The document discusses bioassays, which are techniques used to determine the potency or concentration of an active ingredient in a preparation. There are two main types of bioassays: quantal/direct endpoint bioassays which measure all-or-none biological responses, and graded response bioassays which measure graded responses to different doses. Graded response bioassays include methods like matching, bracketing, and interpolation bioassays which plot dose-response curves to calculate the potency of a test substance compared to a standard. Multiple point bioassays that use statistical analysis of responses to multiple doses are typically more precise and reliable.

1. BIOASSAYS
PRESENTED BY
HEENA PARVEEN ,
PHARMACOLOGY DEPT.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR.

2. BIOASSAY
BIO= LIFE ; ASSAY= TO TEST
The technique involved in estimation of potency of an active constituent in a unit quantity
of preparation from the magnitude of its main biological effect is called
Bioassay/Biological standardization.
Aim : To determine the amount of active ingredient present in a preparation .
Example : Parasympathomimetic action of unknown drug is determined comparing its
contractility with the standard solution of Acetylcholine {parasympathomimetic}.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ACCURACY & RELIABILITYARE:
Selection of Animals,
Selection of Test procedure,
Details of test procedure,
Trained staff performing bioassay.

3. Applications:
 For screening pharmacological activity of new/chemically undefined substances.
 To measure potency/concentration of substance in tissue / body fluids.
 To estimate LD50 &ED50 of drug.
 For biological standardization of drugs of natural origin which cannot be derived
in pure form.
Example: Insulin ,Heparin ,Oxytocin.
 For the following categories Bioassay is to be indicated :
For drugs of unknown chemical composition,
Drugs for which chemical assay is complex. Example: Adrenaline & Histamine.
Drugs which have same pharmacological activity but different chemical
composition. Example : Digitalis glycosides obtained from different plant
sources.
Drugs that do not have an adequate chemical assay Example : Insulin

4. Principles of Bioassay
These principles of Bioassay is constituted by BURN & DALE.
Basic Principle underlying bioassay __ To compare the test substance with the
international standard preparation of same & to estimate how much test substance
is needed to produce same biological effect as produced by standard.
Other principles as follows are:
Biological response produced by active principle to be measured in bioassay should
be same in all species.
The Method selected should be Reliable, Sensitive & Reproducible.
Animals of same species, sex, weight should be used.
Mode of action & pharmacological effects of both test & standard should be same
so that their log DRC’S are parallel & their log-potency ratios can be easily
compared.

6. TYPES OF BIOASSAYS
1. All/None Phenomenon /Quantal Bioassay/Direct end-point Bioassay.
2. Graded Response Bioassay.
All/None Phenomenon /Quantal Bioassay/Direct end-point Bioassay:
Response in the form of All/None[Either No response or maximum response
produced]
Example: Cardiac Arrest due to Digitalis in Guinea pig ileum.
 Hypoglycemic convulsions by Insulin in Mice.
 Head drop in Rabbits coz of paralysis of neck muscles by d-tb.
 LD50 Determination in mice / rats.
 Dose of the test & standard which gives All/None effect is estimated
& then their potency ratios are calculated & compared.

8. Graded Response Bioassay
It involves measurement & grading of responses of drug at different doses.
Hence, method is known as “Graded Response Bioassay”.
Example: Bioassay of Acetylcholine on Frog Rectus Abdominis muscle ,Where
contraction of muscle at different doses is measured & graded.

9. Methods of Graded Response Bioassay:
a] Matching Bioassay
b] Bracketing Bioassay
c] Interpolation Bioassay
d] Multiple point Bioassay (i) Three-point Bioassay (ii) For-point Bioassay
(iii) Six-point Bioassay
Matching Bioassay
In cases , where sample size is very small.
Test response is matched against standard response if drug by Trial & Error method.
Potency ratio of Test & standard are calculated ,
Concentration of test sample are calculated from concentration of standard.
Example : Bioassay of Histamine ,Adrenaline , Acetylcholine.
Demerit: DRC is not recorded. Hence, Precision & Reliability of this method is
poor.

10. MATCHING BIOASSAY

11. BRACKETING BIOASSAY
It involves bracketing of test response between one higher & one lower response of
a standard drug.
Interpolation of the bracket response on Dose-axis gives concentration of test
sample.
It’s a simple method .
It requires very small amounts of sample.

12. INTERPOLATION BIOASSAY
Log DRC plotted for standard Drug by Trial & Error method.
Two / more responses of unknown(test) drug are plotted such that they fall in
between the linear portion of log-DRC.
Interpolation of such test responses @ dose axis gives X &X1 values .
Antilog of X & X1 gives the concentration of test preparation.

13. Demerits :
These graded interpolation bioassays are not reliable.
The changes in tissue sensitivity overtime, dose timing, differences in mode of
drugs application (T & S ) are not considered during assay.
Statistical Evaluation is not possible.

14. Multiple-point Bioassay
Three-point assay:
2 standard & 1 test response taken in to consideration.
Ist –Log DRC for standard drug is plotted. 2 doses S1 & S2 whose response lies
within linear portion of curve are then selected.
The concentrations of these doses should be in simple ratio.
Dose of unknown test drug preparation that produces a response in between S1 &
S2 is obtained.
3 doses (t,s1,s2) are bioassayed using LSD.
Mean responses for each set of doses (s1,s2,t) are plotted to obtain log DRC.

18. Four-point assay:
2 standard responses ; 2 test responses are taken in to consideration.
Log DRC of standard & test drug are plotted initially.
Two standard doses are selected in a way that their response lie in between linear
portion of log-DRC & ratio between the doses is 1:2.
Test responses are selected such that they lie on linear portion of log DRC.
They should be selected such that responses @ lower & higher doses of both
standard & test preparations are similar.
Ratios of test & standard doses.i.e; t2/t1 & s2/s1 should be simple & same.

21. TH9X