses quantal bioassays, LD50 determination, and bioassays of antagonists.
Bioassay is defined as measuring the biological response of living tissues to determine the potency or concentration of an active principle in a preparation. There are various types of bioassays including quantal assays, graded assays, and multiple point assays. Bioassays can be performed on intact animals, isolated tissues, specific cells, or organisms and are useful for standardizing drugs obtained from natural sources and for measuring the activity of new or undefined substances. While powerful, bioassays can be time-consuming and expensive compared to physico-chemical methods.
This document discusses bioassay methods for quantifying the potency and concentration of drugs. It defines bioassay as using biological methods to estimate the potency of an active drug principle. Various types of bioassays are described, including quantal and graded response assays. Specific methods covered include end-point, matching and bracketing, graphical, and multiple point assays. Examples of bioassays discussed include assays for digitalis, d-tubocurarine, oxytocin, and histamine.
Toxicity studies are important for developing new drugs and extending the use of existing drugs. They help determine the potential pharmacological effects and toxicity of new molecules in animals according to FDA guidelines. Toxicity tests examine adverse events like cancer, organ toxicity, and skin/eye irritation. They also help calculate the no observed adverse effect level dose for clinical trials. Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies in rodents and nonrodents are commonly used to identify target organs of toxicity and determine safe dosage levels over different time periods. Proper ethics approval is required before conducting any animal studies.
1) A bioassay is a technique used to quantitatively measure the amount or functional activity of a target entity (analyte) using a biological system. It can be used to measure drugs, biochemicals, or organic samples.
2) There are three main types of assays - chemical assays, immunoassays, and bioassays. Bioassays use living biological tissues or organisms to measure pharmacological activity.
3) Bioassays are useful when the chemical structure of an active substance is unknown, it cannot be purified chemically, or its pharmacological effects need to be measured. They provide a sensitive way to standardize biologically derived drugs.
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
Bioassay ,its types for theory & practicalHeena Parveen
The document discusses bioassays, which are techniques used to determine the potency or concentration of an active ingredient in a preparation. There are two main types of bioassays: quantal/direct endpoint bioassays which measure all-or-none biological responses, and graded response bioassays which measure graded responses to different doses. Graded response bioassays include methods like matching, bracketing, and interpolation bioassays which plot dose-response curves to calculate the potency of a test substance compared to a standard. Multiple point bioassays that use statistical analysis of responses to multiple doses are typically more precise and reliable.
The document discusses principles and types of bioassay. It begins by defining a bioassay as a comparative assessment of the potency of a test compound to a standard compound on living tissue. It then outlines the principles of bioassays, including using a standard and test sample with the same mechanism of action and comparing them using a reproducible pharmacological technique. The document categorizes bioassays as either graded, involving measuring a biological response on a scale, or quantal, involving measuring an endpoint response. It provides details on specific graded bioassay methods and discusses quantal bioassays, LD50 determination, and bioassays of antagonists.
Bioassay is defined as measuring the biological response of living tissues to determine the potency or concentration of an active principle in a preparation. There are various types of bioassays including quantal assays, graded assays, and multiple point assays. Bioassays can be performed on intact animals, isolated tissues, specific cells, or organisms and are useful for standardizing drugs obtained from natural sources and for measuring the activity of new or undefined substances. While powerful, bioassays can be time-consuming and expensive compared to physico-chemical methods.
This document discusses bioassay methods for quantifying the potency and concentration of drugs. It defines bioassay as using biological methods to estimate the potency of an active drug principle. Various types of bioassays are described, including quantal and graded response assays. Specific methods covered include end-point, matching and bracketing, graphical, and multiple point assays. Examples of bioassays discussed include assays for digitalis, d-tubocurarine, oxytocin, and histamine.
Toxicity studies are important for developing new drugs and extending the use of existing drugs. They help determine the potential pharmacological effects and toxicity of new molecules in animals according to FDA guidelines. Toxicity tests examine adverse events like cancer, organ toxicity, and skin/eye irritation. They also help calculate the no observed adverse effect level dose for clinical trials. Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies in rodents and nonrodents are commonly used to identify target organs of toxicity and determine safe dosage levels over different time periods. Proper ethics approval is required before conducting any animal studies.
1) A bioassay is a technique used to quantitatively measure the amount or functional activity of a target entity (analyte) using a biological system. It can be used to measure drugs, biochemicals, or organic samples.
2) There are three main types of assays - chemical assays, immunoassays, and bioassays. Bioassays use living biological tissues or organisms to measure pharmacological activity.
3) Bioassays are useful when the chemical structure of an active substance is unknown, it cannot be purified chemically, or its pharmacological effects need to be measured. They provide a sensitive way to standardize biologically derived drugs.
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
Bioassay ,its types for theory & practicalHeena Parveen
The document discusses bioassays, which are techniques used to determine the potency or concentration of an active ingredient in a preparation. There are two main types of bioassays: quantal/direct endpoint bioassays which measure all-or-none biological responses, and graded response bioassays which measure graded responses to different doses. Graded response bioassays include methods like matching, bracketing, and interpolation bioassays which plot dose-response curves to calculate the potency of a test substance compared to a standard. Multiple point bioassays that use statistical analysis of responses to multiple doses are typically more precise and reliable.
This document describes different types of bioassays including direct end point assays, quantal assays, and graded assays. It provides details on graded response assays, specifically bracketing assays, matching assays, interpolation assays, and multiple point assays (3-point, 4-point, 6-point, and 8-point assays). Graded response assays involve comparing the response of a test drug to a standard drug response curve to determine the potency of the test drug. Multiple point assays take responses at different doses of both the standard and test drugs to improve accuracy over other graded response assay methods.
Acute and repeated dose toxicity studies are important for determining the safety of pharmaceuticals intended for human use. Key details include:
- Acute toxicity studies involve single high doses to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) and maximum tolerated dose. Repeated dose studies last 14 days to 3 months.
- Studies are conducted in at least two species, often rats and non-rodents, to identify target organs and toxicity reversibility.
- Animals are observed for signs of toxicity and mortality. Necropsies and histopathology are performed to identify organ damage.
- Sub-acute studies last 14-90 days to determine effects of repeated administration and establish doses for longer term studies.
Expt. 3 Introduction to principles of bioassay, its types including advantage...VISHALJADHAV100
Biological standardization (Bioassay)- Definition
Bioassays are employed- BUT WHEN???
Applications of bioassay methods
Principles of bioassay of drugs
Standard preparation (Reference Standard)
Types of bioassays-
1) Quantal response bioassay
2) Graded response bioassays
a) Matching bioassay
b) Interpolation bioassay
c) Bracketing bioassay
d) Multiple point bioassays
Three-point bioassay
Four-point bioassay
Six-point bioassay
Latin square designs- Multiple point bioassays
Intact animal studies
HPTLC is a sophisticated form of TLC that allows for automated, high-efficiency separation and analysis of chemical compounds. It uses plates coated with a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, along with solvent systems and detection methods. HPTLC provides better resolution than TLC due to smaller particle size and shorter migration distances. The presentation discusses the principle, instrumentation, steps like sample application and development, and applications of HPTLC in fields like pharmaceuticals, forensics, and environmental analysis.
