This document discusses veterinary anesthesia. It begins by defining anesthesia and anesthesiology. It notes that anesthesia aims to minimize or eliminate pain, relax muscles, and facilitate patient restraint during procedures. Various types of anesthesia are discussed, including local, regional, and general anesthesia. Common drugs used in veterinary anesthesia are also outlined, including sedatives, analgesics, dissociatives, and neuromuscular blocking agents. The document also covers anesthesia administration techniques and important considerations for patient monitoring and recovery.
Common laboratory animals, Classification of Experimental Animals, Handling and application of different species and strains of animals,Different strains of laboratory animals, application and common diseases.
This is the 4th webinar in a series of webinars on worms in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on anthelmintics and other treatment options. The presentation was prepared by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Introduction of Veterinary pharmacologyQaline Giigii
this course of Introduction of veterinary pharacology was presented by Dr. Osman Abdulahi Farah
Osman Shiine
at Gollis University faculty of Veterinary Medicine
2014
Common laboratory animals, Classification of Experimental Animals, Handling and application of different species and strains of animals,Different strains of laboratory animals, application and common diseases.
This is the 4th webinar in a series of webinars on worms in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on anthelmintics and other treatment options. The presentation was prepared by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Introduction of Veterinary pharmacologyQaline Giigii
this course of Introduction of veterinary pharacology was presented by Dr. Osman Abdulahi Farah
Osman Shiine
at Gollis University faculty of Veterinary Medicine
2014
www.petsgroomingtips.com is one of the front-runners in providing complete digital information to the pet owners, which would guide theme through various process of grooming their beloved kids. A shabby puppy or kitten not only appears dirty but soon infested with disease if not treated properly. Our various tutorials and free PDF guides cover every aspect of the grooming process.
www.petsgroomingtips.com is one of the front-runners in providing complete digital information to the pet owners, which would guide theme through various process of grooming their beloved kids. A shabby puppy or kitten not only appears dirty but soon infested with disease if not treated properly. Our various tutorials and free PDF guides cover every aspect of the grooming process.
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
Classification, identification and chemical constituents of poisonous plants (to both animals & humans).
Brief description of chemical constituents responsible for toxicity in living system.
Principles and Practice of Sedation in Intensive Care Unit (ICU)Apollo Hospitals
Distress is common amongst critically ill patients in ICU, especially those who are intubated or have difficulty communicating with their caregivers [1]. Distress in ICU generally presents as agitation. It needs to be treated for patient comfort & if left untreated increases sympathetic tone with untoward physiologic effects [2].
Before a sedative agent is initiated to manage agitation, the cause of distress should be identified & treated. Common causes of distress in critically ill patients include:-anxiety, pain, delirium, dyspnoea and neuromuscular paralysis. These etiologies may occur separately or in combination.
This set of 17 slides introduces students to the some of the basic physiological processes that are the targets of many analgesic drug classes. It is suitable for beginner/intermediate level learners.
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Greek: an = without
aesthesia = sensation
Anesthesiology is defined as art & science of administration of
anesthesia.
Anesthesia term coined (1846) by an American physician Oliver
Wendell Holmes, Sr. (1809-1894)
In 1975, The American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists
was officially recognized by the American Veterinary Medical
Association as the body to certify veterinarians as specialists in
veterinary anesthesia.
3. To apply methods to
minimize / eliminate pain,
relax muscles,
Facilitate patient restraint during surgical, obstetrical,
medical, diagnostic & therapeutic procedures.
To monitor & support
Life functions in patients during the operative as well as in
critically ill, injured, / seriously ill patients.
4. Elimination of sensibility to noxious stimuli.
Humane restraint (protect animal, facilitate
diagnostic/surgical procedure).
Technical efficiency (protect personnel, facilitate
diagnostic/surgical procedures).
Specific biomedical research tool (sleep time).
Control convulsions.
Euthanasia.
5. Prevention of the perception of noxious stimuli (pain) during
surgery is the primary justification for anesthesia.
A noxious stimulus = stimulus that potentially damages the
body tissue.
