Floodplain presentation
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Presentation about floodplain creation and all related processes to it. Provides valuable information for A-level Geography Students.
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Floodplain presentation 2
Floodplains are flat areas of land adjacent to rivers that experience occasional flooding when river discharge exceeds channel capacity. Floodplains hold excess water, allowing it to be slowly released and infiltrate while also providing time for sediment to settle. They support important wildlife habitats and are used for agriculture, recreation, and settlement due to fertile soil and access to transportation, though flooding must be controlled in urban areas through measures like levees. Floodplains form through erosion as rivers cut into channels and banks or through aggradation when sediment supply exceeds transport capacity, raising land elevation and water levels.
floodplain presentation
This document provides an overview of fluvial geomorphology and floodplains. It discusses how rivers erode, transport, and deposit sediment, forming various fluvial landforms like alluvial fans, floodplains, and deltas. Floodplains are formed through vertical accretion, lateral accretion, and channel abandonment. They support rich ecosystems but also experience flooding that interacts with human settlements. India has several major flood-prone river basins, and floods annually cause billions in damage, affected millions of hectares and thousands of lives.
Fluvial landforms
This document discusses different types of erosional and depositional landforms created by river processes. It describes landforms such as V-shaped valleys and waterfalls that are created by erosion, and floodplains and deltas that are formed by deposition. It also explains the factors that influence fluvial erosion and the formation of various erosional features like interlocking spurs, rapids, and potholes.
Drainage Basins
The document discusses key concepts related to drainage basins and stream hydrology. It begins by defining a drainage basin and explaining how the drainage basin system operates, with water flowing overland or underground to streams and rivers. It then examines factors that affect runoff and infiltration rates within a basin, such as soil type and vegetation cover. Finally, it addresses drainage basin management techniques as well as stream ordering and concepts like laminar and turbulent flow.
Drainage basins
A drainage basin is an area of land where surface water converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin. There are several types of drainage systems that form depending on the terrain and geology, including dendritic, parallel, rectangular, trellis, radial, and annular systems. Stream ordering schemes classify streams in a hierarchy based on how they join together. Quantitative analysis of drainage basins uses metrics like bifurcation ratio, length ratio, and drainage density to characterize aspects of the basin.
Fluvial cycle
The document discusses the fluvial cycle and geological processes of rivers. It begins by introducing geomorphology and defining the fluvial cycle. It then describes the three stages of river development: youth, mature, and old age. Next, it explains the fluvial cycle and the geological actions of rivers, including erosion, transportation, and deposition. It provides details on various erosion features and processes, methods of transportation, and types of depositional features like deltas and alluvial fans. In concluding, the fluvial cycle represents the complete journey of a river from its initial to old stage through the geological processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition.
River Landform
Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
Erosional and depositional landforms
The basic land-forms created by erosion and deposition in a stream channel. This topic is under the area of fluvial morphology.
Recommended
Floodplain presentation 2
Floodplains are flat areas of land adjacent to rivers that experience occasional flooding when river discharge exceeds channel capacity. Floodplains hold excess water, allowing it to be slowly released and infiltrate while also providing time for sediment to settle. They support important wildlife habitats and are used for agriculture, recreation, and settlement due to fertile soil and access to transportation, though flooding must be controlled in urban areas through measures like levees. Floodplains form through erosion as rivers cut into channels and banks or through aggradation when sediment supply exceeds transport capacity, raising land elevation and water levels.
floodplain presentation
This document provides an overview of fluvial geomorphology and floodplains. It discusses how rivers erode, transport, and deposit sediment, forming various fluvial landforms like alluvial fans, floodplains, and deltas. Floodplains are formed through vertical accretion, lateral accretion, and channel abandonment. They support rich ecosystems but also experience flooding that interacts with human settlements. India has several major flood-prone river basins, and floods annually cause billions in damage, affected millions of hectares and thousands of lives.
Fluvial landforms
This document discusses different types of erosional and depositional landforms created by river processes. It describes landforms such as V-shaped valleys and waterfalls that are created by erosion, and floodplains and deltas that are formed by deposition. It also explains the factors that influence fluvial erosion and the formation of various erosional features like interlocking spurs, rapids, and potholes.
