Stream order
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How streams are classified? The most popular measurable terms classifying the flowing water body into "the stream order" are discussed in this presentation. .
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The document provides a water quality report card for streams in the Great Swamp Watershed. It acknowledges the efforts of volunteers and funders who supported water quality monitoring programs. Various water quality parameters are described, including how they impact aquatic life. Each of the major streams in the watershed is given grades for different parameters based on data collected in 2014. Primrose Brook and the upper reaches of Great Brook received the best grades overall, while Black Brook and the lower reaches of Great Brook showed the most impairment. Continued monitoring and improvement efforts are recommended.
Hydrology.ppt
This document discusses the dimensions and patterns within river ecosystems. It describes how characteristics of streams change longitudinally from upstream to downstream, becoming wider, slower, and deeper. Changes also occur at the reach scale, with alternating riffles and pools. Laterally, streams have channels, banks, floodplains, and sometimes complex networks of interwoven channels. Vertically, velocity decreases with depth and exchanges occur with groundwater. Species distribution varies across these dimensions and over time. The document also examines how human activities like agriculture, forestry, mining, and urbanization impact watersheds and river ecosystems.
07 nrm 12 water cycle p2
This document discusses several topics related to watersheds and water resources:
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2. It explains the ordering system for streams, with smaller tributaries joining to form higher order streams.
3. It describes the characteristics of headwater, transition, and flood plain areas of streams, including differences in temperature, slope, fish and plant life.
4. It outlines the water cycle, noting the sun provides energy to evaporate water from various sources, which condenses to form clouds and returns to Earth as precipitation.
Ecosystem
This document provides an overview of different ecosystem types, including terrestrial ecosystems like forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains, and aquatic ecosystems like marine and freshwater. It defines ecosystem as a biological environment consisting of organisms and abiotic components that interact. It describes various forest, grassland, desert, and tundra biomes and their locations. It also outlines the economic and environmental importance of ecosystems in providing resources and regulating climate and water.
Science Seminar Series 6 Anne Jensen
Dr Anne Jensen presents a insight into the plight of the river red gum and asks us: ‘Are river red gums being pushed to the edge?’
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This document discusses the complex interactions between groundwater and surface water systems. It notes that groundwater flows are influenced by surface water bodies through processes like seasonal water levels and evaporation. It also provides examples of gaining and losing streams based on interactions with groundwater. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of accounting for stream-aquifer exchanges in water resource models and outlines some challenges around shared water resources in places like the Middle East.
Summary of topic 4.1
This document discusses water systems and the global water cycle. It describes the three main types of ecosystems - marine, freshwater, and terrestrial - and notes that most global ecosystems are water-based. It then explains the key components of the water cycle, including storages like oceans, groundwater, and glaciers, and flows like evaporation, precipitation, melting, and streams. It notes that the ocean conveyor belt and Gulf Stream play an important role in distributing heat and affecting climate. Finally, it discusses some human impacts like unsustainable water use, changes to flows and storages, and water pollution.
The water : its management and occurence
The document discusses water resources and pollution. It provides details on the water cycle and sources of water, including that only a small fraction of water is available for human use. It also discusses types of water pollution like sediment, oxygen-demanding wastes, and nutrient enrichment. Solutions to sustainable water use and pollution prevention are outlined.
Combating surface and groundwater pollution in armenia
Armenia is a landlocked country located in the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. It has a population of 3 million and its capital and largest city is Yerevan. Key points about Armenia's water resources include:
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- Major rivers include the Araks and Akhuryan, and Lake Sevan is a major freshwater source, though it faces threats from pollution and requires restoration efforts.
- Investment is needed to restore or construct new wastewater treatment facilities to address untreated sewage pollution of water bodies.
- Monitoring of water quality and quantity is conducted by various state organizations and NGOs play a role in management
Steve burgess seminar.presentation 22nd september
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- Comparing water use of different species like bamboo versus eucalypts could help predict effects of land use changes on water supplies in places like Kenya. Precise transpiration measurements are needed to understand these impacts.
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The document discusses Pennsylvania's drainage patterns and watersheds. It describes the five major watersheds in Pennsylvania and their tributaries. It also summarizes the key organisms found in freshwater streams, including algae, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Additionally, it outlines several abiotic factors that affect biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems, such as temperature, current, substrate, sunlight, and dissolved substances.
