This document summarizes a clinical discussion and case study on hygromas in dogs. It defines a hygroma as a fluid-filled swelling surrounded by a thick capsule that develops under the skin, most commonly on the outside of the elbow. Hygromas are caused by repeated trauma to bony areas from lying on hard surfaces. The case study describes a 6-year-old male dog presented with a ruptured hygroma mass on its elbow that had been growing for 1 month. The dog underwent surgical removal of the hygroma mass under sedation, which involved making an elliptical incision, removing the mass, and suturing the skin. Post-operative care included antibiotics and cleaning/band
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
This document discusses hemostatic drugs used to control bleeding. It describes topical agents like coagulants, occlusive agents, and vasoconstrictors that work locally at the site of bleeding. It also discusses systemic hemostatic drugs like vitamin K, blood and blood components, and fibrinolytic inhibitors. Specific drugs are explained in detail, along with their mechanisms of action and protocols for use in different animal species. Commercial hemostatic products and hemostatic testing methods are also mentioned.
This document discusses fluid therapy in animals. It begins by describing the distribution of water in the body and the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids. It then discusses three types of fluid disturbances: changes in volume, content, and distribution. The document outlines different types of fluid therapy including replacement, adjunctive, and supportive therapies. It provides details on routes of fluid administration and indications for intravenous fluids. Throughout, it discusses evaluating and monitoring fluid therapy, diagnosing and treating dehydration, and complications of intravenous fluids.
This document discusses blood transfusion in animals. It covers the basics of blood transfusion including indications, components transfused, blood typing and donor selection. It then discusses specific details regarding canine, feline, equine and bovine blood groups. It also covers cross-matching, collection sites, dose calculation, transfusion procedures and potential complications. The key aspects are blood typing and donor selection to avoid transfusion reactions, and monitoring for side effects during and after transfusion.
This document summarizes a clinical discussion and case study on hygromas in dogs. It defines a hygroma as a fluid-filled swelling surrounded by a thick capsule that develops under the skin, most commonly on the outside of the elbow. Hygromas are caused by repeated trauma to bony areas from lying on hard surfaces. The case study describes a 6-year-old male dog presented with a ruptured hygroma mass on its elbow that had been growing for 1 month. The dog underwent surgical removal of the hygroma mass under sedation, which involved making an elliptical incision, removing the mass, and suturing the skin. Post-operative care included antibiotics and cleaning/band
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
This document discusses hemostatic drugs used to control bleeding. It describes topical agents like coagulants, occlusive agents, and vasoconstrictors that work locally at the site of bleeding. It also discusses systemic hemostatic drugs like vitamin K, blood and blood components, and fibrinolytic inhibitors. Specific drugs are explained in detail, along with their mechanisms of action and protocols for use in different animal species. Commercial hemostatic products and hemostatic testing methods are also mentioned.
This document discusses fluid therapy in animals. It begins by describing the distribution of water in the body and the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids. It then discusses three types of fluid disturbances: changes in volume, content, and distribution. The document outlines different types of fluid therapy including replacement, adjunctive, and supportive therapies. It provides details on routes of fluid administration and indications for intravenous fluids. Throughout, it discusses evaluating and monitoring fluid therapy, diagnosing and treating dehydration, and complications of intravenous fluids.
This document discusses blood transfusion in animals. It covers the basics of blood transfusion including indications, components transfused, blood typing and donor selection. It then discusses specific details regarding canine, feline, equine and bovine blood groups. It also covers cross-matching, collection sites, dose calculation, transfusion procedures and potential complications. The key aspects are blood typing and donor selection to avoid transfusion reactions, and monitoring for side effects during and after transfusion.
This document provides an overview of colic in horses. It begins by defining colic as acute abdominal pain in horses. Colic can be classified as spasmodic, tympanitic, obstructive, or impactive. Spasmodic colic involves hypermotility of the intestines. Tympanitic colic is caused by gas accumulation in the intestines. Obstructive colic blocks intestinal passages, while impactive colic specifically involves food or other material blocking the stomach or intestines. The document discusses causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each type of colic. Common signs of colic include pawing, looking at the flank, lip curling, rolling, and abdominal distension
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, a rickettsial organism. E. canis infects monocytes and forms clusters called morulae. It is transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, anorexia, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhaging. Diagnosis involves identifying morulae in blood smears, serology tests, or PCR. Treatment is doxycycline for 3-4 weeks. Prevention focuses on tick control and chemoprophylaxis with tetracyclines.
Dr. Ram Chander Tiwari presented a seminar on Canine Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis. The disease is caused by Ehrlichia canis bacteria and transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, anemia, and hemorrhaging. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies, observing morulae in blood smears, or PCR testing. Treatment involves doxycycline or tetracycline antibiotics for 3-4 weeks along with supportive care. Prevention focuses on tick control and testing dogs before introduction to kennels.
1. Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the bacteria Anaplasma marginale. It is characterized by fever, weakness, anemia, emaciation, and jaundice.
2. The disease is transmitted by ticks of several genera and can also be spread mechanically by flies or contaminated surgical instruments.
3. Anaplasmosis causes major losses to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects red blood cells and clinical signs vary from mild to severe depending on factors like age and previous exposure.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including:
- It is a disease where the body does not properly produce or use insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
- There are two main types - type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and type 2 caused by insulin resistance.
- Clinical signs include increased urination, thirst, weight loss, and cataracts in dogs. Diagnosis involves testing blood glucose and fructosamine levels. Treatment focuses on achieving normal blood sugar through insulin, diet, exercise and medication. Medical nutrition therapy and exercise are important parts of long-term diabetes management.
This document discusses tail amputation procedures in various animal species. It describes the anatomy of the tail and indications for amputation such as trauma, infection, or cosmetic purposes. The procedure typically involves clipping and preparing the tail, retracting the skin, identifying the desired transection site, ligating vessels, disarticulating the tail between vertebrae, and suturing skin edges. Considerations for puppies, adults, and different animal species are provided. Complications can include tetanus or vertebral necrosis.
Physical Restraining Methods of dogs and catsTahmeena Hassan
This document discusses various methods for restraining dogs and cats. It begins by defining restraint as restricting an animal's movement verbally, physically, or chemically to prevent injury. Methods of restraint include verbal commands, leashes, poles, bags, muzzles, and Elizabethan collars. Physical restraint positions covered are sitting, standing, and lateral recumbency. Specific restraint techniques are described for procedures like venipuncture of the cephalic, saphenous, and jugular veins. Restraint of cats is also outlined, including scruffing, and positions for femoral and cephalic venipuncture. Potential complications of restraint are briefly mentioned.
A presentation by Dr. Renee Streeter, DVM, DACVN, and Dr. Bradley Quest, DVM giving a detailed overview of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs and what the recent reports from the FDA mean for the pet industry at large.
