Notes from class on Chapter 1 of the Enviornmental Book

1. Watersheds and Wetlands Chapter 1

2. Big Blue Marble ¾ of the Earth’s surface covered in water Water is the most common substance on earth and the MOST IMPORTANT

4. Fresh Water:

5. Water can exist as: Solid = Ice Liquid = Water Gas = Steam

6. Changes of State S G Deposition Condensation Solidification Vaporization Sublimation Melting L

7. Several of these processes are part of the: WATER CYCLE

8. Also known as the Hydrologic Cycle

11. Groundwater Contamination

14. Stream Characteristics

15. Water Flow Order Precipitation falls Water travels along “rills” which are grooves eroded in the ground by water over time Rills merge and empty into creeks and streams

16. Water Flow Order Creeks and streams feed into rivers Rivers flow into oceans

17. The place where a stream or river begins is called it’s source The place where a stream or river ends by flowing into another body of water is called it’s mouth

18. Laminar flow: occurs when water moves in straight paths that are parallel to the stream’s channel or bed. Very little mixing Turbulent flow: occurs when water moves in tiny circular paths as it flows downstream. Much more mixing

19. A stream’s velocity, or the distance water flows during some period of time, determines the type of flow LOW VELOCITY (move slowly) streams have mostly Laminar flow HIGH VELOCITY (move quickly) streams have mostly Turbulent flow

20. Sediment Load Sand and gravel “skip” along bed pebbles and boulders roll and slide along bed Constitutes the majority of the river or streams load comes from banks as water erodes Comes from ground water that returns to the Earth’s surface Larger materials such as sand, gravel, pebbles and boulders Materials such as silt and clay that is carried by water but does not dissolve in it Earth materials that dissolve in the water as it runs over rocks and soil Sediment that is carried along the bottom of the channel Sediment that is “suspended” in solution Sediment that is “dissolved” in solution Bed Load Suspended Load Dissolved Load

21. Sediment Load Sediment: particles that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid. Sediment is carried in streams and rivers in three ways

29. Stream Biology

30. Ecosystem : all the plants, animals and micro organisms in an area that function together with the non-living factors of that environment Streams and Rivers are aquatic ecosystems

31. Algae Plant like organisms (Protists) Producers : Make their own food (also known as autotrophs ) Use energy from sun and dissolved nutrients to make food Base of most aquatic food chains

32. Animal Like Protists Simple organisms that have same characteristics as animals Eat bacteria, sediments that contain bacteria and algae Saprotrophs : feed on decayed organic material Raptors : protists that eat other protists

33. Ciliates Paramecia Amoeba

34. Invertebrates Organisms that do not have a back bone Insects: Flies and beetles found in nearly every stream or river Larval stage lives in water Adults: Most live on land surrounding stream; some live on water surface (water striders)

35. Invertebrates Shredders: Eat tissue of other organisms; organic matter; wood (bite and chew) Predators: ingest prey whole or pierce tissues and suck out fluids

36. Flies Some shredders Some predators Beetles Some saprotrophs Some predators

37. Freshwater mollusks and some aquatic worms Spend entire lives in water Most feed on algae and plants (Primary consumers, herbivores eat producers) Some eat other animals (Secondary consumers, carnivores) Some eat both plants and animals (Secondary consumers, omnivores)

38. Vertebrates Organisms that have a back bone Amphibians; such as salamanders, frogs, turtles, newts Fish; such as pike, trout, pickerel, bullheads, bluegill, bass, sunfish catfish, perch and suckers

39. Amphibians Depend on water at various stages of their life cycles Most adults live on land Most adults are predators

41. Class Activity: Identifying Macro Invertebrates!! http://people.virginia.edu/~sos-iwla/Stream-Study/Key/MacroKeyIntro.HTML

42. Notes on Factors that Affect Freshwater Ecosystems

43. Wetlands Wetland: an area that contains unique types of soil, is home to plants adapted to the wet environment, and contains water all year or certain times during the year

44. Types of wetlands White tail deer raccoons herons egrets woodpeckers Snakes, frogs turtles Classified by trees: Conifers; cedars, pines, spruces Hardwoods; maples willows, aspens, birches, elms, oaks Trees can be more than 20 feet tall Drains slowly Some; nutrient rich but not all Swamp Forested wetlands Few fish Frogs Turtles Insects Certain birds Predominantly mosses; shrubs; evergreens; water lilies; cranberries; blueberries Trees less than 20 feet tall Decomposed plant material called peat or muck Bog very acidic Little oxygen Scrub-shrub wetland Organisms Plants Soil

45. Types of wetlands Beavers Frogs Turtles Raccoons Muskrats Opossums Birds, insects Grasses Sedges Bulrushes Cattails Plants rooted in soil but emerge above water Nutrient rich Marsh Forms at mouth of river or areas of poor drainage Emergent wetlands Organisms Plants Soil