Drainage Basins
The document discusses key concepts related to drainage basins and stream hydrology. It begins by defining a drainage basin and explaining how the drainage basin system operates, with water flowing overland or underground to streams and rivers. It then examines factors that affect runoff and infiltration rates within a basin, such as soil type and vegetation cover. Finally, it addresses drainage basin management techniques as well as stream ordering and concepts like laminar and turbulent flow.
Drainage basins
A drainage basin is an area of land where surface water converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin. There are several types of drainage systems that form depending on the terrain and geology, including dendritic, parallel, rectangular, trellis, radial, and annular systems. Stream ordering schemes classify streams in a hierarchy based on how they join together. Quantitative analysis of drainage basins uses metrics like bifurcation ratio, length ratio, and drainage density to characterize aspects of the basin.
Fluvial cycle
The document discusses the fluvial cycle and geological processes of rivers. It begins by introducing geomorphology and defining the fluvial cycle. It then describes the three stages of river development: youth, mature, and old age. Next, it explains the fluvial cycle and the geological actions of rivers, including erosion, transportation, and deposition. It provides details on various erosion features and processes, methods of transportation, and types of depositional features like deltas and alluvial fans. In concluding, the fluvial cycle represents the complete journey of a river from its initial to old stage through the geological processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition.
River Landform
Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
Erosional and depositional landforms
The basic land-forms created by erosion and deposition in a stream channel. This topic is under the area of fluvial morphology.
River bank erosion, its migration, causes
Riverbank Erosion is an endemic natural hazard in our country.
When rivers enter the mature, they become sluggish and
meander or braid. These oscillations cause extreme riverbank
erosion. It is a perennial problem in our country.
• It has been estimated that tens of thousands of people are
displaced annually by river erosion in Bangladesh, possibly up to
100,000. Many households are forced to move away from their
homesteads due to riverbank erosion and flood.
• As per different sources, 500 kilometres of riverbank face
severe problems related to erosion. The northwest part of the
country is particularly prone to riverbank erosion, which has
turned the region into an economically depressed area.
CAUSES OF FLOOD
Primarily all floods are due to the surface runoff. Actually the floods are the results of a favourable combination of precipitation and the characteristics of the water shed.
Coastal processes and landforms
Coastal Erosional processes , erosional landforms , transportation activity , deposistion process and landforms
Geography fluvial landforms
Stream capture, also known as river capture or stream piracy, is the process where a river or stream redirects its flow and starts flowing into another river's drainage basin instead of continuing into its own basin. This can occur where two drainage basins are separated by an erosion-resistant divide that is breached by headward erosion of one of the streams. Once the divide is breached, the stream will capture the tributaries of the neighboring basin and divert its entire flow into the new course. Stream capture events can result in changes to drainage patterns over time.
Fluvial process
Fluvial processes create distinct landforms over time as a river ages. In the youth stage, the river valley is narrow with steep sides. Meanders begin to form in the maturity stage as the river widens and deepens. In the old stage, the river flows across a flat floodplain as it approaches being a featureless plain. Distinct landforms are produced at each stage as the river's erosional and depositional activities change.
Fluvial processes and landforms
Flowing water has the ability to dissolve the soluble mineral substances available on its way. The processes enacted by streams are called as fluvial processes. The word “fluvius” is derived from the latin word meaning “ river”. The world fluvial is used to denote the running water as streams or rivers. Fluvial processes entail the erosion, transportation, and deposition of earth materials by running water. Fluvial processes and fluvial landforms dominate land surfaces the world over, as opposed to the limited effects of glacial, coastal, and wind processes.
Fluvial Geomorphology
This document discusses fluvial landscapes and processes. It begins by defining base level as the lowest level a river can erode down to, which is ultimately sea level. It then describes how above base level, rivers engage in downcutting and have more energy for erosion. Closer to base level, rivers meander laterally and deposit material. Common landforms include meandering streams, floodplains, deltas, and entrenched meanders formed by tectonic uplift. The document also discusses drainage patterns, watersheds, stream flow, fluvial processes of erosion and deposition, and flooding events.