A 9-year-old dog was seen with a mammary tumor and deep emaciation. Approximately 50% of mammary tumors in dogs are malignant, metastasizing to local lymph nodes and lungs. An aggressive type of mammary tumor seen in dogs is inflammatory carcinoma, which causes swelling of the mammary glands and other signs like inappetence and weakness. Surgical treatment options include lumpectomy, mammectomy, and regional or radical mastectomy, with adjuvant therapy sometimes used as well.
Angels presenting chronic patellar luxation in cattle.by pavulPavulraj Selvaraj
Patellar luxation is a non-inflammatory disorder of the femoropatellar articulation in cattle and dogs where the patella is displaced from its normal position. In cattle, it causes jerky limb movements and an extended limb stance. Surgical treatment involves cutting the medial patellar ligament to allow the patella to move freely. In dogs, it causes intermittent lameness and abnormal gaits. Surgical options aim to deepen the trochlear groove or reinforce the lateral soft tissues to stabilize the patella.
Phosphorus deficiency hemoglobinuria, also known as red water disease, is a hemolytic disease affecting dairy cattle around calving. It is characterized by intravascular hemolysis and severe anemia, which can lead to death. Clinical signs include hemoglobinuria, weakness, inappetence, and reduced milk yield. Diagnosis is based on dark red-brown urine despite the absence of red blood cells, along with anemia and hypophosphatemia. Treatment involves intravenous and oral phosphorus supplementation along with fluid therapy. Prevention focuses on ensuring adequate phosphorus intake in early lactation and correcting copper deficiencies.
5th year practical revision fetal presentationsMohamed Wahab
The document provides descriptions of various fetal presentations and postures that may be observed during pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It lists both normal and abnormal presentations, positions, and postures for anterior and posterior longitudinal presentations as well as transverse presentations. Abnormal postures described include various limb and head flexions or deviations. Breech and twin presentations are also included.
This document provides information on chemical restraint and anesthesia for various wild and laboratory animals. It discusses factors to consider for chemical restraint, such as species, age, sex and health status. It describes different methods of drug administration including orally, with a syringe, pole syringe, blow guns and projectile syringes. Common drugs used for chemical restraint are also outlined, including their dosages and considerations. Specific sections provide guidance on anesthesia for chelonians, snakes, fish, lagomorphs, rodents and birds. Techniques for deer, wild cats and bears are also mentioned.
This document provides information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia. It affects cattle and is transmitted by ticks. The most important species are B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, jaundice, and red urine. Severe cases can cause death. Diagnosis involves finding the parasites on blood smears. Control relies on tick control, vaccination, and treatment of infected cattle. Babesiosis can also infect humans in some areas.
Azoturia, also known as Monday morning disease or tying-up syndrome, is a metabolic muscular disorder in horses characterized by stiffness, lameness, and muscle swelling. It occurs after a period of at least 2 days rest when horses return to exercise on a full ration. The major cause is carbohydrate overloading from excessive glycogen buildup in muscles during rest, leading to lactic acid accumulation during subsequent exercise and muscle damage. Clinical signs range from poor performance to an inability to rise. Diagnosis involves detecting myoglobin in the urine and elevated muscle enzyme levels in blood. Treatment focuses on rest, pain relief, intravenous fluids, and thiamine supplementation.
The document discusses equine anesthesia under field conditions. It provides guidance on prepping the area, securing the horse, and packing necessary supplies. It recommends fasting horses for 12 hours prior and maintaining an IV route. For anesthesia, it suggests an induction with xylazine and ketamine IV, followed by maintenance with diazepam, xylazine and ketamine continuous rate infusion. It also discusses measures for recovery and addressing any potential complications.
This document discusses the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of guttural pouch diseases in horses. It describes the guttural pouch as a mucous sac located in the cranial cavity that connects the pharynx to the eustachian tube. Common guttural pouch diseases include empyema (accumulation of exudate), emphysema (abnormal filling with air), and impactions. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, radiography, or ultrasound imaging of the pouch. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics, flushing the pouch, or surgical drainage and removal of debris through approaches like Viborg's triangle or hyovertebrotomy. Post-operative care includes antibiotics, analgesics
Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a naturally occurring, sexually transmitted cancer that affects the external genitalia of dogs. It has a round cell origin and is transmitted between dogs through contact during mating or licking of affected areas. Common symptoms include genital bleeding or masses. Diagnosis involves identifying the characteristic round cells on smears or biopsies. Effective treatment includes chemotherapy, typically with vincristine, though surgery or radiation are also sometimes used. Recurrence is common without full removal of the tumor.
Deworming in animals- An overview of AntheminticsDr Shifa Ul Haq
The presentation covers various aspects of deworming in animals. It includes the symptoms of worm infestation, harms caused by parasites, various groups of anthelmintic drugs and their mode of action and some natural anthelmintic products.
The document discusses veterinary products and dosage forms. It begins with a brief history of veterinary medicine and defines veterinarians as professionals who treat diseases and injuries in animals. It then describes various veterinary dosage forms like tablets, capsules, injectables, implants and topical forms designed for different routes of drug administration in animals. The document outlines regulatory requirements for new animal drugs, including investigational and marketing applications approved by the Center for Veterinary Medicine to ensure animal and human safety. In conclusion, it notes that veterinary dosage forms require special characteristics to suit animal physiology.
Use Of Tissue Sealants And Hemostatic AgentsMCG Urology
This document summarizes various hemostatic agents and tissue sealants used in surgery. It discusses collagen products, oxidized regenerated cellulose, gelatin sponges, flowable gelatins, thrombin, and fibrin sealants. For each product, it describes the composition, mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages, and differences between brands. The document provides an overview of the history and development of hemostatic agents over the past century.
This document provides an overview of colic in horses. It begins by defining colic as acute abdominal pain in horses. Colic can be classified as spasmodic, tympanitic, obstructive, or impactive. Spasmodic colic involves hypermotility of the intestines. Tympanitic colic is caused by gas accumulation in the intestines. Obstructive colic blocks intestinal passages, while impactive colic specifically involves food or other material blocking the stomach or intestines. The document discusses causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment for each type of colic. Common signs of colic include pawing, looking at the flank, lip curling, rolling, and abdominal distension
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, a rickettsial organism. E. canis infects monocytes and forms clusters called morulae. It is transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, anorexia, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhaging. Diagnosis involves identifying morulae in blood smears, serology tests, or PCR. Treatment is doxycycline for 3-4 weeks. Prevention focuses on tick control and chemoprophylaxis with tetracyclines.
Dr. Ram Chander Tiwari presented a seminar on Canine Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis. The disease is caused by Ehrlichia canis bacteria and transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, anemia, and hemorrhaging. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies, observing morulae in blood smears, or PCR testing. Treatment involves doxycycline or tetracycline antibiotics for 3-4 weeks along with supportive care. Prevention focuses on tick control and testing dogs before introduction to kennels.
1. Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the bacteria Anaplasma marginale. It is characterized by fever, weakness, anemia, emaciation, and jaundice.
2. The disease is transmitted by ticks of several genera and can also be spread mechanically by flies or contaminated surgical instruments.
3. Anaplasmosis causes major losses to cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions. It infects red blood cells and clinical signs vary from mild to severe depending on factors like age and previous exposure.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including:
- It is a disease where the body does not properly produce or use insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
- There are two main types - type 1 caused by lack of insulin production and type 2 caused by insulin resistance.
- Clinical signs include increased urination, thirst, weight loss, and cataracts in dogs. Diagnosis involves testing blood glucose and fructosamine levels. Treatment focuses on achieving normal blood sugar through insulin, diet, exercise and medication. Medical nutrition therapy and exercise are important parts of long-term diabetes management.
This document discusses tail amputation procedures in various animal species. It describes the anatomy of the tail and indications for amputation such as trauma, infection, or cosmetic purposes. The procedure typically involves clipping and preparing the tail, retracting the skin, identifying the desired transection site, ligating vessels, disarticulating the tail between vertebrae, and suturing skin edges. Considerations for puppies, adults, and different animal species are provided. Complications can include tetanus or vertebral necrosis.
Physical Restraining Methods of dogs and catsTahmeena Hassan
This document discusses various methods for restraining dogs and cats. It begins by defining restraint as restricting an animal's movement verbally, physically, or chemically to prevent injury. Methods of restraint include verbal commands, leashes, poles, bags, muzzles, and Elizabethan collars. Physical restraint positions covered are sitting, standing, and lateral recumbency. Specific restraint techniques are described for procedures like venipuncture of the cephalic, saphenous, and jugular veins. Restraint of cats is also outlined, including scruffing, and positions for femoral and cephalic venipuncture. Potential complications of restraint are briefly mentioned.
A presentation by Dr. Renee Streeter, DVM, DACVN, and Dr. Bradley Quest, DVM giving a detailed overview of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs and what the recent reports from the FDA mean for the pet industry at large.
A 9-year-old dog was seen with a mammary tumor and deep emaciation. Approximately 50% of mammary tumors in dogs are malignant, metastasizing to local lymph nodes and lungs. An aggressive type of mammary tumor seen in dogs is inflammatory carcinoma, which causes swelling of the mammary glands and other signs like inappetence and weakness. Surgical treatment options include lumpectomy, mammectomy, and regional or radical mastectomy, with adjuvant therapy sometimes used as well.
Angels presenting chronic patellar luxation in cattle.by pavulPavulraj Selvaraj
Patellar luxation is a non-inflammatory disorder of the femoropatellar articulation in cattle and dogs where the patella is displaced from its normal position. In cattle, it causes jerky limb movements and an extended limb stance. Surgical treatment involves cutting the medial patellar ligament to allow the patella to move freely. In dogs, it causes intermittent lameness and abnormal gaits. Surgical options aim to deepen the trochlear groove or reinforce the lateral soft tissues to stabilize the patella.
Phosphorus deficiency hemoglobinuria, also known as red water disease, is a hemolytic disease affecting dairy cattle around calving. It is characterized by intravascular hemolysis and severe anemia, which can lead to death. Clinical signs include hemoglobinuria, weakness, inappetence, and reduced milk yield. Diagnosis is based on dark red-brown urine despite the absence of red blood cells, along with anemia and hypophosphatemia. Treatment involves intravenous and oral phosphorus supplementation along with fluid therapy. Prevention focuses on ensuring adequate phosphorus intake in early lactation and correcting copper deficiencies.
5th year practical revision fetal presentationsMohamed Wahab
The document provides descriptions of various fetal presentations and postures that may be observed during pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It lists both normal and abnormal presentations, positions, and postures for anterior and posterior longitudinal presentations as well as transverse presentations. Abnormal postures described include various limb and head flexions or deviations. Breech and twin presentations are also included.
This document provides information on chemical restraint and anesthesia for various wild and laboratory animals. It discusses factors to consider for chemical restraint, such as species, age, sex and health status. It describes different methods of drug administration including orally, with a syringe, pole syringe, blow guns and projectile syringes. Common drugs used for chemical restraint are also outlined, including their dosages and considerations. Specific sections provide guidance on anesthesia for chelonians, snakes, fish, lagomorphs, rodents and birds. Techniques for deer, wild cats and bears are also mentioned.
This document provides information about bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia. It affects cattle and is transmitted by ticks. The most important species are B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, jaundice, and red urine. Severe cases can cause death. Diagnosis involves finding the parasites on blood smears. Control relies on tick control, vaccination, and treatment of infected cattle. Babesiosis can also infect humans in some areas.
Azoturia, also known as Monday morning disease or tying-up syndrome, is a metabolic muscular disorder in horses characterized by stiffness, lameness, and muscle swelling. It occurs after a period of at least 2 days rest when horses return to exercise on a full ration. The major cause is carbohydrate overloading from excessive glycogen buildup in muscles during rest, leading to lactic acid accumulation during subsequent exercise and muscle damage. Clinical signs range from poor performance to an inability to rise. Diagnosis involves detecting myoglobin in the urine and elevated muscle enzyme levels in blood. Treatment focuses on rest, pain relief, intravenous fluids, and thiamine supplementation.
The document discusses equine anesthesia under field conditions. It provides guidance on prepping the area, securing the horse, and packing necessary supplies. It recommends fasting horses for 12 hours prior and maintaining an IV route. For anesthesia, it suggests an induction with xylazine and ketamine IV, followed by maintenance with diazepam, xylazine and ketamine continuous rate infusion. It also discusses measures for recovery and addressing any potential complications.
This document discusses the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of guttural pouch diseases in horses. It describes the guttural pouch as a mucous sac located in the cranial cavity that connects the pharynx to the eustachian tube. Common guttural pouch diseases include empyema (accumulation of exudate), emphysema (abnormal filling with air), and impactions. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, radiography, or ultrasound imaging of the pouch. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics, flushing the pouch, or surgical drainage and removal of debris through approaches like Viborg's triangle or hyovertebrotomy. Post-operative care includes antibiotics, analgesics
Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a naturally occurring, sexually transmitted cancer that affects the external genitalia of dogs. It has a round cell origin and is transmitted between dogs through contact during mating or licking of affected areas. Common symptoms include genital bleeding or masses. Diagnosis involves identifying the characteristic round cells on smears or biopsies. Effective treatment includes chemotherapy, typically with vincristine, though surgery or radiation are also sometimes used. Recurrence is common without full removal of the tumor.
Deworming in animals- An overview of AntheminticsDr Shifa Ul Haq
The presentation covers various aspects of deworming in animals. It includes the symptoms of worm infestation, harms caused by parasites, various groups of anthelmintic drugs and their mode of action and some natural anthelmintic products.