The document discusses key concepts for characterizing the exposure and response of organisms to drugs and other substances, including:
- Dose amount, frequency, and duration parameters
- Routes substances can enter the body (skin, lungs, digestive tract)
- Age and body size affect clinical effects of a given dose
- LD50, LC50, ED50, TD50 values characterize lethal and effective doses for 50% of populations
- Therapeutic Index compares effective vs toxic doses, with a higher number indicating greater safety
- Margin of Safety is an alternative safety measure using toxic dose for 1% of population over effective dose for 99%
The document discusses the tracer technique, which involves incorporating radioactive isotopes into plant metabolites to trace biosynthetic pathways. It defines the technique and explains that radioactive isotopes like carbon-14 and hydrogen-3 are commonly used. The summary describes some key applications of the technique, like tracing the pathway from phenylalanine to the cyanogenic glycoside prunasin, and determining the location and quantity of compounds containing a radioactive tracer like glucose. It also lists some requirements for the technique, such as using a sufficient starting concentration of the tracer and ensuring it is involved in the relevant synthesis reactions.
Genotoxicity refers to the ability of substances to damage genetic material like DNA. Genotoxicity testing aims to identify substances that may induce DNA damage through in vitro and in vivo assays. The Ames test is a widely used bacterial reverse mutation assay to assess mutagenicity. Mammalian cell assays like the micronucleus test and comet assay are also employed to study chromosomal damage and DNA breakage in vivo. Standard test batteries from organizations like OECD provide guidelines for various assays to thoroughly evaluate genotoxic potential of new chemicals and drugs. Genotoxic agents can cause cancer, mutations and birth defects by interacting with and damaging DNA.
An assay uses biological testing to measure substances like drugs. There are chemical and biological (bio) assays. Bioassays measure effects on living organisms and are used when chemical methods can't identify or quantify a substance. They can measure potency but are less precise, costly, and time-consuming than chemical assays. Bioassays involve exposing test animals to samples and standards to compare biological effects. They help standardize substances and determine specific effects but response can vary between individuals and species.
Tracer techniques use radioactive and stable isotopes as markers to study biosynthetic pathways in living systems. Some key advantages of tracer techniques are their high sensitivity, ability to study living systems, and use of a wide range of available isotopes. Radioactive isotopes such as carbon-14 and hydrogen-3 are commonly used tracers that can be incorporated into precursor compounds and tracked through metabolic pathways. Detection methods for tracers include Geiger-Muller counters, liquid scintillation counters, mass spectrometry, and autoradiography. Tracer techniques provide specific information about precursor-product relationships, positions of bond cleavage and formation, and sequential incorporation in metabolic pathways.
This document provides an overview of toxicity testing methods for acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity studies. It discusses the importance and history of toxicity testing, as well as standard methods and guidelines established by organizations like OECD and EPA. A variety of in vivo and in vitro toxicity tests are described, including acute, repeated dose, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and local toxicity studies. The document also addresses the large number of animals used annually for toxicity testing globally and the regulatory framework for animal testing in India.
The document discusses pyrogen testing and the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test. It begins by explaining that pyrogen testing is used to detect bacterial toxins in vaccines and drugs that could cause fever. The LAL test uses a lysate extracted from horseshoe crab blood cells to detect endotoxins. There are three main types of LAL tests: gel clot, turbidimetric, and chromogenic. The gel clot test detects endotoxins based on clotting. The turbidimetric test measures turbidity increases spectrophotometrically. The chromogenic test also uses spectrophotometry to measure color changes from a cleaved substrate. The document concludes
Expt. 1 Introduction to in vitro pharmacology and physiological salt solutionsVISHALJADHAV100
This document provides an overview of in-vitro pharmacology experiments using isolated tissues and physiological salt solutions (PSS). It defines pharmacology and drugs, describes the aims of experimental pharmacology as finding therapeutic agents, studying toxicity and mechanisms of action. It also discusses types of experiments, equipment like organ baths and levers for recording tissue responses, and PSS compositions and roles. PSS are artificial solutions that maintain isolated tissues by resembling extracellular fluid composition. Selection of the appropriate PSS depends on the tissue being studied.
Bioassays are quantitative procedures that use a living system's functional response to assess the concentration or potency of physical, chemical, or biological agents. They compare the magnitude of response of an unknown preparation to a standard under standard conditions. Bioassays are useful for identifying compounds, quantifying screening procedures, and producing drugs like antibiotics. They must be reliable, sensitive, reproducible, and minimize errors from biological variation and methodology. Common sources of error include animal-to-animal biological variation and faulty methodology or experimental errors.
Expt. 7 Bioassay of acetylcholine using rat ileum by four point bioassayVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh stock and standard solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
This document provides information about various methods used to induce diabetes in experimental animal models. It discusses chemical agents like alloxan and streptozotocin that are commonly used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes by selectively destroying pancreatic beta cells. It also describes techniques like hormone administration, virus infection, and pancreatic resection surgery that can induce diabetes. Spontaneous animal models and transgenic animals with genetic modifications related to insulin/glucose homeostasis are also mentioned. The models discussed are used to study the pathophysiology of diabetes and evaluate new anti-diabetic drugs.
The document discusses pyrogen testing techniques including the rabbit test and LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate) test. It provides details on how to conduct the rabbit test, including temperature monitoring and criteria for a passing result. For the LAL test, it describes the mechanism, different methods (gel clot, turbidimetric, chromogenic), and procedures for confirming lysate sensitivity and determining endotoxin levels in samples. It notes that various pharmacopeias like IP, BP, and USP specify methods for the LAL test.
OECD Guideline For Acute oral toxicity (TG 423)Naveen K L
This document provides guidelines for conducting acute oral toxicity tests using animals to determine the toxicological effects of substances. It describes the key aspects of the test including the principles, animal selection, dose preparation and administration, observation periods, and reporting of results. The goal is to classify substances based on the number of animals affected at different dose levels in a stepwise testing process using a minimum number of animals to obtain sufficient information on a substance's acute toxicity and enable its classification.
This document describes several bioassay methods for measuring the potency of insulin samples, including rabbit, mouse, rat diaphragm, and rat epididymal fat pad methods. For the rabbit method, insulin samples and a standard are injected subcutaneously in rabbits and blood sugar levels are measured over time, comparing the hypoglycemic effect between samples. The mouse method compares the percentage of mice experiencing convulsions after insulin injection between samples and a standard. The rat diaphragm and epididymal fat pad methods measure glucose uptake in tissue samples incubated with insulin to determine insulin-like activity.