Coastal Geomorphology Landforms Of Wave Erosion & Deposition
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It defines coastal geomorphology and describes how waves, longshore currents, rip currents, and tides shape coastal areas and transport sediment. It then lists and describes specific coastal landforms like headlands, bays, sea cliffs, beaches, bars, spits, tombolos, sand dunes, salt marshes, and more. For each landform, it provides a brief definition and example photo. Coastal erosion processes like abrasion, hydraulic action, corrosion, and attrition are also outlined.
Ocean tides, types and theories
The document discusses ocean tides and their causes. It explains that tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, which create two tidal bulges on Earth. The timing of tides is related to Earth's rotation and the moon's revolution, resulting in a tidal period of about 24 hours and 50 minutes. Tides can be semidiurnal (two high tides and two low tides per day) or diurnal (one of each per day), depending on coastal geography. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when gravitational forces are strongest, while neap tides happen at quarter moons with weaker forces.
The drainage basin as a system lesson 2
The drainage basin forms an open system that collects precipitation and drainage from the land. It is defined by high ridges called watersheds and contains a main river and tributaries. Water moves through the drainage basin via various processes, including interception, infiltration, overland flow, throughflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration. The main inputs are precipitation and the main outputs are water flowing into the sea and losses from evapotranspiration.
Glacial landforms (geomorphology)
Glaciers form from accumulated snow that undergoes recrystallization into ice. They flow via gravity from accumulation zones where snowfall exceeds melting to ablation zones where melting exceeds snowfall. Glaciers powerfully erode, transport, and deposit sediment. They carve U-shaped valleys and leave behind landforms like moraines, drumlins, eskers and kettle lakes. Glaciers shape mountain and coastal landscapes through erosion and deposition.
Hydraulic geometry of a river
Hydraulic geometry describes how a river's characteristics change with discharge both at a single cross section (at-a-station) and longitudinally along the channel (downstream). Key characteristics measured include depth, width, velocity, suspended sediment load, and slope. These parameters can be expressed as power functions of discharge and often follow similar patterns between rivers despite different settings. Hydraulic geometry was introduced by Leopold and Maddock to quantify these variations in channel geometry with flow.
Fluvial Systems - General
A fluvial system consists of channels that transport sediment from drainage basins to depositional basins. It can be divided into channel belts, floodplains, and splay deposits. Discharge is the volume of water passing through a stream over time and controls the sediment transport capacity and competence. Meandering streams migrate laterally through erosion on the outside bend and deposition on the inside bend, eventually forming oxbow lakes when neck cut-offs occur. Flooding occurs when discharge exceeds channel capacity.
Glacial processes and their land forms.
Glaciers are masses of ice that move due to gravity. They erode the landscape through abrasion and plucking, and transport material large distances. Glaciers deposit this material as till or outwash. Glacial processes form characteristic landforms such as cirques, arêtes, and u-shaped valleys through erosion and landforms like moraines and eskers through deposition. Glacial lakes are also left behind when a glacier melts.
GROUNDWATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION
Groundwater levels fluctuate due to various factors. Secular variations occur over years due to changes in storage and recharge/discharge amounts. Seasonal variations result from rainfall and irrigation on well-defined cycles. Diurnal variations happen within a day due to tidal effects. Other causes of groundwater level changes include stream flows, evaporation, transpiration, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, ocean tides, earth tides, external loads, earthquakes, urbanization, volcanic eruptions, roads, and continental drift.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Floods as natural hazards
Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
Meander Formation
Meanders form through the process of helicoidal flow. At bends in the river, centripetal force throws water towards the outer bank, eroding and undercutting it. Slower flow on the inside of bends leads to deposition and the formation of point bars. Helicoidal flow causes eroded material to be deposited downstream in the next meander loop, furthering the meandering shape over time as the river seeks the most efficient path.
Drainage pattern & morphometric analyses of drainage basins
Drainage Pattern & Morphometric analyses of drainage basins.
In geomorphology, the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Also known as drainage systems or river systems.
According to the configuration of the channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories known as drainage patterns. Drainage patterns depend on the topography & geology of the land.
Drainage basins: The total land surface drained by a system of stream leading to the same outflow.