The document discusses veterinary products and dosage forms. It begins with a brief history of veterinary medicine and defines veterinarians as professionals who treat diseases and injuries in animals. It then describes various veterinary dosage forms like tablets, capsules, injectables, implants and topical forms designed for different routes of drug administration in animals. The document outlines regulatory requirements for new animal drugs, including investigational and marketing applications approved by the Center for Veterinary Medicine to ensure animal and human safety. In conclusion, it notes that veterinary dosage forms require special characteristics to suit animal physiology.
Use Of Tissue Sealants And Hemostatic AgentsMCG Urology
This document summarizes various hemostatic agents and tissue sealants used in surgery. It discusses collagen products, oxidized regenerated cellulose, gelatin sponges, flowable gelatins, thrombin, and fibrin sealants. For each product, it describes the composition, mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages, and differences between brands. The document provides an overview of the history and development of hemostatic agents over the past century.
El documento discute la elección de antiagregantes plaquetarios en pacientes con síndromes coronarios agudos. Pregunta si siguen ocurriendo eventos trombóticos después de la fase aguda, explica las diferencias en los mecanismos de acción de los antiagregantes en las plaquetas y su metabolismo, y revisa estudios comparativos y recomendaciones de guías sobre antiagregantes.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system, including its major components and functions. It describes the three main divisions of the cardiovascular system: the distribution system, perfusion system, and collecting system. It also discusses the origin and types of blood cells, the mechanisms of circulation and hemostasis, the coagulation cascade, and common screening tests used to detect abnormalities.
This document discusses the contributions of various scientists to the field of veterinary pharmacology over history. It describes important early contributors from ancient civilizations like Ayurveda, Shennong Pen Ts'ao Ching, and texts like the Kahun and Ebers papyruses. It then discusses the contributions of figures like Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Ibn Hajar, and Razi from ancient Greece and the Islamic Golden Age. It continues with contributors from the 17th-18th centuries who discovered or isolated important drugs. These include Withering and digitalis, Jenner and vaccination, Harvey and blood circulation. The document concludes discussing 19th century physi
This document discusses veterinary anesthesia. It begins by defining anesthesia and anesthesiology. It notes that anesthesia aims to minimize or eliminate pain, relax muscles, and facilitate patient restraint during procedures. Various types of anesthesia are discussed, including local, regional, and general anesthesia. Common drugs used in veterinary anesthesia are also outlined, including sedatives, analgesics, dissociatives, and neuromuscular blocking agents. The document also covers anesthesia administration techniques and important considerations for patient monitoring and recovery.
This document discusses the contributions of various scientists and scholars to the field of veterinary pharmacology throughout history. It begins with Ayurveda in ancient India and mentions important ancient texts like the Kahun Papyrus, Ebers Papyrus, and Shen Nung Pen Ts'ao Ching that documented early uses of herbal medicines and treatments. It then outlines the contributions of figures like Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Ibn Hajar, and Razi from ancient Greece and the Islamic world. The document notes advances made during the 17th-18th centuries with the discovery of various drugs and mentions scientists like Withering, Jenner, Harvey, and W
1. The document discusses the management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including risk stratification, reperfusion therapy options like fibrinolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapies.
2. It highlights the importance of rapid reperfusion through fibrinolysis or PCI to restore blood flow and reduce mortality. PCI is generally preferred over fibrinolysis when it can be performed quickly by an experienced center.
3. Antiplatelet therapies with aspirin and clopidogrel are recommended, along with anticoagulants like unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin to prevent clotting in ACS patients.
Fibrinolytics, or thrombolytics, are drugs used to dissolve blood clots by lysing fibrin. Examples include streptokinase, urokinase, and alteplase. They are used to treat acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Antifibrinolytics like epsilon amino-caproic acid and tranexaemic acid inhibit fibrinolytic activity and are used to control bleeding from overdose of fibrinolytics or due to excessive fibrinolytic activity during surgery or complications of surgery, tooth extraction, menorrhagia, and hematuria.
This document provides an overview of various experimental animal models that are used to induce different disease conditions and evaluate potential treatments. It discusses models for inflammatory diseases, pyrexia, arrhythmias, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and tests for assessing central nervous system activity, muscle relaxation, sedation, anxiety, seizures, convulsions, and analgesia. Examples of specific animal models and procedures are provided for each condition. The models described allow for studying disease pathogenesis and testing new drug candidates before human trials.
This document discusses drugs that affect thrombosis, including fibrinolytics and antifibrinolytics. Fibrinolytics such as streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activators (t-PAs), and others work by activating plasminogen to form plasmin, which breaks down fibrin clots. They are used to treat conditions like pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction. Adverse effects include bleeding. Antifibrinolytics like aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid competitively inhibit fibrinolysis and are used as adjunctive therapy for bleeding disorders or to prevent rebleeding.
Reinfarction, defined as a recurrent heart attack within 28 days of an initial heart attack, occurs in 3-5% of cases following successful fibrinolysis treatment for STEMI. Reinfarction is clinically silent in over 50% of cases and can result from reocclusion of the infarct-related artery. Reinfarction is associated with increased mortality risk both at 30 days and up to 2 years compared to patients who do not experience reinfarction. Predictors of reinfarction include advanced age, shorter symptom duration before fibrinolysis treatment, and nonsmoking status. Reinfarction may also occur due to reocclusion related to drug-eluting stent use if dual antiplatelet
Topical hemostatic agents in surgical practiceanemo_site
This document discusses topical hemostatic agents used in surgical practice. It describes how fibrin sealants work by participating in the coagulation cascade to form a fibrin clot. Fibrin sealants are prepared either commercially from pooled plasma through fractionation and viral reduction processes, or in hospital blood banks from single donor plasma through cryoprecipitation to obtain fibrinogen and automated thrombin generation. Fibrin sealants are effective in controlling surgical bleeding in a variety of settings such as parenchymal organs and gastrointestinal bleeding. They promote hemostasis, reduce blood loss, and induce wound healing.
The document discusses principles of acid-base balance in veterinary practice. It covers topics like water balance, electrolytes, acid-base balance, renal functions, fluid compartments, fluid therapy, dehydration assessment and treatment, electrolyte imbalances, and commercially available fluids. Key points include the importance of water and electrolytes for life, roles of kidneys and blood in acid-base balance maintenance, classification and assessment of dehydration severity, and fluid therapy considerations like cause, degree of dehydration, and patient condition.
This document discusses oral anticoagulants (OACs) for preventing thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). It outlines the rationale for using OACs in AF patients, different types of OACs including vitamin K antagonists and novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), and clinical trial results demonstrating the efficacy and safety of NOACs compared to warfarin. It also discusses calculating the net clinical benefit of OACs, guidelines for indications of anticoagulation treatment, factors to consider when selecting an OAC, and conclusions regarding the effectiveness and appropriate use of OACs in AF patients.