The document provides guidelines for laboratory animal care and handling as per CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals). It discusses various aspects of animal housing including veterinary care, procurement, quarantine, stabilization, disease surveillance and treatment, record keeping, environment and facilities, husbandry practices, transportation, anesthesia, euthanasia, ethics and regulatory mechanisms. The key roles of CPCSEA and Institutional Animal Ethics Committees are to ensure animal welfare and evaluate justifications for animal experimentation.
This document describes different types of bioassays including direct end point assays, quantal assays, and graded assays. It provides details on graded response assays, specifically bracketing assays, matching assays, interpolation assays, and multiple point assays (3-point, 4-point, 6-point, and 8-point assays). Graded response assays involve comparing the response of a test drug to a standard drug response curve to determine the potency of the test drug. Multiple point assays take responses at different doses of both the standard and test drugs to improve accuracy over other graded response assay methods.
Acute and repeated dose toxicity studies are important for determining the safety of pharmaceuticals intended for human use. Key details include:
- Acute toxicity studies involve single high doses to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) and maximum tolerated dose. Repeated dose studies last 14 days to 3 months.
- Studies are conducted in at least two species, often rats and non-rodents, to identify target organs and toxicity reversibility.
- Animals are observed for signs of toxicity and mortality. Necropsies and histopathology are performed to identify organ damage.
- Sub-acute studies last 14-90 days to determine effects of repeated administration and establish doses for longer term studies.
Expt. 3 Introduction to principles of bioassay, its types including advantage...VISHALJADHAV100
Biological standardization (Bioassay)- Definition
Bioassays are employed- BUT WHEN???
Applications of bioassay methods
Principles of bioassay of drugs
Standard preparation (Reference Standard)
Types of bioassays-
1) Quantal response bioassay
2) Graded response bioassays
a) Matching bioassay
b) Interpolation bioassay
c) Bracketing bioassay
d) Multiple point bioassays
Three-point bioassay
Four-point bioassay
Six-point bioassay
Latin square designs- Multiple point bioassays
Intact animal studies
HPTLC is a sophisticated form of TLC that allows for automated, high-efficiency separation and analysis of chemical compounds. It uses plates coated with a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, along with solvent systems and detection methods. HPTLC provides better resolution than TLC due to smaller particle size and shorter migration distances. The presentation discusses the principle, instrumentation, steps like sample application and development, and applications of HPTLC in fields like pharmaceuticals, forensics, and environmental analysis.
The document discusses key concepts for characterizing the exposure and response of organisms to drugs and other substances, including:
- Dose amount, frequency, and duration parameters
- Routes substances can enter the body (skin, lungs, digestive tract)
- Age and body size affect clinical effects of a given dose
- LD50, LC50, ED50, TD50 values characterize lethal and effective doses for 50% of populations
- Therapeutic Index compares effective vs toxic doses, with a higher number indicating greater safety
- Margin of Safety is an alternative safety measure using toxic dose for 1% of population over effective dose for 99%
The document discusses the tracer technique, which involves incorporating radioactive isotopes into plant metabolites to trace biosynthetic pathways. It defines the technique and explains that radioactive isotopes like carbon-14 and hydrogen-3 are commonly used. The summary describes some key applications of the technique, like tracing the pathway from phenylalanine to the cyanogenic glycoside prunasin, and determining the location and quantity of compounds containing a radioactive tracer like glucose. It also lists some requirements for the technique, such as using a sufficient starting concentration of the tracer and ensuring it is involved in the relevant synthesis reactions.
Genotoxicity refers to the ability of substances to damage genetic material like DNA. Genotoxicity testing aims to identify substances that may induce DNA damage through in vitro and in vivo assays. The Ames test is a widely used bacterial reverse mutation assay to assess mutagenicity. Mammalian cell assays like the micronucleus test and comet assay are also employed to study chromosomal damage and DNA breakage in vivo. Standard test batteries from organizations like OECD provide guidelines for various assays to thoroughly evaluate genotoxic potential of new chemicals and drugs. Genotoxic agents can cause cancer, mutations and birth defects by interacting with and damaging DNA.
An assay uses biological testing to measure substances like drugs. There are chemical and biological (bio) assays. Bioassays measure effects on living organisms and are used when chemical methods can't identify or quantify a substance. They can measure potency but are less precise, costly, and time-consuming than chemical assays. Bioassays involve exposing test animals to samples and standards to compare biological effects. They help standardize substances and determine specific effects but response can vary between individuals and species.
Tracer techniques use radioactive and stable isotopes as markers to study biosynthetic pathways in living systems. Some key advantages of tracer techniques are their high sensitivity, ability to study living systems, and use of a wide range of available isotopes. Radioactive isotopes such as carbon-14 and hydrogen-3 are commonly used tracers that can be incorporated into precursor compounds and tracked through metabolic pathways. Detection methods for tracers include Geiger-Muller counters, liquid scintillation counters, mass spectrometry, and autoradiography. Tracer techniques provide specific information about precursor-product relationships, positions of bond cleavage and formation, and sequential incorporation in metabolic pathways.
This document provides an overview of toxicity testing methods for acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity studies. It discusses the importance and history of toxicity testing, as well as standard methods and guidelines established by organizations like OECD and EPA. A variety of in vivo and in vitro toxicity tests are described, including acute, repeated dose, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and local toxicity studies. The document also addresses the large number of animals used annually for toxicity testing globally and the regulatory framework for animal testing in India.
The document discusses pyrogen testing and the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test. It begins by explaining that pyrogen testing is used to detect bacterial toxins in vaccines and drugs that could cause fever. The LAL test uses a lysate extracted from horseshoe crab blood cells to detect endotoxins. There are three main types of LAL tests: gel clot, turbidimetric, and chromogenic. The gel clot test detects endotoxins based on clotting. The turbidimetric test measures turbidity increases spectrophotometrically. The chromogenic test also uses spectrophotometry to measure color changes from a cleaved substrate. The document concludes
Expt. 1 Introduction to in vitro pharmacology and physiological salt solutionsVISHALJADHAV100
This document provides an overview of in-vitro pharmacology experiments using isolated tissues and physiological salt solutions (PSS). It defines pharmacology and drugs, describes the aims of experimental pharmacology as finding therapeutic agents, studying toxicity and mechanisms of action. It also discusses types of experiments, equipment like organ baths and levers for recording tissue responses, and PSS compositions and roles. PSS are artificial solutions that maintain isolated tissues by resembling extracellular fluid composition. Selection of the appropriate PSS depends on the tissue being studied.
Bioassays are quantitative procedures that use a living system's functional response to assess the concentration or potency of physical, chemical, or biological agents. They compare the magnitude of response of an unknown preparation to a standard under standard conditions. Bioassays are useful for identifying compounds, quantifying screening procedures, and producing drugs like antibiotics. They must be reliable, sensitive, reproducible, and minimize errors from biological variation and methodology. Common sources of error include animal-to-animal biological variation and faulty methodology or experimental errors.