Drainage system: The stream, tributaries, and other bodies of water by which a region is called drained.
Drainage divide: The boundary between adjacent drainage basins.
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
It is also called the Catchment area.
Any precipitation which falls into the basin is collected and drains into the main river or its tributaries by runoff, throughflow or groundwater flow.
Its boundary marked by a ridge of high land called watershed.
Drainage basins have one main stream and many tributaries.
Each tributaries of main stream forms sub-drainage basin.
Floods
The document discusses floods in India, including definitions, causes, impacts, management strategies, and case studies. It provides an overview of flood types, forecasting methods, zoning, and benefits. Major factors that cause floods are described. Impacts include loss of life, property damage, health issues, and economic disruption. Management involves mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Case studies of specific flood events in India are also presented.
L4 Levees And Floodplains
1) Floodplains form through erosion and deposition as rivers carry large loads of sediment and widen their valleys over thousands of years.
2) Levees are natural embankments that form along rivers when water moving out of the channel loses energy and deposits heavier sediments along the banks during flooding.
3) Repeated flooding and deposition over time cause levees and floodplains to build up layers of nutrient-rich alluvium soil.
Wetland degradation in Bangladesh
Wetlands in Bangladesh encompass a wide verity of dynamic ecosystems ranging from mangrove forest (about 577, 100 ha), natural lakes, man-made reservoir (Kaptai lake), freshwater marshes (about 400 haors), oxbow lakes (about 54488 ha, locally known as baors), freshwater depressions (about 1,000 beels), fish ponds and tanks (about 147, 000 ha), estuaries and seasonal inundated extensive floodplains (Akonda, 1989; cited in Akbar Ali Khan 1993 and DoF 1985).
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River bank erosion, its migration, causes
Riverbank Erosion is an endemic natural hazard in our country.
When rivers enter the mature, they become sluggish and
meander or braid. These oscillations cause extreme riverbank
erosion. It is a perennial problem in our country.
• It has been estimated that tens of thousands of people are
displaced annually by river erosion in Bangladesh, possibly up to
100,000. Many households are forced to move away from their
homesteads due to riverbank erosion and flood.
• As per different sources, 500 kilometres of riverbank face
severe problems related to erosion. The northwest part of the
country is particularly prone to riverbank erosion, which has
turned the region into an economically depressed area.
CAUSES OF FLOOD
Primarily all floods are due to the surface runoff. Actually the floods are the results of a favourable combination of precipitation and the characteristics of the water shed.
Coastal processes and landforms
Coastal Erosional processes , erosional landforms , transportation activity , deposistion process and landforms
Geography fluvial landforms
Stream capture, also known as river capture or stream piracy, is the process where a river or stream redirects its flow and starts flowing into another river's drainage basin instead of continuing into its own basin. This can occur where two drainage basins are separated by an erosion-resistant divide that is breached by headward erosion of one of the streams. Once the divide is breached, the stream will capture the tributaries of the neighboring basin and divert its entire flow into the new course. Stream capture events can result in changes to drainage patterns over time.
Fluvial process
Fluvial processes create distinct landforms over time as a river ages. In the youth stage, the river valley is narrow with steep sides. Meanders begin to form in the maturity stage as the river widens and deepens. In the old stage, the river flows across a flat floodplain as it approaches being a featureless plain. Distinct landforms are produced at each stage as the river's erosional and depositional activities change.
Fluvial processes and landforms
Flowing water has the ability to dissolve the soluble mineral substances available on its way. The processes enacted by streams are called as fluvial processes. The word “fluvius” is derived from the latin word meaning “ river”. The world fluvial is used to denote the running water as streams or rivers. Fluvial processes entail the erosion, transportation, and deposition of earth materials by running water. Fluvial processes and fluvial landforms dominate land surfaces the world over, as opposed to the limited effects of glacial, coastal, and wind processes.
Fluvial Geomorphology
This document discusses fluvial landscapes and processes. It begins by defining base level as the lowest level a river can erode down to, which is ultimately sea level. It then describes how above base level, rivers engage in downcutting and have more energy for erosion. Closer to base level, rivers meander laterally and deposit material. Common landforms include meandering streams, floodplains, deltas, and entrenched meanders formed by tectonic uplift. The document also discusses drainage patterns, watersheds, stream flow, fluvial processes of erosion and deposition, and flooding events.