Antiplatelets and fibrinolytics are used to treat thrombosis. Aspirin is the main antiplatelet drug and works by inhibiting platelet aggregation. Other antiplatelets include clopidogrel, dipyridamole, and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. Fibrinolytics such as streptokinase, alteplase, and tenecteplase dissolve blood clots by activating the body's fibrinolytic system. Antiplatelets are used to prevent arterial thrombosis and reduce risks of heart attack and stroke. Fibrinolytics are primarily used for heart attacks to restore blood flow in acute myocardial infarction. Both antiplatelets and fibrinolytics have benefits but also risks like bleeding that require consideration
Drug interactions of Low Molecular weight Heparins (LMWHs)Naina Mohamed, PhD
This document discusses drug interactions of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), which are a class of anticoagulants. It notes that LMWHs can interact with various prescription drugs, supplements, foods and herbs to increase the risk of bleeding. Specifically, it finds that LMWHs combined with warfarin, heparin, other anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, fibrinolytics, NSAIDs, SSRIs, SNRIs, St. John's Wort, ginkgo, garlic, papaya, chamomile and various other supplements can have additive anticoagulant effects and increase bleeding risk. It advises close monitoring of patients if these drugs are coadmin
This document discusses various routes of drug administration in animals. There are two main classes of routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract and include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intraperitoneal, and others. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, drug stability, and bypassing of first-pass metabolism. The document provides details on various administration techniques and considerations for each route.
This document provides an overview of clinical and pathological effects of toxic plants. It begins with an introduction and classifications of toxic plants. It then discusses the clinical and pathophysiological effects of toxic plants, including specific plants that can cause various types of poisonings. The document covers various plant metabolites and toxins, including alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides, and others. It concludes with treatments and management of plant poisonings.
Fibrinolytics such as streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase activate the natural fibrinolytic system and lyse thrombi to recanalize occluded blood vessels. They are used to treat myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and peripheral arterial occlusion. Antifibrinolytics like epsilon amino-caproic acid and tranexamic acid inhibit plasminogen activation and clot dissolution to prevent or control bleeding caused by fibrinolytics or surgical procedures. The timing of fibrinolytic administration is critical for heart attack treatment, with better outcomes seen within 1-3 hours of symptom onset.
Platelets are small cell fragments that help the blood clot. Several drugs target platelets to prevent excessive clotting. Aspirin and clopidogrel inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking thromboxane A2 and ADP receptors. Heparin enhances the effects of antithrombin III to inhibit coagulation factors Xa and IIa. Low molecular weight heparins have fewer side effects than unfractionated heparin and do not require monitoring.
This document discusses various types of rodenticides, including their classification, mechanisms of action, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. It covers both inorganic rodenticides such as arsenic, phosphorus, and thallium sulfate as well as organic rodenticides like anticoagulants, fluoroacetate derivatives, vitamin D compounds, ANTU, bromethalin, metaldehyde, and strychnine. For each rodenticide, a brief overview of its mechanism of toxicity, associated clinical signs in poisoned animals, and recommended treatment approaches are provided. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for information on different rodenticide chemicals that are commonly used.
- Heparin and warfarin are commonly used anticoagulant drugs. Heparin works by activating antithrombin, which inactivates coagulation factors, while warfarin interferes with vitamin K recycling and reduces coagulation factor synthesis.
- Heparin is derived from animal tissues and administered intravenously or subcutaneously. Warfarin is an oral medication that takes several days to achieve its anticoagulant effect.
- Both drugs increase the risk of bleeding and require monitoring to ensure therapeutic levels are achieved without side effects. Protamine sulfate can reverse the anticoagulant effect of heparin.
A power point presentation on "Drugs affecting coagulation and anticoagulants" suitable for undergraduate medical students. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
The document discusses various drugs used in anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. It covers heparin and low molecular weight heparins, direct thrombin inhibitors like argatroban, oral anticoagulants like warfarin, and new oral anticoagulants like dabigatran and rivaroxaban. It also discusses antiplatelet drugs including aspirin, clopidogrel, and glycoprotein inhibitors. Fibrinolytic agents discussed include alteplase, tenecteplase, streptokinase and urokinase.
Coagulants and anticoagulants work to maintain a balance in the coagulation system. Coagulants such as fresh whole blood and factors promote clotting, while anticoagulants like antithrombin and the fibrinolytic system inhibit clot formation and maintain blood fluidity. Vitamin K is essential for the production of coagulation factors and warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that works by inhibiting vitamin K. Heparin is commonly used as an injectable anticoagulant that prevents clotting by binding to antithrombin. Newer oral anticoagulants directly inhibit thrombin or factor Xa.
Drugs that help prevent the clotting (coagulation) of blood
Coagulation will occur instantaneously once a blood vessel has been severed.
Blood begins to solidify to prevent the excessive blood loss and to prevent invasive substances from entering the bloodstream.
USED IN VIVO
A. PARENTRAL ANTICOAGULANTS
B. ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
USED IN VITRO
A.HEPARIN
B.CALCIUM COMPLEXING AGENTS
PARENTRAL ANTICOAGULANTS
1. INDIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS
Heparin, Low molecular weight heparins, Fondaparinux,Donaparoid
2. DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS
Lepirudin, Bivalirudin, Argatroban
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
1. COUMARIN DERIVATIVES
Bishydroxycoumarin (dicumarol), Warfarin sod, Acenocoumarol,
(Nicoumalon), Ethylbiscoumacetate
2.INDANDIONE DERIVATIVES
Phenindione
3.DIRECT FACTOR Xa INHIBITORS
Rivaroxaban
4.ORAL DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITOR
Dabigatran, etexilate
USED IN VITRO
1.HEPARIN
2. CALCIUM COMPLEXING AGENTS
SODIUM CITRATE
SODIUM OXALATE
SODIUM EDETATE
Heparin is a non uniform mixture of straight chain mucopolysaccharides with molecular weight 10000 to 20000
It contains polymers of two sulfated diasaccharide units
D –glucosamine-L-iduronic acid
D-glucosamine-D-glucoronic acid
Heparin
It is present in all tissues containing mast cells, richest sources are lung, liver and intestinal ,mucosa
Please find the power point on Pharmacology of Anticoagulants, antiplatelets . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This document discusses hemostasis and mechanisms of coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet function, and their regulation. It describes the roles of coagulation factors, fibrinolysis, endothelium, platelets, calcium, and vitamins in hemostasis. Direct and indirect acting agents that promote coagulation or inhibit fibrinolysis are discussed. Uses and side effects of heparin, warfarin, aspirin, streptokinase, and aprotinin are summarized.
