This document discusses the classification, identification, and chemical constituents of poisonous plants. It outlines several categories of toxic plant compounds including alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides, proteinaceous compounds, organic acids, and resins. Specific poisonous plants and their toxic principles are provided as examples for each compound category. The document serves as an introduction to plant toxicology and identification of poisonous plants.
Tannins
Tannins are complex substances that usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are very difficult to separate since they do not crystallize.
OR
Tannins are polyhydroxy
phenolic compounds.
Tannins are found commonly
in the bark of trees, wood,
leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots and plant galls.
Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of plants.
Tannins are high molecular weight phenolic compounds commonly found in plants with molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000 Dalton and up to 20,000 Dalton.
Examples of plant species used to obtain tannins for tanning purposes are wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis balansae) .
Digitalis purpurea Linn.
Poisonous plants
Digitalis purpurea L.
Synonyms: digitalis, foxglove, thimble, fairy’s finger, fairy’s glove, lady’s glove, Folk's Glove
The term Foxglove is derived from the shape of the flowers resembling finger of a glove. It was originally Folksglove - the glove of the 'good folk' or fairies, whose favorite haunts were supposed to be in places where the Foxglove delights to grow
Digitalis purpurea L.
Family: Scrophulariaceae- The Figwort Family
Habitat: Commonly found in UK and most regions of Europe including Italy. It is neutralized in North America
Digitalis purpureae L.
Description: The foxglove is a biennial or perennial herb. It forms rosette of leaves in first year and aerial stem in second year almost 1-1.5m in height. It readily grows from seeds. Commonly found in semi-shaded areas in wild region. If certain amount of manganese is present, flourish well in sandy areas
Basal rosette
Digitalis purpurea L.
Fruit: Bilocular capsule containing numerous seeds attached to axile placentae. The fruit may be equal or longer than calyx.
Flower: Flowers are bell-shaped exhibiting raceme inflorescence with floral formula K(5), C(5), A4 didynamous, G(2).They are purple to pink or white having eyespots on inner surface.
Cont..
Leaves: Basal leaves are in rosettes, lanceolate to ovate and long-petioled whereas stem leaves are alternate, simple and sessile. Lamina is decurrent at the base, apex subcuate. The margin is crenate or dentate and both upper and lower surfaces are hairy.
Leaf
Cont.…
Seeds: Seeds are brown, rectangular and are almost 1 mm long, with a network of ridges across the surface.
Toxic Principles
Toxic principles: Digitalis purpureae contain many cardio active or steroidal glycosides. The most powerful constituent is Digitoxin which is cumulative in action. Other physiologically active chemical constituents found in foxglove include digitonin, digitalin, antirhinic acid, digitalosmin, and digitoflavone.
Digitoxin
Digitalis purpureae Linn.
Poisonous Parts: Whole plant. The flowers contain the lowest concentration of toxins, yet their ingestion can still result in gastrointestinal effects.
Digitalis purpurea L.
Symptoms: In humans toxic reactions include gastric upset, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, severe headache, pulse and cardiac rhythm abnormalities, mental irregularities, drowsiness, tremors, convulsions, and death. In livestock symptoms are similar and include bloody stools, lack of appetite, and the urge to urinate
Digitalis purpurea Linn.
Treatment: If toxicity is due to a recent one-time exposure, treatment may involve activated charcoal or Gastric lavage. If condition persists, specific medications called digoxin-specific antibodies may be used in severe cases. Dialysis may be needed to reduce the levels of digitalis in the body.
This presentation is about Alkaloids present in plants. It is about its types, properties, tests, extraction as well as there uses. Other than general introduction on alkaloids we have explained about three plant examples which contain alkaloids.
Tannins
Tannins are complex substances that usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are very difficult to separate since they do not crystallize.
OR
Tannins are polyhydroxy
phenolic compounds.
Tannins are found commonly
in the bark of trees, wood,
leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots and plant galls.
Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of plants.
Tannins are high molecular weight phenolic compounds commonly found in plants with molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000 Dalton and up to 20,000 Dalton.
Examples of plant species used to obtain tannins for tanning purposes are wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis balansae) .
Digitalis purpurea Linn.
Poisonous plants
Digitalis purpurea L.
Synonyms: digitalis, foxglove, thimble, fairy’s finger, fairy’s glove, lady’s glove, Folk's Glove
The term Foxglove is derived from the shape of the flowers resembling finger of a glove. It was originally Folksglove - the glove of the 'good folk' or fairies, whose favorite haunts were supposed to be in places where the Foxglove delights to grow
Digitalis purpurea L.
Family: Scrophulariaceae- The Figwort Family
Habitat: Commonly found in UK and most regions of Europe including Italy. It is neutralized in North America
Digitalis purpureae L.
Description: The foxglove is a biennial or perennial herb. It forms rosette of leaves in first year and aerial stem in second year almost 1-1.5m in height. It readily grows from seeds. Commonly found in semi-shaded areas in wild region. If certain amount of manganese is present, flourish well in sandy areas
Basal rosette
Digitalis purpurea L.
Fruit: Bilocular capsule containing numerous seeds attached to axile placentae. The fruit may be equal or longer than calyx.
Flower: Flowers are bell-shaped exhibiting raceme inflorescence with floral formula K(5), C(5), A4 didynamous, G(2).They are purple to pink or white having eyespots on inner surface.
Cont..
Leaves: Basal leaves are in rosettes, lanceolate to ovate and long-petioled whereas stem leaves are alternate, simple and sessile. Lamina is decurrent at the base, apex subcuate. The margin is crenate or dentate and both upper and lower surfaces are hairy.
Leaf
Cont.…
Seeds: Seeds are brown, rectangular and are almost 1 mm long, with a network of ridges across the surface.