Ens water pollution power point teacher copy period 10 env sci
Water is distributed unevenly around the world, with most freshwater frozen in polar ice caps and glaciers. Humans have increased runoff through activities like agriculture, leading to issues like soil erosion. Groundwater exists in aquifers, which can be confined or unconfined. Most global water use is for agriculture, though industrial and domestic use is growing. Water pollution can come from point sources like factories or non-point sources like agriculture. Many pollutants can contaminate water supplies and harm aquatic life. While laws and programs have improved water quality, non-point pollution from sediment, nutrients and pathogens remains a challenge.
studying-net-evaporation-eastmain-1-reservoir
- Lakes, rivers, wetlands and forests are part of the natural freshwater cycle. As populations increase, demand for water and energy is growing rapidly, creating challenges as freshwater is scarce in many regions.
- The article presents a study of net water evaporation from the Eastmain-1 Reservoir in Quebec, Canada, based on field measurements from 2008-2012. The study found that the reservoir's net evaporation is close to zero, meaning the reservoir does not significantly increase water loss through evaporation compared to pre-impoundment conditions.
- Methodology included using eddy covariance systems to measure evaporation from the reservoir and evapotranspiration from surrounding forests and wetlands. Results showed annual evap
Assessment of Quality of the Chambal River Using Combination with That of Kot...
The present study was conducted to understand the physico chemical characteristics of Chambal River, in National Chambal sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal River is located in west central India and flows through three Indian states Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The Chambal also forms part of the Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh boundary. The stretch of Chambal river contained in the National Chambal sanctuary located at 25 º 23 26 º 52N, 76 º 28 79 º 15E is extending up to 600 km downstream from Kota Rajasthan to the confluence of the Chambal with Yamuna river. On the basis of various parameters studied, Chambal River in this stretch can be placed under the category of Class C as per CPCB standards. The Chambal river water in the sanctuary area is pollution free and can serve as a good habitat for many aquatic flora and fauna including endangered species.The Chambal River originates from the summit of Janapav hill of the Vindhyan range at an altitude of 854 m above the msl at 220 27’ N and 750 37’ E in Mhow, district Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The river has a course of 965 km up to its confluence with the Yamuna River in the Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh. It is one of the last remnant rivers in the greater Ganges River system, which has retained significant conservation values. It harbours the largest gharial population of the world and high density of the Gangetic dolphin per river km. Apart from these, the major fauna of the River includes the mugger crocodile, smooth coated otter, seven species of freshwater turtles, and 78 species of wetland birds. The major terrestrial fauna of the adjacent areas are Indian wolf, golden jackal, caracal, jungle cat, desert cat, ratel, small Indian civet and neelgai. Unlike other rivers of greater Ganges drainage system the Chambal River is relatively unpolluted. Dr. Nitin Gupta | Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dubey | Dr. SM Nafees "Assessment of Quality of the Chambal River Using Combination with That of Kota District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49612.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49612/assessment-of-quality-of-the-chambal-river-using-combination-with-that-of-kota-district/dr-nitin-gupta
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This document discusses different sampling methods used in research studies. It describes probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling. It explains that probability sampling allows for statistical measurement of random error. The document also covers non-probability sampling methods including convenience sampling, quota sampling, judgmental sampling, snowball sampling, and self-selection sampling. These do not allow for statistical measurement of variability and bias. The key sampling methods and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized.
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This document discusses population ecology and population dynamics. It defines key concepts like population size, density, births, deaths, immigration, emigration, natality and mortality. It explains that population ecology studies how populations change over time in terms of these factors. The growth of a population is determined by the equation N=B-D+I-E, where N is population size, B is birth rate, D is death rate, I is immigration, and E is emigration. For a closed population, the growth rate r can be calculated using the equation dN/dt=rN, where r is the intrinsic growth rate.
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Lake ecosystem : Physical factors affecting lake ecology
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of lakes. It describes several key factors that influence lake biology, including temperature, light penetration, depth, turbidity, and dissolved solids. Temperature affects water density and stratification. Light penetration is influenced by factors like latitude, season, time of day, and suspended materials; it determines the depth of photosynthesis. Turbidity is caused by suspended settling and non-settling matters. Color of lake water can indicate composition like algae, clay, diatoms, or dinoflagellates. These physical and chemical attributes shape the ecosystem of each lake.
