International journal of industrial biotechnology and biomaterials vol 2 issue 2

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eISSN: 2455-7323
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Department of Biotechnology, Alva's College,
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India
Dr. Shashi Bhushan
Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of
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Dr. Lingayya Hiremath
Deptartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of
Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka,
India
Dr. Bhagwan Das Bulchandani
Department of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria
Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical
University, Kota, India
Dr. P Mary Anupama
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Dr. Birendra Kumar Bindhani
School of Biotechnology, KIIT University,
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Dr. Vara Prasad
Nano Research for Advanced Materials,
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Dr. Al Arni Saleh
Department of Chemical Engineering,
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Dr. Vangalapati Meena
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University College of Engineering,
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Dr. Ruth Laldinthar
Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of
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Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal
Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of
Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
(GUJARAT), India
Dr. P. Udaya Sri
Department of Biotechnology,
Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Andhra Pradesh,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. This journal
is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Industrial
Biotechnology and Biomaterials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent
studiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
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Biomaterials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Bioenergy, biofuels, bio-refining,
Biomass and feed stocks, Bio-plastics, biofilms, Bio-based chemicals and enzymes, Fermentation and cell
culture, Bio-catalysis, Environmental microbiology, Natural products discovery and biosynthesis, Drug
deliverymechanisms, Sustainablematerials,etc.
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Biotechnology and Biomaterials and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have
contributed to the creation and success of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. We are very thankful
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Biotechnologyand Biomaterials.
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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Industrial Biotechnology
and Biomaterials.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. An Overview of L-Ascorbic Acid Production and Its Applications
Shaina Chaudhary 1
2. Drug Delivery Systems
Tejas Dhoble 6
3. Biofilms Causing Bacteria
R. Kondal 11
4. An Overview of Bioplastics
R. Kondal 17
5. A Future Cleaner Fuel: Biofuel
Surjit Sharma 22
Contents

IJIBB (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials
eISSN: 2455-7323
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
An Overview of L-Ascorbic Acid Production and Its Applications
Shaina Chaudhary*
Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
L-Ascorbic acid is the usually utilized chemical name for the water soluble vitamin C. This
vitamin frames a redox system and takes an interest in a few biological procedures. It is
personally required in the biosynthesis of collagen, the richest protein in the human body.
Keywords: ascorbic acid, D-glucose, vitamin C
INTRODUCTION
Vitamin C additionally ensures the body
against carcinogenic nitrosamines and free
radicals. The deficiency of ascorbic acid
causes scurvy. Our bodies require vitamin
C to make a substance called collagen
which is required for the health and repair
of our skin, bones, teeth and cartilage. We
get vitamin C from the nourishment we
eat, especially products of the soil. In an
absence of vitamin C in our fruits and
vegetables, manifestations of scurvy
incorporate seeping from the gums,
wounding, and joint and muscle pains. It
has additionally been proposed that an
absence of vitamin C may bring about
poor wound recuperating and issues
battling contamination, despite the fact
that this has not been proved [1, 2].
Vitamin C deficiency can be treated with
supplements of vitamin C (as ascorbic
acid tablets) and eating sustenance’s
which are rich in vitamin C.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Industrial Production of Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbic acid is industrially produced by a
combination of a several chemical steps,
and one response of biotransformation
brought out by microorganisms. This
procedure is alluded to as Reichstein-
Grussner blend (Figure 1). D-glucose is
initially converted to D-sorbitol. Oxidation
of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose is done by
acetobacter xylinum or A. suboxydans
(The enzyme being sorbitol
dehydrogenase). A submerged bioreactor
fermentation process is perfect for this
reaction. It takes around 24 hours at
temperature 30–35°C. Sorbose by a few
chemical reactions can be finally
converted to L-ascorbic acid. Regularly,
around 100 g of ascorbic acid is produced
from 200 g of glucose in Reichstein-
Grussner synthesis.
Two-Step Fermentation Process
In this, D-glucose is converted to 2, 5-
diketogluconic acid by Erwinia,
acetobacter or gluconobacter sp. in the
second step, corynebacterium sp. converts
over 2,5-diketogluconic acid to 2-keto-L-
gluconic acid; it is likewise conceivable to
include Bacillus megaterium for changing
over L-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gluconic acids.
By chemical reactions, it can be converted
to ascorbic acid.
Production Through L-Gulonolactone
Ascorbic acid can synthesized is
incorporated through gulonolactone which
can be straightforwardly changed over to
L-ascorbic acid by the protein L-
gulonolactone dehydrogenase (Figure 1).

