This document discusses hemostatic drugs used to control bleeding. It describes topical agents like coagulants, occlusive agents, and vasoconstrictors that work locally at the site of bleeding. It also discusses systemic hemostatic drugs like vitamin K, blood and blood components, and fibrinolytic inhibitors. Specific drugs are explained in detail, along with their mechanisms of action and protocols for use in different animal species. Commercial hemostatic products and hemostatic testing methods are also mentioned.

1. HEMOSTATIC DRUGS
PRESENTED BY
SINDHU K
M V SC SCHOLAR,
DEPT OF VPT, COVAS, POOKODE.

2. Agents which attenuate BLEEDING
1.Topical hemostatics
Eg: coagulants
occlusive
vasoconstrictors
styptics
2.Systemic hemostatics
Eg: vit K
Blood & blood components

3. COAGULANTS
1.THROMBOPLASTIN (THROMBOKINASE ,USP )
 Produced naturally by platelets & tissue in response
to trauma
 Commercial preparations = powder extracts from bovine
brains or acetone extracted lungs or brain of rabbit
 MOA = Aids hemostasis by prompt conversion of
prothrombin to thrombin
 Local hemostatic in surgery

4. 2. THROMBIN ,USP
- Activated coagulation factor II a
- White sterile powder prepared by
interaction of thromboplastin & calcium
with prothrombin of bovine origin
- Standardized on basis of NIH units
- MOA= converts endogenous fibrinogen to
fibrin for clot formation

5. OCCLUSIVES
Agents other than clotting factors which arrest
bleeding or controls oozing from superficial capillaries
by providing an artificial matrix which facilitates
clotting

6. FIBRIN FOAM
Sponge like material prepared by action of thrombin
on human fibrinogen
Fibrin foam + thrombin solution = preformed network
Traps blood oozing from surface area
Applied directly with pressure after pre soaking foam
in thrombin solution

7. ABSORBABLE GELATIN SPONGE
-sterile water insoluble finely porous gelatin base
sponge made from animal skin gelatin
- Non antigenic , absorbs 30 times the its weight of
whole blood
-applied to surface of body or operative wounds , it
liquefies 3-5 days
completely absorbed in 4-6 weeks

8. OXIDISED CELLULOSE
Surgical gauze aids coagulation by
reaction between hemoglobin &
cellulosic acid
Oxidation of cotton containing<16% & >
22% carboxyl group

9. MICROCRYSTALLINE COLLAGEN
 SURFACE hemostatic agent
 Affinity for wet surfaces quick adherence
CALCIUM ALGINATE
 Addition of aqueous calcium chloride to aqueous
sodium alginate
 Mainly used in wound dressing

10. Miscellaneous
1.ZEOLITES
Microporous , aluminosilicate minerals commonly
used as commercial adsorbents
2.CHITOSAN
Produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin
, structural element in exoskeleton of crustaceans
In emergency conditions for quick hemostasis to
stop traumatic life threatening bleeding

11. `

12. VASOCONSTRICTORS
EPINEPHRINE/norepinephrine
1:100000 to 1:200000
Solution controls superficial
bleeding
Opthalmic surgery,dental
extractions

13. STYPTICS/ASTRINGENTS
 ACTS BY LOCAL
PRECIPITATION OF
PROTEINS OF THE
BLOOD & SOFT
TISSUES SEALING THE
BLOOD VESSELS
 Ferric
chloride,sulphate,subs
ulfate
 Silver
nitrate,alum,zinc
chloride,chromium
trioxide

14. SYSTEMIC HAEMOSTATICS
1.VITAMIN K & ANOLOGUES
2.BLOOD & BLOOD COMPONENTS
3.FIBRINOLYTIC INHIBITORS
4.MISCELLANEOUS - desmopressin

15. Vitamin K
 Fat soluble vitamin & co factor for blood
coagulation factors II , VII , IX , X
 DEFICIENCY OF VIT K = DEFICIENCY OF II , VII , IX , X
 Napthoquinolone derivative
 Vit k1 - phytonadione
 Vit k2 - menaquinone
 Vit k3 - menadione

16. Tests to detect coagulation times
 Activated coagulation time
 Prothrombin time
 Activated partial thromboplastin time

17. protocals
 Poisoning 1st gen rodenticides- coumarin, warfarin
 Dogs: 0.25-2.5mg/kg BID 4-6 days
 Horses: 300-500mg TID 5 days
 Cattle: 1.1-3.3mg/kg bid 6 days
 poisoning 2nd gen rodenticides- diphacinone, brodifacoum
 INITIAL DOSE -5mg/kg IM or s/c to ensure therapeutic level
 MAINTENANCE DOSE –2.5mg/kg daily 14 days( oral vit k
supplements + fatty meal )

18. BLOOD & BLOOD COMPONENTS
*Fresh whole blood
*Fresh plasma
Dogs: 5-10 ml/kg IV (2-5 ml/kg/hr)
* fresh frozen plasma
Vit k dependent factors
Dogs: 10 ml/kg
*platelet rich plasma
Centrifugation @ 1200rpm 2.5 min 20’c
Dogs: 1 unit/10 kgBW slow IV

19. Fibrinolytic inhibitors
 1.Aminocaproic acid
 Silmilar to aminoacid lysine
 Blocks activation of plasminogen to plasmin
hence inhibits fibrinolysis
 Dogs: 15mg/kg PO TID for adjunctive treatment
of degenerative myelopathy
 2.Tranexamic acid
 Synthetic derivative of lysine

20. Miscellaneous drugs
1.PROTAMINE SULFATE
Heparin over dosage – 1mg protamine for each 100 units of
heparin to be inactivated slow IV
2.ADRENOCHROME MONOSEMICARBAZONE
Oxidation product of epinephrine
Systemic control of capillary bleeding , increased capillary
permeability
3.ETHAMSYLATE
Works by maintaining capillary integrity

21. Desmopressin acetate DDAVP
 Synthetic analogue of vasopressin
 Used in treatment of central diabetes insipidus
& to transiently elevate v WF
 Causes release of stored v WF from stored pool
of macrophages & endothelial cells
 Dogs: 0.4 microgram/kg s/c
 Clinically – stopage of buccal mucosal bleeding

22. Commercially available gauze

23. Hemolytic agents

24. references
 H S SANDHU Essentials of veterinary
pharmacology & therapeutics 2nd edition.
 Google images