Toxic Principles
Toxic principles: Digitalis purpureae contain many cardio active or steroidal glycosides. The most powerful constituent is Digitoxin which is cumulative in action. Other physiologically active chemical constituents found in foxglove include digitonin, digitalin, antirhinic acid, digitalosmin, and digitoflavone.
Digitoxin
Digitalis purpureae Linn.
Poisonous Parts: Whole plant. The flowers contain the lowest concentration of toxins, yet their ingestion can still result in gastrointestinal effects.
Digitalis purpurea L.
Symptoms: In humans toxic reactions include gastric upset, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, severe headache, pulse and cardiac rhythm abnormalities, mental irregularities, drowsiness, tremors, convulsions, and death. In livestock symptoms are similar and include bloody stools, lack of appetite, and the urge to urinate
Digitalis purpurea Linn.
Treatment: If toxicity is due to a recent one-time exposure, treatment may involve activated charcoal or Gastric lavage. If condition persists, specific medications called digoxin-specific antibodies may be used in severe cases. Dialysis may be needed to reduce the levels of digitalis in the body.
This presentation is about Alkaloids present in plants. It is about its types, properties, tests, extraction as well as there uses. Other than general introduction on alkaloids we have explained about three plant examples which contain alkaloids.
Pharmacognosy B.Pharm final year 2021
A glycoside is a molecule within which a sugar is absolute to another functional group through a glycoside bond. Glycosides play various vital roles in living organisms. Several plants store chemicals within the kind of inactive glycosides.
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The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
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A Glycoside is any molecule in which sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another grp via Glycosidic bond.
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The sugar grp is known as glycone and non-sugar grp as aglycone or genin.
The glycone and aglycone portions can be chemically separated by hydrolysis in presence of acid.
The glucose can consist of a single grp or several sugar groups.
This ppt contains a suitable contents. This notes is effective for B.Pharm & D.Pharm students. In this notes we all the related topic of secondary metabolites. In this notes we all sub topics of secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Taninns, Resins, Flavonoids, etc.
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Chemical constituents of poisonous plants
1. CLASSIFICATION,
IDENTIFICATION &
CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS
OF POISONOUS PLANTS
Dr. Sindhu K
M. V. Sc. Scholar, Dept of VPT,
COVAS, Pookode.
2. INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TOXICOLOGY
Toxic plant may be defined as “one which detrimentally affects the health of
man or animal when eaten in such amount as would be taken normally or under
special circumstances like restriction of choice of diet or extreme hunger”.
The toxic (active) principles present in the plants = PHYTOTOXINS.
The basic framework of protoplasm = Amino acids (20)
Pathway of metabolism Primary metabolites glucose, AA.
Secondary metabolites alkaloids,
glycosides,
terpenes, resins.
3. SECONDARY PLANT METABOLITES
{SPM}
Plant toxins may be referred as SPM.
SPM defense mechanism / survival adaptations.
Toxic plants are of 2 types
i. Plant containing toxic ingredients & are known to be toxic to animals.
ii. Plants which are normally not toxic to animals but becomes so under
unfavorable conditions.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF
TOXIC PLANTS
I. Alkaloids
II. Terpenes
III.Glycosides
IV. Proteinaceous compounds
V. Organic acids
VI. Resins & Resinoids
5. ALKALOIDS
Complex nitrogen containing
organic compounds having one/more heterocyclic rings.
Alkaline in nature.
Readily soluble in alcohol, but sparingly soluble in water.
Both alkaloids + alkaloid salts precipiated by tannic acid &
oxidized by potassium permanganate.
Bitter in taste & often poisonous.
Name ends with suffix –ine.
Eg: atropine, epinephrine, ergotamine, apomorphine.
19. TERPENES
Biosynthesized by plants
Contains the branched 5-carbon skeleton of isoprene.
On the basis of number of isoprene units present in the
structure of the molecule, terpenes are categorized as
C-10 compounds monoterpenes
C-15 compounds sesquiterpenes
C-20 compounds diterpenes
C-30 compounds triterpenes
20. MONOTERPENES
• Cantharidine an animal monoterpene
from fly ash.
• Picrotoxin from Anamirta cocculus
(Fish berries).
21. SESQUITERPENES
• Coramyrtin from Coriaria myrtifolia
• Geigerin from Geigeria
• Helenalin from Helenium microcephalum
24. GLYCOSIDES
Complex organic compounds having glycone attached to
aglycone/genin moiety by ether linkage
Neutral in reaction
Soluble in alcohol, less soluble in water & insoluble in ether
They don’t combine with acids to form salts
Names ends with suffix –in.
Eg: digitoxin, ouabin, scillarin, glycyrrhizin, senegin.
31. PROTEINACEOUS COMPOUNDS
Plant proteins = harmless + beneficial agents.
Plant protein + seed reserve proteins important source of food.
Ingestion protein hydrolysis enzymatic reactions in GIT
absorption of amino acids protein biosynthesis in the body.
However; there are no. of proteins, peptides/amines which are of
toxicological importance.
Eg: toxalbumins, polypeptides, amines.
34. AMINES
• Aminotryptaline from seeds of Sativus odoratus
• Phoradendron sp. (Berries of mistle toe)
• Mimosine from Mimosa pudica
• Canavanine from Canavalia ensiformis (Jack beans)
• Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul)
35. ORGANIC ACIDS
Acids accumulated in plants, particularly in their fruits but
are non-toxic.
1. Malic acid
2. Tartaric acid
3. Citric acid
4. Ascorbic acid
But other plant acids possess significant toxic property
solely due to their acidity
Eg: plant oxalic acid & its soluble Na, K or NH4 salts.