Nociception has no emotional/perceptional connotation.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience; it is a
perception, not a physical entity.
Perception of pain depends functioning cerebral cortex.
13. Based on extent of loss of sensation
1. Local/regional: drugs placed in close proximity to nerve
membranes, causing conduction block.
Eg: topical, area infiltration, perineural, peridural,
subarachnoid.
2. General anesthesia: state of controlled, reversible CNS
depression including unconsciousness produced by
one/multiple drugs.
Eg: injectable, inhalation, balanced.
14. Administered usually to
conscious or mildly sedated
animals, to desensitize a
localized or regional area of
the body.
It is deposited in close
proximity to nerve membrane
causing nerve conduction
blockade.
15. GA is a condition induced by pharmacological or other means
that results in controlled, reversible CNS depression.
Basic elements of GA:
I. Reversibility
II. Unconsciousness
III. Amnesia
IV. Analgesia
V. Muscle relaxation
VI. Immobility
16. A favorable anesthetic course begins with good plan – a
plan based on sound pharmacological & physiological
principles.
Anesthetic management = physiology of respiration +
circulatory + central + autonomic nervous system.
Pre-anesthetic period.
Anesthetic period/ peri-anesthetics period.
Post-anesthetic period.
18. Administration of anesthesia requires a combination of
knowledge + skill+ ingenuity.
Given by inhalation / injections.
Classification
Hypnotic sedatives
Dissociative
Opioid
Tranquilizer-sedatives
Balanced anesthetics.
19. Also known as anesthetic recovery period.
Hazards of immediate postanesthetic period:
Circulatory system complication arterial hypo- & hypertension,
cardiac dysrhythmias.
Respiratory system complications hypoxemia, hypercapnia
Pain nociception
Emergency excitement physical trauma
Hyper-/hypothermia
Vomiting
Delayed awakening.
20. • Used clinically act by interfering with the effectiveness of the
endogenous neurotransmitter Ach to activate nicotinic
cholinergic receptors of skeletal muscle cells, thereby
inhibiting receptor-coupled transmembrane ion movements
necessary for muscle contraction. (Bouzat et al. 2004: Unwin
2005).
• End result = skeletal muscle paralysis + muscle relaxation.
• Most often used as adjuvants to anesthesia to facilitate
tracheal intubation, abdominal muscle relaxation, orthopedic
manipulations & as a part of balanced anesthesia procedure to
reduce the amount of GA required in high-risk patients.
21. A direct alteration of the effectiveness
of Ach to activate postjunctional
receptors.
According to the mechanisms of
postjunctional action, neuromuscular
blocking agents are classified as
I. competitive (nondepolarising)
agent.
II. depolarizing agent.
22. Drugs compete with Ach for available cholinergic receptors at
postsynaptic membrane & by occupying these receptors, prevent the
transmitter function of Ach.
Prototype: d-tubocurarine (Tubocurarine chloride, USP, Tubarine).
Metocurine Iodide, USP (Metubine).
Gallamine Triethiodide, USP, (Flaxedil) gallamine.
Pancuronium Bromide, Pavulon, Pancuronium.
Synthetic compound: alcuronium, atracurium.
Vecuronium, a derivative of pancuronium.
23. Drugs exert their skeletal muscle paralyzing effects
by interfering with Ach-mediated depolarization of
the post synaptic membrane.
Prototype: Succinylcholine chloride USP (quelcin,
anectine, sucostrin, suxamethonium).
Decamethonium bromide, USP (syncurine, C-10)
24. Muscle paralysis head & neck muscles (head drop) tail
limb muscles deglutition & laryngeal muscles abdominal
muscles intercostal muscles diaphragm.
Recovery usually proceeds in the reverse sequence (Hall, 1971).
25. Unique among anesthetic drugs
because of ease in administration & in large
part removed from the body, via the lungs.
Used widely for anesthetic management of
animals due to their pharmacokinetic
characteristics favors predictable & rapid
adjustment of anesthetic depth.
