1) A bioassay is a technique used to quantitatively measure the amount or functional activity of a target entity (analyte) using a biological system. It can be used to measure drugs, biochemicals, or organic samples.
2) There are three main types of assays - chemical assays, immunoassays, and bioassays. Bioassays use living biological tissues or organisms to measure pharmacological activity.
3) Bioassays are useful when the chemical structure of an active substance is unknown, it cannot be purified chemically, or its pharmacological effects need to be measured. They provide a sensitive way to standardize biologically derived drugs.
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity, all mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic
This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity, all mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic
This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
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FDA 2013 Clinical Investigator Training Course: CMC and Investigator Brochure (Drugs): Ensuring the Quality of a Drug Used in Clinical Trial
Dorota Matecka, Ph.D., Office of New Drug Quality Assessment, CDER
Basic Principles of Pharmacokinetics (Guide for Pharmacy Board Exam Takers in...aldebaran4
This discusses the basic principles to remember in pharmacokinetics. Some parts of the discussion is in filipino. This is a good guide for those who are about to take the board exams.
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"The determination of the relative strength of a substance (e.g., a drug or hormone or toxicant) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation." is called bioassay.
Expt. 3 Introduction to principles of bioassay, its types including advantage...VISHALJADHAV100
Biological standardization (Bioassay)- Definition
Bioassays are employed- BUT WHEN???
Applications of bioassay methods
Principles of bioassay of drugs
Standard preparation (Reference Standard)
Types of bioassays-
1) Quantal response bioassay
2) Graded response bioassays
a) Matching bioassay
b) Interpolation bioassay
c) Bracketing bioassay
d) Multiple point bioassays
Three-point bioassay
Four-point bioassay
Six-point bioassay
Latin square designs- Multiple point bioassays
Intact animal studies
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Bioassay ppt by dr sumit
1. BIOASSAY
By :Dr. Sumit Kumar Mahato
Junior Resident( Academic)
Guide: Dr. Uma Shanker Pd. Keshri
Associate Professor
Department of Pharmacology
RIMS, Ranchi
2. An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure
in laboratory medicine, pharmacology,
environmental biology, and molecular
biology for qualitatively assessing or
quantitatively measuring the presence or
amount or the functional activity of a target
entity (the analyte) which can be
a drug or biochemical substance or
organic sample
4. Chemical Assay:
It is the study of the separation, identification,
and quantification of the chemical components of natural and
artificial materials.
Immunoassay:
A technique that makes use of the binding between an antigen
and its homologous antibody in order to identify and quantify the
specific antigen or antibody in a sample.
5. Comparative assessment of relative potency of a test compound to a
standard compound on a living or biological tissue.
Quantitative measurement of the amount of active principle or substance in
a pharmaceutical preparation or biological material using a suitable
biological system
Introduced by Paul Ehrlich - biostandardization of Diphtheria antitoxin
5
6. Bioassay
Bioassay
Chemical Assay
Less Precise
More time consuming
More expensive
Active constituent &
structure not known.
More sensitive
More men power
Required
Difficult to handle
More Precise
Less time consuming
Less expensive
Active constituent &
structure fully
established.
Less sensitive
Less men power
required
Easy to handle
8. To compare the test substance with the
International Standard preparation of the same
To find out how much test substance is
required to produce the same biological effect,
as produced by the standard
Activity assayed should be the activity of
interest
8
9. Standard & test sample - similar pharmacological
effects & mode of action
Both should be compared for their established
pharmacological effect using specified technique
Ex: *Ach – contractile response on frog rectus
abdominis muscle
*Histamine – contractile response on guinea
pig ileum
9
10. Problem of biological variation must be
minimized
Experimental conditions - kept constant
Animals - same species, sex and weight
Number of animals - large enough to
minimize error (individual variation)
Isolated preparations - sensitive
10
11. No chemical method has been developed
Chemical assay is too complex /not sensitive enough to
measure (ex: insulin, Ach)
To measure the pharmacological activity of new or
chemically undefined substances
For biological standardization of drugs obtained from
natural sources as these cannot be obtained in pure form.
Eg:
Oxytocin,Vasopressin,Insulin,Heparin..
11
12. To compare the strength of a drug obtained
from various sources due to different
compositions
Chemicals with similar structure, but different
biological activity
Chemical structure of the active principle is
unknown
Chemical structure known; cannot be actively
purified. Eg: Peptide hormones
12
13. Sensitivity
Specificity
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Precision
Accuracy
Stability – tissue has to stay “bioassay-
fit
13
16. Qualitative bioassay
Is used for assessing the physical effects of a substance that
may not be quantified, such as abnormal development or
deformity.
Eg: Arnold Adolph Berthold's famous experiment on castrated
chickens. This analysis found that by removing the testes of a
chicken, it would not develop into a rooster because the
endocrine signals necessary for this process were not available.
Quantitative bioassays
involve estimation of concentration/potency of a substance by
measurement of the biological response it produces. These
bioassays are typically analyzed using the methods of
biostatistics
17. 1.Direct end point assay (DEPA)
2.Quantal assay (all or none assay)
3.Graded assay :
a) Bracketting assay
b) Matching assay
c) Interpolation assay
d) Multiple point assay ( 3-point, 4point, 6-
point, 8-point).