Expt. 7 Bioassay of acetylcholine using rat ileum by four point bioassayVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh stock and standard solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
This document provides information about various methods used to induce diabetes in experimental animal models. It discusses chemical agents like alloxan and streptozotocin that are commonly used to induce insulin-dependent diabetes by selectively destroying pancreatic beta cells. It also describes techniques like hormone administration, virus infection, and pancreatic resection surgery that can induce diabetes. Spontaneous animal models and transgenic animals with genetic modifications related to insulin/glucose homeostasis are also mentioned. The models discussed are used to study the pathophysiology of diabetes and evaluate new anti-diabetic drugs.
The document discusses pyrogen testing techniques including the rabbit test and LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate) test. It provides details on how to conduct the rabbit test, including temperature monitoring and criteria for a passing result. For the LAL test, it describes the mechanism, different methods (gel clot, turbidimetric, chromogenic), and procedures for confirming lysate sensitivity and determining endotoxin levels in samples. It notes that various pharmacopeias like IP, BP, and USP specify methods for the LAL test.
OECD Guideline For Acute oral toxicity (TG 423)Naveen K L
This document provides guidelines for conducting acute oral toxicity tests using animals to determine the toxicological effects of substances. It describes the key aspects of the test including the principles, animal selection, dose preparation and administration, observation periods, and reporting of results. The goal is to classify substances based on the number of animals affected at different dose levels in a stepwise testing process using a minimum number of animals to obtain sufficient information on a substance's acute toxicity and enable its classification.
This document describes several bioassay methods for measuring the potency of insulin samples, including rabbit, mouse, rat diaphragm, and rat epididymal fat pad methods. For the rabbit method, insulin samples and a standard are injected subcutaneously in rabbits and blood sugar levels are measured over time, comparing the hypoglycemic effect between samples. The mouse method compares the percentage of mice experiencing convulsions after insulin injection between samples and a standard. The rat diaphragm and epididymal fat pad methods measure glucose uptake in tissue samples incubated with insulin to determine insulin-like activity.
The document provides guidelines for laboratory animal care and handling as per CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals). It discusses various aspects of animal housing including veterinary care, procurement, quarantine, stabilization, disease surveillance and treatment, record keeping, environment and facilities, husbandry practices, transportation, anesthesia, euthanasia, ethics and regulatory mechanisms. The key roles of CPCSEA and Institutional Animal Ethics Committees are to ensure animal welfare and evaluate justifications for animal experimentation.
Cpcsea guidelines for laboratory animal facilityVineeta Tripathi
This document outlines guidelines from the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) for laboratory animal facilities. It discusses requirements for veterinary care, quarantine of new animals, housing and separation of species, environmental conditions like temperature and noise control, and procedures for care, housing, transportation, anesthesia and disposal of laboratory animals. The goal is to promote humane care of animals used for biomedical and behavioral research.
This document provides an overview of bioassay procedures. It defines bioassay as the comparative assessment of the potency of a test compound to a standard compound using a living biological system. The basic bioassay procedure involves preparing tissues, attaching them to an organ bath, constructing dose-response curves for standard and test compounds, and calculating the potency of the test compound based on its curve's position relative to the standard. Sources of error include biological variation between tissues and methodological errors in experimental design or implementation.
This presentation discusses disc mills, which are attrition-type mills used to grind or crush materials. It describes the history and working principles of disc mills, including their construction with a feed hopper, grinding discs, and discharge vessel. Disc mills can be single-wheeled, double-wheeled, or vibrating. They are commonly used in agriculture, food processing, chemical processing, mining, and recycling to grind or separate materials.
QUADRO Comil technology converts motor energy more efficiently into size reduction forces, leading industry milling performance standards in powder grinding and pulverizing.
Patented and proprietary screen and impeller designs ensure consistent energy transference providing previously unattainable narrow PSD spans for sub 400 micron target range. Furthermore, the H20 unmatched controllability to shift PSD targets, guarantees higher on-spec returns.
Capsule 1 manufacturing and qc test by Kailash VilegaveKailash Vilegave
This seminar discusses the manufacturing and evaluation of hard gelatin capsules. [1] Gelatin capsules were first patented in 1834 and 1848. [2] The manufacturing process involves gelatin, plasticizers, colorants, opaquising agents, preservatives, and water. Gelatin properties like bloom strength and viscosity are important. [3] Capsules are evaluated for uniform weight, drug content, disintegration time, and dissolution based on pharmacopeial standards.
Pre-clinical and clinical trials are processes used to test drugs and medical devices for safety and efficacy before human use. Pre-clinical trials involve basic research and testing in animals. If promising, an Investigational New Drug application is filed with the FDA to begin clinical trials with humans. Clinical trials are conducted in phases, starting with small safety trials and progressing to large efficacy trials. If successful, final approval is sought from the FDA through a New Drug Application. The entire drug development process from basic research to approval typically takes 12-15 years and costs $100-800 million per drug.
Validation by Vilegave Kailash, Shivajirao S. Jondhle college of Pharmacy Asa...Kailash Vilegave
General aspects
Validation of parenterals
Validation of tablets
component of validation,function of different departments,reasons for validation,shivajirao s jondhle college of pharmacy asangaon,validation of parenterals,validation of tablets,validation priority,vilegave kailash
A phase 1 clinical trial includes the initial introduction of an investigational new drug product, including biological drug products, into humans. Such studies are conducted to establish the basic safety of the drug, and are designed to determine the metabolism and pharmacologic actions of the drug in humans. The total number of subjects in a phase 1 clinical trial is limited generally to no more than 80 subjects.
This presentation covers the CGMP’s for Investigation New Drugs for Phase I. The presentation has been compiled from publicly available material on the world wide web by “ Drug Regulations” a not for profit organization.
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
Personal Branding en la empresa: aplicaciones, pros y contrasGuillem Recolons
Ebook. El personal branding en la empresa es el gran desconocido, por eso Guillem Recolons presenta aquí su contexto, aplicaciones, ventajas e inconvenientes. También aborda los requisitos básicos del formador/consultor que podría impartir este tipo de programas en las organizaciones
Infografia personal branding en la empresa / Guillem RecolonsGuillem Recolons
Infografía que recoge los distintos procesos aplicables de personal branding en las organizaciones, las principales ventajas y algunos resultados en retorno de inversión. Elaborado por Guillem Recolons en colaboración con Raquel Gómez, Daniela Viek, Rocío Ames, Deize Andrade y Carolina Camelo. Diseño gráfico María Mas-Bagà. Licencia Creative Commons
The basic principles of particle size reduction. Presentation includes a comparison of gravity and pneumatic discharge hammer mills, how finished particle size is determined, and an explanation of particle size distribution.