This document discusses various anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. It describes how anticoagulants prevent the formation of blood clots through different mechanisms like inhibiting vitamin K, heparin activating antithrombin III, and direct factor Xa inhibitors. Common anticoagulants mentioned include heparin, warfarin, and rivaroxaban. The document also discusses fibrinolytics which lyse blood clots, and antiplatelet drugs like aspirin, dipyridamole, and clopidogrel which prevent platelet aggregation. Monitoring of anticoagulant therapy and drug interactions are also summarized.
This document discusses various classes of drugs that influence coagulation, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and thrombolytic drugs. It describes several classes of anticoagulants such as heparins, warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors, and direct factor Xa inhibitors. It provides details on specific drugs within each class, their mechanisms of action, dosing, monitoring, indications, and drug interactions. The focus is on drugs used for venous thromboembolism and non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
Current presentation is about the comprehensive literature of Anticoagulants, Bulbs for blood collection and their specific uses intended for Graduate and Post graduate students of Physiology and Pathology in Medical and Health Sciences.
This document discusses anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. It describes how anticoagulants prevent blood clotting by inhibiting coagulation factors, while some occur naturally in animals. Common anticoagulants discussed include heparin, low molecular weight heparins like enoxaparin, and vitamin K antagonists like warfarin. The mechanisms and sites of action are explained for different classes of anticoagulants. Advantages of LMWH over unfractionated heparin include better bioavailability and more predictable response. Bleeding is a major adverse effect of anticoagulant overdose.
This document summarizes different types of anticoagulants, including their mechanisms of action, monitoring, and therapeutic uses. It discusses oral anticoagulants like warfarin that act by inhibiting vitamin K, as well as injectable anticoagulants like heparin and novel anticoagulants that directly inhibit coagulation factors. Warfarin is monitored using INR while heparin is monitored using aPTT or anti-Xa assay. Anticoagulants are used to treat conditions involving increased risk of blood clots like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation, and ischemic stroke.
This document discusses the treatment of a 35-year-old man presenting with hypertension. He has a family history of hypertension, is obese, and drinks several cocktails daily. Tests show elevated cholesterol and glucose levels. The document then outlines the classification, mechanisms, and types of antihypertensive drugs and discusses how they could be used to treat this patient. It focuses on diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers. The optimal treatment would likely involve lifestyle changes and combination drug therapy targeting his multiple risk factors.
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
This document discusses the classification, identification, and chemical constituents of poisonous plants. It outlines several categories of toxic plant compounds including alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides, proteinaceous compounds, organic acids, and resins. Specific poisonous plants and their toxic principles are provided as examples for each compound category. The document serves as an introduction to plant toxicology and identification of poisonous plants.
This document discusses adrenergic agonists and antagonists. It begins by classifying adrenergic agonists as direct acting, mixed acting, or indirect acting. It then discusses specific alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists like phenylephrine, clonidine, dobutamine, and terbutaline. It details their mechanisms of action and clinical indications. The document concludes by discussing classes of adrenergic antagonists including alpha receptor antagonists, beta receptor antagonists, and specific drugs like propranolol, prazocin, and yohimbine.
This document discusses catecholamines and non-catecholamines used as autonomic drugs. It describes the classifications of autonomic drugs and their mechanisms of action. Specific catecholamines discussed include norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoproterenol, and dopamine. Non-catecholamines discussed include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, phenylpropanolamine, and oxymetazoline. Their pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and dosages are summarized for various conditions and species. The document provides an overview of important adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms and applications in veterinary medicine.
The document discusses neurohumoral transmission via the autonomic nervous system. It describes how the ANS is comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which modulate involuntary functions via neurotransmitters. The two main divisions differ in their origins, neurotransmitters, and target organ effects. Neurotransmission occurs via the binding of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine to receptors, producing excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic potentials that mediate various physiological responses. Neurotransmitters are synthesized, stored in vesicles, released upon neuronal firing, and degraded or reabsorbed to terminate synaptic transmission.
This document provides an overview of toxicity testing methods for acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity studies. It discusses the importance and history of toxicity testing, as well as standard methods and guidelines established by organizations like OECD and EPA. A variety of in vivo and in vitro toxicity tests are described, including acute, repeated dose, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and local toxicity studies. The document also addresses the large number of animals used annually for toxicity testing globally and the regulatory framework for animal testing in India.
This document discusses various types of anemia seen in veterinary practice and their treatment. It covers primary and secondary anemias including iron deficiency anemia, blood loss anemia, hemolytic anemia, and non-regenerative anemia. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, iron supplementation, antimicrobials, immunosuppressants, or hormones. The document also briefly discusses polycythemia and its causes.
Animal models are important tools in toxicological and biomedical research. Regulations aim to ensure animal welfare while enabling scientific progress. Key points of regulations include:
- Licensing of research facilities and oversight by ethics committees.
- Focus on replacing, reducing and refining animal use (3Rs principle).
- Standards for humane care and treatment of research animals.
- Requirements vary by country but most have adopted versions of the 3Rs and facility licensing with inspections. Self-regulation is common but some places have more direct legal oversight.
More from Dr. Sindhu K., Asst. Prof., Dept. of VPT, VCG. (13)
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
4. Vascular Injury
Exposure of collagen and vWF Tissue factor exposure
Platelet adhesion and release Activation of coagulation
Platelet recruitment and
activation
Thrombin generation
Fibrin formationPlatelet aggregation
Platelet – fibrin thrombus
5. ANTI COAGULANTS
1] In vitro use
To prevent clotting of blood for transfusion or
diagnostic use
2] In vivo use
To prevent development & enlargement of thrombi
7. OXALATES
1} sodium oxalate – combines with blood calcium forming
insoluble calcium oxalate rendering calcium unavailable for
blood coagulation
Dose – conc of 20 % @ level of blood
0.01 ml / 1 ml blood ( 2mg/ml)
ALL OXALATE SALTS ARE TOXIC
Contraindicated – blood transfusion
-- systemic use
8. SODIUM FLUORIDE
• Excellent anticoagulant for blood glucose studies bcoz it
interferes with enzymes involved in glycolysis
• It acts as preservative
• Dose 2.5 mg / ml of blood for blood glucose preservation
9. ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRA ACETIC ACID
• EDTA ( edetate disodium , USP )
MOA – Na & K salts of EDTA chelates blood calcium thus preventing
clotting
• Lab application
1} hematological count { thrombocyte count }
bcoz Cellular details preserved
Dose – 1 mg / 5 ml of blood
0.01 ml of 2 % EDTA solution / ml of blood
10. BLOOD TRANSFUSION
1] Acid Citrate Dextrose , USP
Sodium citrate – 25 g
Citric acid – 8 g
Dextrose – 24.5 g
Distilled water to make volume of 1000 ml
Dose – at level of 15 ml / 100 ml of blood
Toxicity in dogs should not cross 286mg/kg
11. `
2] Citric Phosphate Dextrose Adenine CPDA-1
In DOGS maintains high levels of erythrocyte post transfusion
viability up to 20 days
3] Heparin
In cats - To collect small quantity of blood ( 50 ml )for
transfusion
Lab purpose : 8 – 10 units of heparin / ml of blood
Blood transfusion : 4 – 6 units of heparin / ml of blood
12. SYSTEMIC ANTICOAGULANTS
1} Heparin & related compounds
2} Inhibitors of vitamin K
3} Direct inhibitors of coagulation factors
4} Miscellaneous anticoagulants
13. HEPARIN ( HEPARIN SODIUM , USP )
• Pharmaceutical graded heparin is prepared from bovine lung tissue
or porcine intestinal mucosa
• It is a heterogenous mixture of anionic sulfated mucopolysaccharide
with molecular weight ranging from 1200 – 40000 daltons.