18. Principle: is to measure direct response of dose of standard and
test preparation. The threshold dose required for response is
determined for each experimental unit.
Ratio between these doses estimates the potency of the test
preparation relative to the standard.
Concentration of test= TDS/TDT×CSD
Where, TDS= Threshold dose of standard
TDT= Threshold dose of test
CSD= Concentration of standard drug
Threshold dose of standard = Total period of infusion × rate
of drug administration
19. Advantage:
Drug effects appear rapidly and are easily recognised
Drug effect is directly proportional to drug dose
Rapid end-point detection.
Disadvantages:
Only toxicity study or high dose study is possible
Dose ranging study cannot be done
20. Quantal response – the unknown is compared with the standard with
respect to potency which produces the quantal affect, i.e change is easily
recognised sign or often death.
In a quantal assay there is use of dose response relationship.
quantal response to a drug is obtained and percentage of positive
response at each dose is calculated.
The response in quantal assay is varying, i.e some responses are
irreversible and hence animal used is once and some responses have no
permanent effect and animal can be used in next experiment
e.g –
Determination of LD50
Hypoglycemic convulsion in mice in the assay of insulin
20
21. Graded response - In these assays, as the dose
increases there is an equivalent rise in response.
The potency of a test agonist is determined by
comparing its mean response to standard mean
response.
This process is also known as “analytical dilution
assay”
GRA is the simplest way of determining potency of a
test drug because it does not require statistical
analysis
21
25. Used when test sample is too small.
Comparison of potency between unknown and standard drug is done
by trial and error method.
Response is matched at only one dose
Does not need dose respone curve of test compound
It require most sensitive tissue
Concentration of test= (Dose of standard/ Dose of test)× conc. Of standard
Disadvantage:
Experimental error is not excluded out
There is no sign of parallelism as it lack dose response relationship.
26. Used when test sample is too small.
Single or few responses is taken by using any test drug
concentration.
This response is bracketed between two responses one
higher and one lower of the standard drug.
The strength of the unknown can be found by simple
interpolation of this bracketted response on dose axis
31. A log dose-response curve is plotted with the standard,
Single or few responses of test drug are plotted.
The dose of test drug which comes at the linear log dose-
response is interpolated from the dose respone plot
31
33. Sensitivity of tissue is 1st determined by prior
plotting of a conc-response curve with known
agonist
Dose can be plotted even if it varies over
thousand fold range
Error is normally distributed
34. Sensitivity of tissue changes with time
Timing of doses not taken into account
Variation in mode of application of drugs
35. Responses are repeated several times and the
mean of each is taken
Chances of error are minimized
3 point method - 2 doses of std+1 dose of test
4 point method - 2 doses of std+2 doses of test
6 point method - 3 doses of std+3 doses of test
Latin square method of randomization to avoid
any bias
35
39. • Mean responses of these 3 sets plotted
• Log potency ratio (M) =
(T-S1÷ S2-S1)× log d
where, d – dose ratio = s2/s1
• Strength of unknown = s1/t × antilog of M
S1, S2- length of standard dose response selected between
25-75%
T-length of test dose response selected in between of
two standard responses
s2/s1 -standard drug dose which came in contact with tissueand
given the response S1, S2. respectively
t = Test drug dose which came in contact with tissu and given the
response T
39
44. • Mean responses of 4 sets plotted
• Log potency ratio (M)
(T2-S2)+(T1-S1) × Log d
(S2-S1)+(T2-T1)
where, d-dose ratio = s2/s1
• Strength of unknown =
s1/t1 × antilog of M
44
45.
46. 3+3 dose assay
3 conc each of std & test drug are used
6 sets of experiments using 6 doses in each
set
More time consuming,lesser in use
Reliability is excellent
47. to measure the pharmacological activity of new/
chemically undefined substances
to investigate the function of endogenous
mediators
to measure drug toxicity and unwanted effects
to measure the conc of drugs and other active
substances in the blood or other body fluids
47
48. Determination of potency, ED50/LD50 of
drugs
New drug development
Measure clinical effectiveness
48
49. • Biological variation
• Troublesome
• Time consuming
• Expensive
• Less accurate than physico-chemical
methods
49
50. Successful tool in estimation & discovery of
biologically active substances
Sensitivity & Specificity – important tool in
pharmacology
Editor's Notes
The standards are internationally accepted samples of drugs maintained and recommended by the Expert Committee of the Biological Standardization of W.H.O.
In India, standard drugs are maintained in Government institutions like Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Central Drug Laboratory, Calcutta, etc
Repeatability: Same observation using same
instruments and operators, and over short time periods
Reproducibility: Same observation using different instruments and operators, and over longer time periods
Estrogens – Ovariectamised Female Rat / vaginal cornification
Initial portion of curve is so steep that it is impossible to guage the magnitude of response corresponding to small increase in dose
When the response reaches max, large increase in dose required to produce small change in response
In arithmetic scale, it is difficult to display wide dose range
Biological standardization – comparison & adjustment of strength of the sample with that of std under controlled conditions