The document discusses the design and layout considerations for pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. It states that premises should be located to minimize risks of cross-contamination from external sources. The interior surfaces should be smooth and allow for easy cleaning. Specific areas for different processes like manufacturing, packaging, laboratories should be separated but laid out in a logical flow. Material and personnel flow should be organized to prevent mix-ups and cross-contamination. Tables and figures provide examples of suitable layouts for manufacturing tablets and liquid oral preparations.
The document discusses various routes of drug excretion from the body. It describes renal excretion through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion/reabsorption in the kidneys. It also discusses non-renal routes of excretion including biliary excretion through the liver, pulmonary excretion through the lungs, and other minor routes like salivary, mammary, dermal, and gastrointestinal excretion. Key factors that influence the different excretion pathways include a drug's physicochemical properties, binding characteristics, urine and bile pH, and physiological conditions.
Bioassay techniques involve measuring the biological response of a test system to determine the potency or concentration of a physical, chemical, or biological substance. There are three main types of bioassay techniques: in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. Bioassays can be qualitative, to assess effects, or quantitative to estimate concentration/potency by measuring biological responses. Common bioassay methods include graded response assays, endpoint assays, and multi-point assays using interpolation. ELISA, microbioassays, and radioimmunoassays are also important specialized bioassay techniques.
Bioassay techniques are used to estimate the concentration or potency of substances by measuring biological responses. There are three main types of bioassays: in vitro uses cell cultures, in vivo uses live animals, and ex vivo uses isolated tissues. Bioassays can be qualitative, observing effects, or quantitative, measuring concentrations. Methods include graded response assays, endpoint assays, and multi-point assays using interpolation. Other techniques include ELISA using antibodies, microbioassays on microbes, radioimmunoassay using radiolabeled antigens, and applications of biotechnology in fields like medicine, agriculture, and industry.
This document discusses various bioassay techniques used to estimate the concentration or potency of substances. It defines bioassay as the determination of a substance's concentration or potency by measuring the biological response it produces. There are three main types of bioassays - in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. In vitro uses cell cultures, in vivo uses live animals, and ex vivo uses isolated tissues or cells. Bioassays can be qualitative, assessing effects, or quantitative, estimating concentrations. Common quantitative bioassay methods described include endpoint, graded response, interpolation, and multi-point assays. Immunological assays like ELISA and techniques using radioisotopes like radioimmunoassay are also summarized.
The document discusses bioassay, which is the estimation of the concentration or potency of a substance by measuring its biological response over a biological system under standard conditions. It describes the purposes of bioassay such as determining drug potency and specificity. The principles and types of bioassay techniques like graded response, quantal, and multi-point assays are explained. Examples of bioassays for important drugs like insulin are provided. The document highlights the applications, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of bioassay.
The document discusses bioassay, which is the estimation of the concentration or potency of a substance by measuring its biological response over a biological system under standard conditions. It describes the purposes of bioassay such as determining drug potency and specificity. The principles and types of bioassay techniques like graded response, quantal, and multi-point assays are explained. Examples of bioassays for important drugs like insulin are provided. The document highlights the applications, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of bioassay.
This document provides information about bioassay principles and methods. It begins with a brief history of bioassay and defines it as the assessment of an unknown substance on living tissue by comparing its potency to a standard substance. It describes various bioassay methods including direct endpoint assays, quantal assays, and graded response assays. Specific methods discussed include bracketing assays, matching assays, and multiple point assays. The document outlines key principles of bioassay and its applications in estimating drug concentrations and potencies.
This document summarizes biological assays, specifically focusing on pharmaceutical quality management. It defines an assay as a procedure used to qualitatively or quantitatively assess the presence, amount, or functional activity of an analyte, such as a drug or biochemical substance. There are three main types of assays discussed: chemical assays, immunoassays, and bioassays. Bioassays are used to estimate the concentration or potency of a pharmaceutical drug by comparing its effects on animals or humans to a standard. The document outlines various techniques for bioassays including quantal, graded, and effect over time assays. It also discusses standards, accuracy, dependencies on dose and intensity, and applications of bioassays in pharmaceutical quality management.
The presentation summarizes the key aspects of bioassay including:
1) Bioassay is defined as the estimation of the potency of an active principle in a preparation using biological methods and living organisms or tissues.
2) The main types of bioassays are graded response assays which measure proportional responses, and quantal assays which measure all-or-none thresholds.
3) Graded bioassays include interpolation, matching, and multiple point assays while common quantal assays use lethal dose 50 (LD50) determinations.
This document provides an overview of bioassay, which is defined as the comparative assessment of the potency of a test compound relative to a standard compound based on their effects on living tissue. It discusses the objectives, principles, types of errors, important criteria, and applications of bioassays. Various types of bioassays are described including direct endpoint assays, quantal assays, and graded assays such as bracketing, matching, interpolation, and multiple point (3-point, 4-point, 6-point) assays. The document explains the procedures, calculations, and importance of different bioassay methods.
1. An assay uses biological, chemical or immunoassay procedures to qualitatively or quantitatively measure a target entity such as a drug, biochemical substance, or organic sample.
2. Common types of assays include chemical assays which identify and quantify chemical components, immunoassays which use antigen-antibody binding, and bioassays which assess the functional activity of a substance using a biological system.
3. Bioassays are often used when chemical methods are not sensitive enough, or to measure the pharmacological activity of new or undefined substances. They provide information about biological effects that cannot be determined through chemical analysis alone.
1) A bioassay is a technique used to quantitatively measure the amount or functional activity of a target entity (analyte) using a biological system. It can be used to measure drugs, biochemicals, or organic samples.
2) There are three main types of assays - chemical assays, immunoassays, and bioassays. Bioassays use living biological tissues or organisms to measure pharmacological activity.
3) Bioassays are useful when the chemical structure of an active substance is unknown, it cannot be purified chemically, or its pharmacological effects need to be measured. They provide a sensitive way to standardize biologically derived drugs.
BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANTIBIOTICS , VITAMIN D , DIGOXIN & INSULINHasnat Tariq
This document provides information about biological assays. It begins by defining an assay and describing different types including chemical, immuno, and biological assays. It then focuses on biological assays, explaining that they measure the effect of a substance on a living organism or tissue. The key advantages of biological assays are that they determine actual biological activity rather than just concentration, and can assess compounds when chemical structure is unknown. However, biological assays are generally less precise and more time-consuming than chemical assays. The document provides details about how biological assays are performed and standardized, including the use of standard preparations and units of activity. It also discusses quantitative, graded, and characterized bioassays as well as the principles, techniques, applications, and limitations of biological assays
This document discusses bioassay, which is defined as determining the relative strength of a substance like a drug or hormone by comparing its effect on a test organism. Bioassay involves measuring the physiological effects of substances on living tissues, organs or organisms. It has a history dating back to the late 19th century and is now commonly used to test drugs, food additives, and pesticides for toxicity and safety. Bioassays can be classified as in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo depending on whether they use cell cultures, living organisms, or isolated tissues. They are used to identify host ranges, determine virulence, and compare effects of variables like temperature on isolates.