• Sodium salts used in vivo.
• Calcium salts , potassium salts – therapeutic use.
14. MOA
• Anti coagulatory effect of heparin – the reversible binding of
heparin to AT III , a protease inhibitor & Heparin Co factor II
• Binded heparin accelerates the velocity of interaction between
coagulant inhibitory factors & clotting factors
• LMWH – inactivates only factor Xa
• HMWH – inactivates thrombin & blocks conversion of fibrinogen
to fibrin , neutralizes activated factor IX
15.
16. P K & P D
• Administered dose of heparin bounds extensively: endothelial cells
macrophages
plasma
proteins
Stored pools ~> saturated ~> free heparins ~>plasma ~> excretion
kidney
Metabolism – liver
- Reticulo endothelial system
17. CLINICAL INDICATION
• Prevention / treatment of venous thrombosis ( red thrombus )
• Pulmonary embolism
• Management of DIC
• Arterial fibrillation with embolization
Eg: feline cardiomyopathy
• Other potential coagulable states
Eg: cushing`s disease
nephrotic syndrome
cardiomyopathy
18. GUIDE LINE FOR HEPARIN DOSAGE
1} High dose heparin therapy
Aims to increase APTT 1.5 – 2.5 times base line & ACT 1.2 – 1.4
times base line
Initial high loading dose is beneficial
Regular & frequent monitoring of clotting time s essential
Clinical indication – treatment of established THROMBOEMBOLI
Dogs : 150 – 250 U / kg TID
Cats : 250 – 375 U / kg TID
19. 2} LOW DOSE HEPARIN THERAPY
Dogs : treatment & management of Heart worm infestation
Initial dose 100 – 200 U / kg i/v followed by 50 U / kg every 3 hours
Maintenance dose 40 – 80 U / kg TID s/c
Cats : treatment of feline cardiomyopathy
200 U / kg s/c TID
Horses : management of DIC
high grade DIC : 80 – 100 U / kg i/v after 4-5 hr repetation
low grade DIC : 25 – 40 U / kg s/c BID / TID daily
20. MANAGEMENT OF DIC ~ DISSEMINATED
INTRAVASCULAR COAGULOPATHY
Heparin + blood / plasma
Low dose regimen for management
Small animals : 75 U / kg TID
Horses : 25 – 100 U / kg TID
Effect on APTT = minimum
21. LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARINS
• Are short chain of polysaccharide with molecular weight of 1000-
10000 Da
• Isolated from standard heparin by techniques
- Gel filtration chromatography
- differential precipitations with ethanol
Advantages: better absorption from s/c injection
: prolonged elimination half life
: lower incidences of hemorrhagic complications
22. MOA
• LMWH selectively inhibit factor Xa with little effect on thrombin ,
Factor II ~> result is little effect on APTT & whole blood clotting
time
• LMWH less anti platelet action
• Commercial preparations – Ardeparin , Bemiparin , Dalteparin ,
Enoxaparin , Reviparin ,
Nadroparin ,
Tinzaparin
23.
24. HEPARINOIDS
• Non heparin naturally occurring & synthetic sulphated
glycosaminoglycans which posses heparin like anticoagulant
action
1} DANAPAROID (Orgaron*)
Mixture of non heparin glycosamines isolated from porcine
intestinal mucosa
Orgaron* consists ~ heparin sulphate 80 %
~ dermatan sulphate 8 -16 %
~ chondroitin sulphate < 8.5 %
25. MOA
• Acts mainly by enhancing the inhibition of factor Xa by
antithrombine
• Danaproid exerts a strong catalytic effects on the inactivation of
factor Xa than on the inactivation of thrombin
Clinical indications
• Prevention of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS ( DVT ) following
orthopaedic , major abdominal & thoracic surgery
• Patients with positive diagnosis of non hemorrhagic stroke
27. VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS
• Inhibitors of vitamin K often called as ORAL
ANTICOAGULANTS
• VIT K antagonists are active ORALLY (only IN VIVO )
• Studies in veterinary medicine focused primarily on their TOXIC
effects rather than on therapeutic indications
TYPES
1} Coumarin derivatives
2} Indanedione derivatives
28. COUMARIN DERIVATIVES
• Coumadins are synthetic oral anticoagulants derived from the
molecule 4 hydroxycoumarin
1} BISHYDROXYCOUMARIN – first oral AC synthesized by LINK
(1943-44)
Its a derivative of moldy / spoiled sweet clover which is responsible
for hemorrhagic disease in cattle in USA
2} WARFARIN SODIUM (USP)
2nd compound synthesized commercially
29. WARFARIN: MOA
• Inhibiton of hepatic synthesis of vit K dependent clotting
factor ~ Prothrombin
~ Factor VII , IX , X
~ anticoagulant protein C & S
Carboxylation results in the oxidative inactivation of vit K
Warfarin inhibits vit K epoxide reductase enzyme & interfere
with regeneration of active form of vit K thereby inhibiting
synthesis of prothrombin & factor VII , IX , X
30.