Specialized apparatus is used to deliver the
inhaled agents, helps minimize patient
morbidity/mortality facilitates accurate &
controlled anesthetic delivery, lung
ventilation & improved arterial oxygenation.
26. Group I : agents in current use for animals.
Volatile halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane.
Gas nitrous oxide (N2o)
Group II : gaseous agent under investigation
Xenon
Group III : volatile agents of immediate past use/ interest.
Enflurane
Methoxyflurane
Diethylether
27. Provide rapid means of producing sedation/anesthesia in
veterinary patients.
Advantage of injectable anesthetic over inhalation the ability
to proceed more rapidly through stage II anesthesia (the
excitement stage).
These agent allows a more rapid control of airway, smooth
induction of anesthesia, rapid control & reduction in CNS
activity, unobstructed visualization of URT for surgical
procedures.
For large animal (horses), preventing the excitement stage is
paramount for the animal’s safety + medical personnel.
28. Physiological properties unconsciousness, amnesia,
analgesia & skeletal muscle relaxant.
Pharmacological properties margin of safety/
therapeutic index, short duration of action &
noncumulative, readily metabolized & excreted ideally by
> one route, a specific & complete reversal of anesthesia.
Ideal drug chemically stable, long shelf life,
physiological pH, nontoxic vehicle & inexpensive.
29. I. Barbiturates. (thiopental, pentobarbital, amobarbital &
phenobarbital.)
II. Non barbiturates – non dissociative anesthetics.
a. Phenol derivatives (propofol & fospropofol)
b. Imidazole derivatives (etomidate & metomidate)
c. Neurosteroids (alfaxalone-alfadolone & alfaxalone-CD)
d. Benzodiazepines (midazolam, diazepam & lorazepam)
e. Opiods, neuroleptanalgesics & neuroleptanalgesthics.
(fentanyl, fentanyl+droperidol, methadone+acepramazine+nitrous
oxide.)
f. Miscellaneous i/v anesthetics [chloralhydrate, Guaifenesin (triple
drip), chloralose, propranidid, tribromoethanol, urethane]
III. Dissociative anesthetics (ketamine, phencyclidine &
tiletamine).
30.
31. Classification Compounds Clinical
applications
Ultra short acting Thiopental, thiamylal,
thialbarbital, hexobarbital,
methohexital.
As general anesthetic
Short acting Pentobarbital, secobarbital. As hypnotic, pre-anesthetic &
emergency management of
seizures.
Intermediate acting Amobarbital, aprobarbital,
mephobarbital.
As hypnotic, pre-anesthetic &
emergency management of
seizures.
Long acting Barbital, phenobarbital. As anticonvulsant &
sedatives.
32. An anesthetic state caused from interruption of
ascending transmission from the unconscious to conscious part of
the brain.
Characterized by catalepsy.
somatic analgesia.
intact ocular+laryngeal+pharengeal
reflexes.
control of the airway may not be complete, intubation with a
cuffed endotracheal tube is recommended.
Commonly used induction + maintenance of anesthesia in cats
& dogs.
33. CNS acting drugs which decreases activity, moderate excitement,
produce drowsiness & calm the recipient.
Drugs having capacity to decrease the CNS activity calming &
drowsiness.
Clinical indication to produce restrain.
to facilitate handling + transport.
to modify behavior of animals.
Sedative = non specific ~ general CNS depressants.
I. Hypnotic-sedatives/ Classical sedatives.
II. Tranquilliser-sedatives/Tranquillisers (ataractics, neuroleptics).
34. I. Benzodiazepines diazepam, midazolam, lorazepam.
II. Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists xylazine, detomidine,
medetomidine, romifidine & clonidine.
III. Barbiturates barbital, phenobarbital, amobarbital,
secobarbital, pentobarbital.
IV. Chloral derivatives chloral hydrate.
V. Aldehydes paraldehyde.
VI. Inorganic salts sodium bromide, potassium bromide &
magnesium sulphate.
VII.Miscellaneous agents ethyl alcohol, ethchlorvynol,
glutethimide, methyprylon, ethinamate & meprobamate.