Bioassay is defined as the determination of the concentration of a biologically active substance by using a biological indicator in reference to a standard. It involves comparing the biological activity of a test substance to a reference standard. There are two main types of bioassays - quantal bioassays, which measure an all-or-nothing response, and graded bioassays, which measure a response proportional to dose. Bioassays are used to standardize drugs, determine potency, and estimate doses needed for therapeutic or toxic responses.
This document discusses various techniques used in assaying drugs, including biological, immuno, and chemical assays. Biological assays use living systems to test for drug activity and are reproducible, while immunoassays use antibodies to detect analytes. Chemical assays separate drug mixtures using techniques like photometry, chromatography, and analyze constituents quantitatively. The document also compares biochemical versus cell-based assays and describes specific assay methods like ELISA, radioimmunoassay, and high content screening.
Biological assay, drug assay, Bioassay of InsulinPradyumnaGhosal
This document discusses assays and bioassays. It defines assays as the estimation of the amount or activity of an active principle in a preparation. Assays can be physical, chemical, or biological (bioassay). The document provides details on different types of bioassays, including those that measure graded or quantal responses. It compares chemical and bioassays and discusses the principles, purposes, and methods of various bioassays such as those for insulin and digitalis.
Development and Validation of Diagnostic Assay's .pptxPreetiKadyan3
includes various stages and criterion of development and validation of assays. optimisation standardistation specificity sensitivity robustness ruggedness thresold cutoff and proficiency of tests
Bioassay is used to estimate the potency of an active substance using biological methods. It involves observing the pharmacological effects of a preparation on living tissues, cells, or animals. Bioassays can be quantal assays that elicit an "all-or-none" response or graded response assays using tissues. Common methods include bracketing, matching, interpolation, and multiple point bioassays. Immunoassays like radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay are also forms of bioassay that are sensitive, precise, and convenient but require specialized equipment and reagents.
This document provides an introduction and overview of bioassay and drug screening. The overall aim of the course is to teach students how to qualitatively and quantitatively estimate active substances using biological activity. By the end, students will be able to design screening experiments to assess new compound activity using in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro models. They will also learn to identify optimum drug doses by measuring potency against a reference drug. The document outlines learning outcomes and describes different types of bioassays, drug screenings, and the importance of ethics in research using animals.
This document provides an overview of clinical and pathological effects of toxic plants. It begins with an introduction and classifications of toxic plants. It then discusses the clinical and pathophysiological effects of toxic plants, including specific plants that can cause various types of poisonings. The document covers various plant metabolites and toxins, including alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides, and others. It concludes with treatments and management of plant poisonings.
This document provides an overview of various experimental animal models that are used to induce different disease conditions and evaluate potential treatments. It discusses models for inflammatory diseases, pyrexia, arrhythmias, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and tests for assessing central nervous system activity, muscle relaxation, sedation, anxiety, seizures, convulsions, and analgesia. Examples of specific animal models and procedures are provided for each condition. The models described allow for studying disease pathogenesis and testing new drug candidates before human trials.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
This document discusses veterinary anesthesia. It begins by defining anesthesia and anesthesiology. It notes that anesthesia aims to minimize or eliminate pain, relax muscles, and facilitate patient restraint during procedures. Various types of anesthesia are discussed, including local, regional, and general anesthesia. Common drugs used in veterinary anesthesia are also outlined, including sedatives, analgesics, dissociatives, and neuromuscular blocking agents. The document also covers anesthesia administration techniques and important considerations for patient monitoring and recovery.
This document discusses the classification, identification, and chemical constituents of poisonous plants. It outlines several categories of toxic plant compounds including alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides, proteinaceous compounds, organic acids, and resins. Specific poisonous plants and their toxic principles are provided as examples for each compound category. The document serves as an introduction to plant toxicology and identification of poisonous plants.
This document discusses adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It begins by classifying adrenergic agonists as direct acting, mixed acting, or indirect acting. It then discusses specific alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists like phenylephrine, clonidine, dobutamine, and terbutaline. It details their mechanisms of action and clinical indications. The document concludes by discussing classes of adrenergic antagonists including alpha receptor antagonists, beta receptor antagonists, and specific drugs like propranolol, prazocin, and yohimbine.
This document discusses catecholamines and non-catecholamines used as autonomic drugs. It describes the classifications of autonomic drugs and their mechanisms of action. Specific catecholamines discussed include norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoproterenol, and dopamine. Non-catecholamines discussed include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, phenylpropanolamine, and oxymetazoline. Their pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and dosages are summarized for various conditions and species. The document provides an overview of important adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms and applications in veterinary medicine.
The document discusses neurohumoral transmission via the autonomic nervous system. It describes how the ANS is comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which modulate involuntary functions via neurotransmitters. The two main divisions differ in their origins, neurotransmitters, and target organ effects. Neurotransmission occurs via the binding of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine to receptors, producing excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic potentials that mediate various physiological responses. Neurotransmitters are synthesized, stored in vesicles, released upon neuronal firing, and degraded or reabsorbed to terminate synaptic transmission.
The document discusses principles of acid-base balance in veterinary practice. It covers topics like water balance, electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal functions, fluid compartments, fluid therapy, dehydration assessment and treatment, electrolyte imbalances, and commercially available fluids. Key points include the importance of water and electrolytes for life, roles of kidneys and blood in acid-base balance maintenance, classification and assessment of dehydration severity, and fluid therapy considerations like cause, degree of dehydration, and patient condition.
This document discusses the contributions of various scientists to the field of veterinary pharmacology over history. It describes important early contributors from ancient civilizations like Ayurveda, Shennong Pen Ts'ao Ching, and texts like the Kahun and Ebers papyruses. It then discusses the contributions of figures like Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Ibn Hajar, and Razi from ancient Greece and the Islamic Golden Age. It continues with contributors from the 17th-18th centuries who discovered or isolated important drugs. These include Withering and digitalis, Jenner and vaccination, Harvey and blood circulation. The document concludes discussing 19th century physi
This document discusses the contributions of various scientists and scholars to the field of veterinary pharmacology throughout history. It begins with Ayurveda in ancient India and mentions important ancient texts like the Kahun Papyrus, Ebers Papyrus, and Shen Nung Pen Ts'ao Ching that documented early uses of herbal medicines and treatments. It then outlines the contributions of figures like Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Ibn Hajar, and Razi from ancient Greece and the Islamic world. The document notes advances made during the 17th-18th centuries with the discovery of various drugs and mentions scientists like Withering, Jenner, Harvey, and W
This document discusses hemostatic drugs used to control bleeding. It describes topical agents like coagulants, occlusive agents, and vasoconstrictors that work locally at the site of bleeding. It also discusses systemic hemostatic drugs like vitamin K, blood and blood components, and fibrinolytic inhibitors. Specific drugs are explained in detail, along with their mechanisms of action and protocols for use in different animal species. Commercial hemostatic products and hemostatic testing methods are also mentioned.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system, including its major components and functions. It describes the three main divisions of the cardiovascular system: the distribution system, perfusion system, and collecting system. It also discusses the origin and types of blood cells, the mechanisms of circulation and hemostasis, the coagulation cascade, and common screening tests used to detect abnormalities.