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Stream order
- 1. Stream Order Dr. Surjya Kumar Saikia Department of Zoology Visva-Bharati
- 2. Physical Methods • Stream order is a measure of the relative size of streams. • Range from smallest, first-order, to the largest, the twelfth- order(Amazon) • Over 80% of total length of Earth’s rivers and Streams are headwater streams(first and second order)
- 3. • As water travels from source to mouth, the streams tend to increase in width, depth, and discharge.
- 4. First order streams • Perennial: carry water all year • Smallest streams • Have no permanently flowing tributaries
- 5. Second Order Streams • Two first order streams come together to form one second order streams. • However, if a first order stream joins a second order, it is still a second order
- 6. Third Order Stream • When two second order streams come together, it forms a third order stream. • How has the width of the stream changed since it was 2nd order? How about since 1st order?
- 7. Fourth Order Stream • When 2 third order streams come together,it forms a fourth order stream • How has the width and canopy changed since 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order stream?
- 8. Stream order • Two of the same order streams must come together before that stream goes up one level.
- 9. Stream Ordering Headwater (1-3) Mid reach (4-6) Lower reach (>6)
- 10. 4 - 6 1 - 3 > 6 STREAM ORDER Headwaters Midreach Lower Reaches
- 11. Types of organic matter • Particulate organic matter –CPOM-Coarse particulate organic matter • Woody material & leaves (> 1 mm) –FPOM-Fine particulate organic matter • Leaf fragments, invertebrate feces, and organic precipitates (50um – 1 mm) – Ultrafine (UPOM) • Even smaller fragments (0.5 – 50um)
- 12. Types of organic matter • DOM- Dissolved organic matter – Soluble organic compounds (<0.5 um) that leach from leaves, roots, decaying organisms, and other terrestrial sources – Microbial sources: algal exudates, senescent bacteria – 50% is humic material- HDOM – Largest pool of organic matter in streams
- 13. Dynamic Equilibrium • Stream forms equilibrium between physical parameters (width, depth, velocity, and sediment load, both means and extremes) and biological factors – SEASONAL: Uniform energy processing over time; different species exploit different available organic substrates as efficiently as possible – SPATIAL: Energy loss from upstream = energy gain/income for downstream
- 14. Energy Sources- Headwaters • Shading: Riparian vegetation, limits light to stream, low autotrophic production • Photosynthesis/Respiration (P/R) ratio will be less than 1 (heterotrophic stream) • Lots of CPOM: allochthonous carbon/energy sources (leaves from watershed) • Low temperture
- 15. Energy Sources- Midreach • Stream broadening, more light • P/R > 1, autotrophic production (phytoplankton, periphyton, macrophytes) • More FPOM, b/c CPOM processed upstream • Energy source is autochthonous. • High temp variation
- 16. Energy Sources- Lower Reaches • Increasing turbidity, even wider stream, increased macrophytes • P/R < 1, net heterotrophic • Mostly FPOM (vs. CPOM in the headwaters) • High phytoplankton, not enough to cause the river to become autotrophic • Large volume, low temp
- 18. Connections from upstream to downstream habitats control flow of energy and carbon in fluvial ecosystems, as well as the species of aquatic organisms River Continuum Concept: Vannote et al. 1980 Theme: importance of light availability in controlling in situ production (e.g. P/R)
- 19. 4 - 6 1 - 3 > 6 STREAM ORDER River Continuum Concept- BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES CPOM CPOM CPOM FPOM FPOM FPOM Collectors Shredders Scrapers/Grazers Collectors Collectors TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS- Taxonomy is the tool to measure this
- 21. RCC and Fish Communities • Headwaters: cool water species (e.g., trout) • Lower reaches: warm water species (e.g., carp) • Most headwater fishes feed on invertebrates • Mid to lower reaches, piscivorous species are also abundant • Lower reaches, planktivorous species may be present
- 24. Construction of a dam changes the means and extremes to which the stream biota are adapted Construction of a dam can correspond to a “resetting” of the river continuum, by trapping material and making sunlight more available to support autotrophic growth.
- 25. What we have learnt……… • How to name and count river order • The river continuum concept (RCC) and its features • Change in biota and physical features across the stream orders