eISSN: 2455-7323
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Drug Delivery Systems
Tejas Dhoble
Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India
BACKGROUND
Drug delivery is the strategy or procedure
of overseeing a pharmaceutical compound
to accomplish a restorative impact in
human or animals. For the treatment of
human illnesses, nasal and pneumonic
routes of drug delivery are increasing
expanding significance. These routes give
promising contrasting options to
parenteral drug delivery especially for
peptide and protein therapeutics. For this
reason, a few drug delivery frameworks
have been figured and are being explored
for nasal and aspiratory delivery. These
incorporate liposomes, proliposomes,
microspheres, gels, prodrugs,
cyclodextrins, among others.
Nanoparticles made out of biodegradable
polymers demonstrate affirmation in
satisfying the stringent prerequisites put
on these delivery frameworks, for
example, capacity to be moved into an
airborne, security against strengths created
amid aerosolization, biocompatibility,
focusing of particular destinations or cell
populaces in the lung, arrival of the drug
in a foreordained way, and debasement
inside a worthy timeframe.
Medicate Delivery Carriers
Colloidal drug transporter frameworks, for
example, micellar arrangements, vesicle
and fluid precious stone scatterings, and
additionally nanoparticle scatterings
comprising of little particles of 10–400 nm
breadth indicate incredible guarantee as
drug delivery frameworks. At the point
when building up these details, the
objective is to get frameworks with
advanced drug stacking and discharge
properties, long time span of usability and
low poisonous quality [1, 2]. The fused
drug takes an interest in the microstructure
of the framework, and may even impact it
because of atomic cooperation’s,
particularly if the drug has amphiphilic or
potentially mesogenic properties.
Micelles framed independent from anyone
else get together of amphiphilic block
copolymers (5-50 nm) in watery
arrangements are of extraordinary
enthusiasm for drug delivery applications.
The drugs can be physically ensnared in
the center of square copolymer micelles
and transported at fixations that can
surpass their inherent water- solubility.
Besides, the hydrophilic squares can frame
hydrogen bonds with the aqueous
environment and shape a tight shell
around the micellar center. Therefore, the
substances of the hydrophobic core are
adequately secured against hydrolysis and
enzymatic degradation. Also, the corona
may counteract acknowledgment by the
reticuloendothelial framework and in this
manner preparatory disposal of the
micelles from the circulation system. [3]A
last element that makes amphiphilic piece
copolymers alluring for drug delivery
applications is the way that their synthetic
organization, add up to atomic weight and
square length proportions can be
effortlessly changed, which permits
control of the size and morphology of the
micelles. Functionalization of piece
copolymers with cross linkable gatherings
can build the strength of the relating
micelles and enhance their transient
control. Substitution of piece copolymer
micelles with particular ligands is an
exceptionally encouraging methodology to
a more extensive scope of locales of
action with a much higher selectivity.

eISSN: 2455-7323
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Biofilms Causing Bacteria
R. Kondal*
ABSTRACT
Biofilms are thickly pressed groups of microbial cells that develop on living or idle surfaces
and encircle themselves with emitted polymers. Numerous bacterial species shape biofilms,
and their study has uncovered them to be unpredictable and assorted. The auxiliary and
physiological multifaceted nature of biofilms has prompted to the possibility that they are
composed and helpful gatherings, similar to multicellular organisms.
Keywords: biofilms, microbial, organism
INTRODUCTION
Analysts have assessed that 60–80 percent
of microbial contaminations in the body
are brought about by microorganisms
developing as a biofilm rather than
planktonic (free-skimming) microscopic
organisms.
There is discernment that solitary celled
living beings are asocial, however that is
confused. At the point when microscopic
organisms are under anxiety which is the
narrative of their lives they collaborate
and shape this aggregate called a biofilm.
In the event that you take a gander at
normally happening biofilms, they have
exceptionally confused engineering [1–3].
They resemble urban areas with channels
for supplements to go in and waste to go
out.
Some outer biofilm, in particular perpetual
injuries and dental plaque, can be
physically expelled. On account of their
detachment and elevated imperviousness
to certain anti-infection blends and
measurements, inner biofilm are harder to
kill.
Biofilm microscopic organisms are a part
of what is known as the Th1 bacterial
pathogens, which as indicated by the
Marshall Pathogenesis, all in all cause
unending sickness. The Marshall Protocol
focuses on the Th1 pathogens, to a limited
extent, using beat low dosages of anti-
infection agents, since they confine the
development of "persister cells."
Basic Sites of Biofilm Infection once
biofilm achieve the circulatory system
they can spread to any sodden surface of
the human body [4].
Biofilms can stop up channels,
watersheds, stockpiling ranges, and sully
nourishment items, vast organizations
with offices that are contrarily affected by
their nearness have actually appreciated
supporting biofilm explore, especially
inquire about that determines how
biofilms can be wiped out.
Diseases for Which Biofilms Have Been
Implicated
More than 500+ biofilm species colonize
the human mouth, bringing about tooth rot
and gum illness. This picture, recovered
contaminated dental embed, was taken by
a checking electron magnifying