This document discusses various types of anemia seen in veterinary practice and their treatment. It covers primary and secondary anemias including iron deficiency anemia, blood loss anemia, hemolytic anemia, and non-regenerative anemia. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, iron supplementation, antimicrobials, immunosuppressants, or hormones. The document also briefly discusses polycythemia and its causes.
Animal models are important tools in toxicological and biomedical research. Regulations aim to ensure animal welfare while enabling scientific progress. Key points of regulations include:
- Licensing of research facilities and oversight by ethics committees.
- Focus on replacing, reducing and refining animal use (3Rs principle).
- Standards for humane care and treatment of research animals.
- Requirements vary by country but most have adopted versions of the 3Rs and facility licensing with inspections. Self-regulation is common but some places have more direct legal oversight.
More from Dr. Sindhu K., Asst. Prof., Dept. of VPT, VCG. (20)
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
1. BIOASSAY TECHNIQUES
Submitted to
Dr. Sujarani S.
Asst. Prof.
Dept. ofVPT, Pookode.
Submitted by
Dr. Sindhu K.
MVSc scholar,
Dept. ofVPT, Pookode.
2. Biological assessment.
• Estimation or determination of concentration or potency of a physical, chemical or
biological substance (agent) by means of measuring and comparing the magnitude
of the response of the test with that of standard over a suitable biological system
under standard set of conditions.
• The estimation of the concentration or potency of a substance by measurement of
the biological response that it produces.
• The structure of bioassay: STIMULUS-applied to subject.
RESPONSE-of the subject to the stimulus.
3. The purpose of bioassay.
• To ascertain the potency of a drug and hence it serves as the quantitative part of any
screening procedure (Research).
• To standardize drugs, vaccines, toxins or poisons, disinfectants, antiseptics etc., so
that each contains the uniform specified pharmacological activity. (standardization
required as these are all used over biological system in some or other form.)
• Helps to determine the specificity of a compound to be used e.g. Penicillin's are
effective against Gram +ve. but not on Gram –ve.
• From the clinical point of view, bioassay may help in the diagnosis of various
conditions. e.g. gonadotrophins for pregnancy.
• Sometimes the chemical composition of samples are different but have same
biological activity.
• Certain complex compounds likeVitamin B-12 which can't be analysed by simple
assay techniques can be effectively estimated by Bioassays.
• For samples where no other methods of assays are available.
4. Principle of Bioassay.
To compare the test substance with the International Standard preparation of
the same and to find out how much test substance is required to produce the
same biological effect, as produced by the standard.
5. The standards are internationally accepted samples of drugs maintained and
recommended by the Expert Committee of the Biological Standardization of
W.H.O.
They represent the fixed units of activity (definite weight of preparation) for drugs.
6. In India
• standard drugs are maintained
in Government institutions like
1. Central Drug Research
Institute, Lucknow
2. Central Drug Laboratory,
Calcutta.
9. In vitro techniques:
• These techniques employ a cell culture of recommended biological system
to study the effect of compound under standard condition not similar to
that of living environment. Here the cell culture survives by utilization of
the nutrition in the media.
• Ex: use of stem cells,
cell culture,
microbes (bacteria) etc.
10. In vivo techniques:
• These techniques employ a living
animal recommended for the
purpose of assay. The techniques
aims to study the biological effect
or response of the compound under
screening in a living system directly.
• Ex: By use of rodents, rabbits etc.
11. Ex vivo techniques:
• These techniques employ a tissue or cells of
recommended living system to study the
effect of compound under test in suitable
conditions within the stipulated time of
organ survival outside the body.
• Ex: Use of any isolated organ from animals
in a glass ware to study the effect of
compound within the period of its survival
outside the living body with provision of
only oxygen, glucose and isotonic salts to
maintain cell & cell organelles integrity.
12. Types of bioassay.
• Qualitative bioassay is used for assessing the physical effects of a
substance that may not be quantified, such as abnormal development or
deformity.
Eg: Arnold Adolph Berthold's famous experiment on castrated chickens.This
analysis found that by removing the testes of a chicken, it would not develop into
a rooster because the endocrine signals necessary for this process were not
available.
• Quantitative bioassays involve estimation of concentration/potency of a
substance by measurement of the biological response it produces.These
bioassays are typically analyzed using the methods of biostatistics.
13. Bioassay Methods.
1. Graded Response Assay: : In these assays, as
the dose increases there is an equivalent rise in
response.The potency is estimated by comparing
theTest sample responses with the standard
response curve.
• Conc. of unknown=Threshold dose of
standard/threshold dose of test x Conc. of
standard.
• E.g. Acetyl-choline producing contraction in the
muscle of frog Rectus abdominis.
14. 2. End Point or Quantal Assay: As the name indicates, the threshold dose of the
sample required to elicit a complete or a particular pharmacological effect is
determined and compared with standard.
• E.g., Digitalis producing cardiac arrest.
• Even the Determination of LD50 (LD=Lethal dose) or ED50 (ED= effective
dose) is done by this method.
Based on the method used during the grade point assay procedure for
determination ofType of activity and Potency of the Sample, four methods of
assays are classified as:
• Matching point or bracketing method
• Interpolation assay
• Three point (2+1) assay
• Four- point (2+2) assay
15. Matching point or bracketing method:
• Here a constant dose of the standard is bracketed by varying dose of
sample until an exact matching between the standard dose responses
and the particular dose response of the sample is achieved.
This technique is used
• when test sample is too small
• Inaccurate & margin of error
difficult to estimate
Eg: histamine on guinea pig ileum,
Posterior pituitary on rat uterus.
16. Interpolation assay.
• Bioassays are conducted by determining the amount of
preparation of unknown potency required to produce a
definite effect on suitable test animals/organs/Tissue
under standard conditions.
• This effect is compared with that of a standard. Thus
the amount of the test substance required to produce
the same biological effect as a given quantity the unit
of a standard preparation is compared and the potency
of the unknown is expressed as a % of that of the
standard by employing a simple formula.
17. Multi point Bioassay.
• This method incorporates the principle
of interpolation and bracketing.
• 2+1 indicates- Two response of Standard
and one response ofTest respectively.
• This procedure of 2+1 or 2+2 is repeated
3 times or 4 times based on the method
with crossing over of all the samples.
• It can further divided as 3 point, 4 point
and 6 point bioassay.