35. I. Phenothiazines chlorpromazine, acepromazine,
promazine, piperacetazine, triflupromazine.
II. Thioxanthenes chlorprothixene, clopenthixol, thiothixene.
III. Butyrophenones azaperone, droperidol, fluanisone.
36. Diverse group of drugs used primarily in the treatment of
epilepsy.
It is important to 1st approach epilepsy as a manifestation of an
underlying disease.
When the underlying cause of disease cannot be identified
(idiopathic epilepsy) or treated management of epilepsy is
primarily based on control of seizures with anticonvulsant drugs.
Major molecular target of commercially available drugs
Voltage gated sodium channels.
GABA a receptors.
The GAT-1 GABA transporter.
GABA transaminase.
37.
38. I. Barbiturates phenobarbital, pentobarbital & mephobarbital.
II. Deoxybarbiturates primidone
III. Hydantoins phenytoin, mephenytoin, ethotoin, fosphenytion.
IV. Benzodiazepines clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam,
clorazepate.
V. Aliphatic carboxylic acids valoproic acid & sodium valproate
VI. Bromides potassium bromide & sodium bromide
VII.Succimides ethosuximide, methsuximide, phensuximide &
mesuximide
VIII.GABA analogues gabapentin, vigabatrin, pregabalin,
progabide
40. Veterinary clinical ethology A relatively new branch of vet. Medicine
dealing with study of customs & behaviour of animals in their natural
habitat.
Behaviour is a complex phenomenon.
It is not easy to define in terms of normal & abnormal behaviour.
Adverse behaviour in animals disease condition (neural disorders).
lack of socialization & training.
genetically determined.
Classification of behaviour disorders on basis of their origin.
Genetic problems, developmental & age related problems, instinctive &
species related problems, socialization/ social behaviour related
problems, disease related problems & adaptation problems.
41. Sr. no. Behaviour disorder Etiology
1 Aggression Dominance, competition, fear, learned, idiopathic &
feeling of uncertainty.
2 Anxiety Separation, travelling, new place & unfriendly
environment.
3 Fear/phobia Thunderstorms, gunshots, fireworks, heavy vehicle’s
engine noise.
4 Destruction Fear anxiety, over activity & reaction to arousing
stimuli.
5 Excessive vocalization Frustrated social/sexual environment, aggression &
reaction to external stimuli.
6 Elimination behaviour
(urination/defecation)
Marking territory, urine spraying (cats), submission,
excitement, lack of training & separation.
7 Sexual behaviour Hyper-sexuality, lack of libido, false pregnancy.
8 Self mutilation Attention getting & stress response.
9 stereotypies Stress response & compulsive behaviour.
42. Abnormal behaviour in man/animal is closely related to
alterations in concentrations of various neurotransmitters
Biogenic amines
Acetylcholine
Excitatory AA
Inhibitory AA
A wide variety of drugs from different pharmacological classes
are employed to modify abnormal behaviour in animals
Psychotropic drugs, anticonvulsants, hormonal preparations,
CNS stimulants, artificial pheromones & miscellaneous drugs.
43. Algesia = ill-defined, unpleasant sensation,
usually evoked by external / internal noxious stimulus.
Physiological pain nociceptive pain.
Pathological pain neurogenic & cancer pain.
Opioids potent analgesic agents, which induces analgesia by
stimulation of central opioid receptors.
Classified into
I. Opioid agonists.
II. Opioid mixed agonist-antagonists & partial agonists.
47. Drugs which stimulate the CNS/improves specific brain
functions.
Classification pyscostimulants / cerebral stimulants
brain stem stimulants / analeptics
convulsants
psychotomimetics / hallucinogens
48.
49.
50. Small animal clinical pharmacology: D. M. Boothe. (2nd ed.)
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics: Jim E Riviere & Mark G Papich.
(9th ed.)
Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics: H. R. Adams. (8th ed.)
Essentials of veterinary pharmacology & therapeutics: H. S. Sandhu. (2nd
ed.)
Google images.