31. `
• Warfarin acts as AC only IN VIVO bcoz they act indirectly by
interfering with synthesis of clotting factors
• AC effects develops over several hours but peak plasma level
occurs in 1 hour after oral administration onset takes 6 -12 hours
with full benefits realized after (2-3 days) & long duration of
action (4-7 days)
• bcoz of persistence of factors synthesized before drug
administration & of long half life
• Rapidly & completely absorbed from intestine
• Metabolised in liver ~ inactive metabolites cytochrome P450
system
32. ADVERSE EFFECTS
• Acute internal bleeding/hemorrhage
• Clinical signs ~ anaemia , thrombocytopenia , hematuria etc
• Hemorrhages in brain & spinal column ~ ataxia , paresis ,
convulsions
• Periarticular hemorrhages ~ lamness , joint swelling , pain
LAB CONTROL
1} the quick test
2} the one stage prothrombin time
33. CLINICAL INDICATIONS
• Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis & Aortic/ pulmonary
thromboembolism
Horses : to relieve the clinical signs of NAVICULAR DISEASE
Dose @ 0.02 mg/kg PO once daily
Dogs : for prevention of recurrence of thrombotic conditions
Dose @ 0.1 – 0.2 mg/kg PO once daily
34. INDANEDIONE DERIVATIVES
• Are derivative of indane-1,3-dione
• Structurally related to coumarins & produce anticoagulation
activity by mechanism involving ANTAGONISM OF VITAMIN
K
• Reports to cause kidney damage, sensitivity reactions,
leucopenia in humans. Hence retricted drugs category
• Use in vety practice not reported yet
Eg: Anisindione , phenindione , clorindione , diphenadione
35. DIRECT INHIBITORS OF COAGULATION
FACTORS
1} Direct inhibitors of factor Xa – Xabans
-- Rivaroxabans
2} Direct inhibitors of coagulation factor II – hirudin
-- bivalirudin
-- desirudin &
lepirdin
3} Direct thrombin inhibitors – argatroban
-- dabigatran
37. THROMBOLYTICS
• Drugs that enhances the conversion of the inactive
precursor plasminogen to the active fibrinolytic enzyme
plasmin
• 2 phases Plasminogen ~ plasma/soluble phase
• ~ gel phase
• Dissolves both physiologic as well as pathogenic thrombus =
TOXIC ,producing hemorrhage = major side effect
38. MOA
• When plasminogen activating agents + clot = activation of fibrin
bound gel phase plasminogen to plasmin locally with selective
fibrinolysis
• Instead soluble phase plasminogen circulating in systemic blood
also activated
• Adverse effect = increased tendency for systemic bleeding
• Plasmin formation occurs through out circulation =
overactivation of plasminogen , neutralizing endogenous
antagonist to plasmin a2 ANTIPLASMIN
43. FIRST GEN : STREPTOKINASE
• Streptokinase is a protein obtained from group C BETA
HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
• Effective & inexpensive clot dissolving drug ~ MI
• ~ Pulmonary
embolism
• MOA :acts as plasminogen activator = enhances production of
plasmin by forming an active non covalent 1:1 complex
(streptokinase : plasminogen complex )
• Plasmin catalyzes degradation of plasma proteins = clotting factor
FIBRINOGEN & factor V , VII
44. ADVERSE EFFECT
• Foreign protein = Antigenic reactions
• 2nd time use = hypersensitivity & Anaphylaxis
• Over dosage = plasminogen depletion & SK resistance
• Treatment over-dosage FRESH PLASMA /AMINOCAPROIC
ACID
45. CLINICAL INDICATIONS
• Used locally as powder , infusion or irrigation of wounds which
don’t responds for antibacterial therapy – burns , ulcers , chronic
eczema , ear hematomas , otitis externa , osteomyelitis , chronic
sinusitis
• Parentrally ~ eczema , dermatitis , hematoma , trauma &
pneumonia
• Prophylaxis ~ reduction of post operative adhesions
• Dogs: 5000 – 10,000 U (total dose) IM IV in 2 divided doses 5 days
• Large animals : 5000 – 10,000 U / 45 kg BW , IM IV 2 divided
dose 5 – 6 days
48. MOA
• It catalyzes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
• Selective action towards the plasminogen bound to fibrin & low
affinity for free plasminogen
• Thus fibrinolysis to the formed clot , with out unwanted degradation
of other proteins
Clinical indication
1} thromboembolic strokes
2} deep vein thrombosis
3} pulmonary embolism to clear a blocked artery
49.
50. • ALTEPLASE – treatment of aortic thromboembolism
Cats : 0.25 – 1 mg/kg/hour , i/v infusion for total dose of 1-10
mg/kg
Dogs : 0.01 microgram/kg/min , i/v infusion for 30 min
• UROKINASE – to prevent post operative lesions
Dogs : 5000 – 10,000 units/kg , intra-peritoneal lavage
60. ANTITHROMBOTIC DRUGS
Antiplatelet drugs
Acetylsalicylic
acid (aspirin)
P2Y12
antagonists
Dipyridamole GPIIb/IIIa
antagonists
Used widely
in patients
at risk of
thromboembolic
disease
Beneficial in the
treatment and
prevention of ACS
and the prevention
of thromboembolic
events
Secondary
prevention in
patients following
stroke, often in
combination with
aspirin
Administered
intravenously, are
effective during
percutaneous
coronary
intervention (PCI)
61. COX INHIBITORS
• Aspirin ~ NSAID
• MOA = irreversibly inactivates cyclooxygenase enzyme to produce
pharmacological effects
Reduces synthesis of thromboxane A2 = potent vasoconstrictor &
inducer of platelet aggregation
• Irreversibly acetylate thromboxane synthase , enzyme responsible
for thromboxane synthesis
• Low dose = effective in reducing platelet aggregation
• High dose = blocks synthesis of prostacyclin reducing over all anti
aggregatory effect
62. Plaque Disruption
Collagen vWF
Platelet adhesion and secretion
Aspirin
Thrombin generation
Abciximab
Eptifibatide
Tirofiban
Platelet aggregation
Platelet recruitment and activation
X COX-1
TXA2
ADP
X
GPllb / llla activation
X
68. GLYCOPROTEIN II B / III A INHIBITORS
• NEW CLASES of potent platelet aggregation agonists
• MOA – acts by blocking glycoprotein II b / III a receptors present on
surface of platelets
• Glycoprotein II b / III a complex functions as receptor = vWB factor
through which agonists collagen , thrombin , thromboxanes , ADP
induces platelet aggregation
• Drugs:
1} Abciximax – treatment of ANGIOPLASTY
2} EPTIFIBTIDE
2} tirofiban
74. THROMBOXANE INHIBITORS
• Acts through inhibition of thromboxane synthetase = decreases
synthesis of TXA2 thus prevents platelet aggregation
• Elevates endogenous cAMP in the platelets by inhibiting
phosphodiesterase enzyme
• Blockade of cellular reuptake of adenosine into platelets ,RBC &
endothelial cells =increased extra cellular concentration of
adenosine
75. ,
1} DIPYRIDAMOLE
As synergistic with ASPIRIN
With WARFARIN – to decrease the incidence of thromboembolisim in
patients with PROSTHETIC HEART VALVES
2}DAZOXIBEN
3}PICOTAMIDE
4}TERUTROBAN
76. MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
• CILOSTAZOL : phosphodiesterase inhibitor = intracellular
concentration of cAMP = increase in PK-A = inhibition of platelet
aggregation & arterial vasodilator effect
Treatment – muscular pains due to cramps , numbness or fatigue
• TIMOLOL ( b adrenoceptor blocker )
synergizes action of low dose aspirin
• SULFINPYRAZONE uricosuric drug related to phenylbutazone
Inhibits COX enzyme = blocks production of prostanoids
77. REFERENCES
• H RICHARD ADAMS Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 8th edition.
• GOODMAN & GILMAN`S The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 11th edition.
• HS SANDHU Essentials of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology, 2nd edition.
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