18. Three point assay [2+1 dose assay]
• Fast & convenient:
• Log dose response [LDR] curve plotted with varying conc of std drug solutions and given
test solution
• Select two std doses s1& s2 [ in 2:3 dose ratio] from linear part of LDR [ Let the
corresponding response be S1, S2]
• Choose a test dose t with a responseT between S1 & S2
• Record 4 sets data as follows
• s1 s2 t
• t s1 s2
• s2 t s1
• s1 s2 t
• Log Potency ratio [M] = [(T –S1) / (S2-S1)] X log (dose ratio)
19. 4 point assay [2 +2 dose assay]
• [E.g. Ach bioassay]
• Log dose response [LDR] curve plotted with varying conc of std Ach solutions and
given test solution
• Select two std doses s1& s2 from linear part of DRC [ Let the corresponding response
be S1, S2]
• Choose two test doses t1 & t2 with responseT1 &T2 between S1 & S2 ;
• Also s2/s1 = t2/t1 = 2/3
Record 4 data sets
• s1 s2 t1 t2
• s2 t1 t2 s1
• t1 t2 s1 s2
• t2 s1 s2 t1
21. ELISA (immunological assay)
• ELISA is a popular format of a "wet-lab"
type analytic biochemistry assay that uses
a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
to detect the presence of a substance,
usually an antigen, in a liquid sample or
wet sample.
• The ELISA has been used as a diagnostic
tool in medicine and plant pathology, as
well as a quality-control check in various
industries.
• The substances detected by ELISA tests
include hormones, bacterial antigens and
antibodies.
22. Types of ELISA.
• Direct ELISA: involve attachment of the antigen to the solid phase, followed
by an enzyme-labeled antibody. This type of assay generally makes
measurement of crude samples difficult, since contaminating proteins
compete for plastic binding sites.
• Indirect ELISA: involve attachment of the antigen to a solid phase, but in this
case, the primary antibody is not labeled. An enzyme-conjugated secondary
antibody, directed at the first antibody, is then added. This format is used most
often to detect specific antibodies in sera.
• Competitive ELISA: involves the simultaneous addition of 'competing'
antibodies or proteins. The decrease in signal of samples where the second
antibody or protein is added gives a highly specific result.
• Sandwich ELISA: involve attachment of a capture antibody to a solid phase
support. Samples containing known or unknown antigen are then added in a
matrix or buffer that will minimize attachment to the solid phase. An enzyme-
labeled antibody is then added for detection.
23. Applications of ELISA
• ELISATest Applications in Antibody Concentration Determination
• ELISATest Applications in Monoclonal Antibody Screening
• ELISATest Applications inVirus test (HIV, West NileVirus, NDV)
• ELISATest Applications in Home PregnancyTest
• ELISATest Applications in Food industry (detecting potential food allergens
such as milk, peanuts, walnuts, almonds and eggs)
• ELISATest can be used to diagnostic diseases
24. Micro-bioassay (antibiotics)
• The potency (activity) of an antibiotic product is expressed as the ratio of the
dose that inhibits the growth of a suitable susceptible microorganism to the
dose of an International Biological Standard, an International Biological
Reference Preparation, or an International Chemical Reference Substance of
that antibiotic that produces similar inhibition.
• To carry out the assay a comparison is made between the inhibition of the
growth of microorganisms produced by known concentrations of the reference
material and that produced by measured dilutions of the test substance.
• This response can be measured by the diffusion method or in a liquid medium
by the turbidimetric method.
25.
26. Radioimmunoassay:
• RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure
concentrations of antigens (E.g. hormone levels in the blood) by use of
antibodies.
• It is the estimation of the concentration of the substance in a unit quantity of
preparation using radiolabelled antigens.
• It requires special precautions and licensing, since radioactive substances are
used.
• A number of drugs are estimated now days by radioimmunoassay methods
because these methods are highly specific and highly sensitive.
• Eg: the radioimmunoassay of insulin is based on the ability of human insulin
(unlabelled) to displace beef’s insulin (which may be labelled) from the
binding sites (i.e. antibodies).
27. Principle of radioimmunoassay.
It uses an immune reaction [antigen-
antibody reaction] to estimate a ligand.
Ag+Ag*+Ab → [Ag -Ab+ Ag*Ab + Ag + Ab*]
• - Unbound Ag* and Ag washed out
• - Radio activity of bound residue
measured.
• - Ligand concentration is inversely related
to the radio activity.
• - [Ag: ligand to be measured;Ag*:
radiolabelled ligand].
28. Method of RIA.
• Requirements:
• 1. Preparation and characterization of
an antigen
• 2. Radio labeling of the antigen
• 3. Preparation of the specific antibody
• 4. Development of assay system.
• Components of RIA Assay Kit:
• Drug
• Antibody
• Labeled Drug
29. Applications of RIA.
Endocrinology
• Insulin, HCG,Vasopressin
• Detects Endocrine Disorders
• Physiology of Endocrine Function
Pharmacology
• Morphine
• Detect DrugAbuse or Drug Poisoning
• Study Drug Kinetics
Epidemiology
• Hepatitis B
Clinical Immunology
• Antibodies for Inhalant Allergens
• Allergy Diagnosis
Oncology
• Carcino embryonic Antigen
• Early Cancer Detection and Diagnosis.
30. Biotechnology.
• “Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms
or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2)
• The American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as the application of
biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning
about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and
organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock.
• The European Federation of Biotechnology defines Biotechnology is the
integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and
molecular analogues for products and services.
• Biotechnology also writes on the pure biological sciences (animal cell
culture, biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, and
molecular biology).
32. Bioinformatics
• Is an interdisciplinary field which
addresses biological problems using
computational techniques, and makes the
rapid organization as well as analysis of
biological data possible.
• It plays a key role in various areas, such
as functional genomics, structural
genomics, and proteomics, and forms a
key component in the biotechnology and
pharmaceutical sector.
33. Blue biotechnology
• is a term that has been
used to describe the
marine and aquatic
applications of
biotechnology.
34. Green biotechnology
• is biotechnology applied to
agricultural processes.
• Eg:
1. The selection and domestication of
plants via micropropagation.
2. The designing of transgenic plants
to grow under specific environments in
the presence (or absence) of chemicals
35. Red biotechnology
• is applied to medical processes.
• Eg:
1.The designing of organisms to
produce antibiotics,
2.The engineering of genetic cures
through genetic manipulation.
36. White biotechnology
• Also known as industrial biotechnology,
is biotechnology applied
to industrial processes.
• Eg:
1. The designing of an organism to produce a
useful chemical.
2. The using of enzymes as industrial catalysts
to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy
hazardous/polluting chemicals.
White biotechnology tends to consume less in
resources than traditional processes used to
produce industrial goods.
37. Applications
• Health care (medical),
• Crop production and agriculture,
• Non food (industrial) uses of crops
and other products
(e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable
oil, biofuels),
• Environmental uses.
38. To Sum - up
• Bioassay & its principles,
structure.
• Types & methods of bioassay.
• Immunological assay (ELISA).
• Micro-bioassay.
• Radioimmunoassay.
• Biotechnology.