eISSN: 2455-7323
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
An Overview of Bioplastics
R. Kondal*
ABSTRACT
Bioplastics are plastics in which all carbon is derived from renewable feedstocks. They could
possibly be biodegradable. Bio based plastics contain both renewable and fossil-fuel-based
carbon. The rate of bio based fixings and the conditions, under which the bio based item may
biodegrade, if by any means, differ broadly.
Keywords: bioplastics, material, renewable
INTRODUCTION
As per the American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM), a bio-based
material is a natural material in which
carbon is derived from a renewable asset
through organic procedures. Bio based
materials incorporate all plant and creature
mass got from CO2 as of late settled by
means of photosynthesis, per meaning of a
renewable asset.
Items available are produced using an
assortment of characteristic feedstocks
including corn, potatoes, rice, custard,
palm fibre, wood cellulose, wheat fibre
and bagasse. Items are accessible for an
extensive variety of uses, for example,
mugs, bottles, cutlery, plates, sacks,
bedding, furniture, rugs, film, materials
and bundling materials [1–3]. In the US,
the rate of bio based fixings required for
an item to be alluded to as bio based, is
characterized by the USDA on an item by-
item premise. ILSR has suggested that the
USDA set a base edge of 50 percent bio
based substance for items to be considered
bio based.
A biodegradable material is, as indicated
by the Biodegradable Products Institute
(BPI), "where under the correct conditions
the microorganisms in the earth can
separate the material and utilize it as a
nourishment source". At the end of the
day, a biodegradable plastic is totally
mineralized by microorganisms.
Biodegradable plastics are not really bio
based. Bio based and biodegradability is
not the same. Some bio based items can
biodegrade in city or business treating the
soil offices, home fertilizing the soil and
sea-going and roadside situations, others
will just biodegrade in particular situations
and some won't biodegrade by any stretch
of the imagination. In North America the
BPI is the outsider certifier for items that
are compostable in business treating the
soil offices. To get the BPI Compostable
Logo, items must meet the ASTM
Standards D6400 (for Compostable
Plastics) or ASTM D6868 (for
Compostable Packaging). As indicated by
the BPI, to be guaranteed, an item should:
 Disintegrate quickly amid the treating
the soil procedure (so that no extensive
plastic pieces will end up on the
composters' screens when the
procedure is done).
 Biodegrade rapidly under the treating
the soil conditions.


eISSN: 2455-7323
Vol. 2: Issue 2
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A Future Cleaner Fuel: Biofuel
Surjit Sharma*
Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India
ABSTRACT
The Main advantage of using liquid as fuel is that they can be easily pumped and can also be
handled easily. This is the primary motivation behind why every one of the vehicles utilizes
liquid type of fuels for combustion reason. For different types of non-transportation
applications there are other option strong biomass fuel like wood. These non-transportation
applications can bring into utilization these strong biomass powers as they can without much
of a stretch bear the low power density of external combustion. Wood has been brought into
utilization since a long period and is one of the major contributors of global warming.
Keywords: biofuel, wood, vehicle
INTRODUCTION
Biofuels are the most ideal method for
decreasing the emission of the greenhouse
gasses. They can likewise be looked upon
as a method for energy security which
remains as an option of fossil fills that are
constrained in accessibility. Today, the
utilization of biofuels has extended all
through the globe. A portion of the
significant makers and clients of biogases
are Asia, Europe and America.
Hypothetically, biofuel can be effectively
delivered through any carbon source;
making the photosynthetic plants the most
regularly utilized material for production.
All types of materials derived from the
plants are utilized for manufacturing
biogas [1, 2]. One of the best issues that
are being confronted by the specialists in
the field is the manner by which to secret
the biomass energy into the liquid fuel.
SORTS OF BIOFUELS
The compound structure of biofuels can
contrast similarly that the chemical
structure of fossil powers can vary.
Generally, our advantage is in liquid
biofuels as they are anything but difficult
to transport. The table underneath
contrasts different biofuels and their fossil
fuel partners.
Biofuel Fossil fuel Differences
Ethanol Gasoline/ethane Ethanol has about half the energy per mass of gasoline, which means it takes twice as
much ethanol to get the same energy. Ethanol burns cleaner than gasoline, however,
producing less carbon monoxide. However, ethanol produces more ozone than
gasoline and contributes substantially to smog. Engines must be modified to run on
ethanol.
Biodiesel Diesel Has only slightly less energy than regular diesel. It is more acid to engine parts than
standard diesel, which means engines have to be designed to take biodiesel. It burns
cleaner than diesel, producing less particulate and fewer sulfur compounds.
Methanol Methane Methanol has about one third to one half as much energy as methane. Methanol is a
liquid and easy to transport whereas methane is a gas that must be compressed for
transportation.
Biobutanol Gasoline/Butane Biobutanol has slightly less energy than gasoline, but can run in any car that uses
gasoline without the need for modification to engine components.

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