Coastal Geomorphology Landforms Of Wave Erosion & Deposition
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It defines coastal geomorphology and describes how waves, longshore currents, rip currents, and tides shape coastal areas and transport sediment. It then lists and describes specific coastal landforms like headlands, bays, sea cliffs, beaches, bars, spits, tombolos, sand dunes, salt marshes, and more. For each landform, it provides a brief definition and example photo. Coastal erosion processes like abrasion, hydraulic action, corrosion, and attrition are also outlined.
Ocean tides, types and theories
The document discusses ocean tides and their causes. It explains that tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, which create two tidal bulges on Earth. The timing of tides is related to Earth's rotation and the moon's revolution, resulting in a tidal period of about 24 hours and 50 minutes. Tides can be semidiurnal (two high tides and two low tides per day) or diurnal (one of each per day), depending on coastal geography. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when gravitational forces are strongest, while neap tides happen at quarter moons with weaker forces.
The drainage basin as a system lesson 2
The drainage basin forms an open system that collects precipitation and drainage from the land. It is defined by high ridges called watersheds and contains a main river and tributaries. Water moves through the drainage basin via various processes, including interception, infiltration, overland flow, throughflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration. The main inputs are precipitation and the main outputs are water flowing into the sea and losses from evapotranspiration.
Glacial landforms (geomorphology)
Glaciers form from accumulated snow that undergoes recrystallization into ice. They flow via gravity from accumulation zones where snowfall exceeds melting to ablation zones where melting exceeds snowfall. Glaciers powerfully erode, transport, and deposit sediment. They carve U-shaped valleys and leave behind landforms like moraines, drumlins, eskers and kettle lakes. Glaciers shape mountain and coastal landscapes through erosion and deposition.
Hydraulic geometry of a river
Hydraulic geometry describes how a river's characteristics change with discharge both at a single cross section (at-a-station) and longitudinally along the channel (downstream). Key characteristics measured include depth, width, velocity, suspended sediment load, and slope. These parameters can be expressed as power functions of discharge and often follow similar patterns between rivers despite different settings. Hydraulic geometry was introduced by Leopold and Maddock to quantify these variations in channel geometry with flow.
Fluvial Systems - General
A fluvial system consists of channels that transport sediment from drainage basins to depositional basins. It can be divided into channel belts, floodplains, and splay deposits. Discharge is the volume of water passing through a stream over time and controls the sediment transport capacity and competence. Meandering streams migrate laterally through erosion on the outside bend and deposition on the inside bend, eventually forming oxbow lakes when neck cut-offs occur. Flooding occurs when discharge exceeds channel capacity.
Glacial processes and their land forms.
Glaciers are masses of ice that move due to gravity. They erode the landscape through abrasion and plucking, and transport material large distances. Glaciers deposit this material as till or outwash. Glacial processes form characteristic landforms such as cirques, arêtes, and u-shaped valleys through erosion and landforms like moraines and eskers through deposition. Glacial lakes are also left behind when a glacier melts.
GROUNDWATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION
Groundwater levels fluctuate due to various factors. Secular variations occur over years due to changes in storage and recharge/discharge amounts. Seasonal variations result from rainfall and irrigation on well-defined cycles. Diurnal variations happen within a day due to tidal effects. Other causes of groundwater level changes include stream flows, evaporation, transpiration, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, ocean tides, earth tides, external loads, earthquakes, urbanization, volcanic eruptions, roads, and continental drift.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Floods as natural hazards
Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
Meander Formation
Meanders form through the process of helicoidal flow. At bends in the river, centripetal force throws water towards the outer bank, eroding and undercutting it. Slower flow on the inside of bends leads to deposition and the formation of point bars. Helicoidal flow causes eroded material to be deposited downstream in the next meander loop, furthering the meandering shape over time as the river seeks the most efficient path.
Drainage pattern & morphometric analyses of drainage basins
Drainage Pattern & Morphometric analyses of drainage basins.
In geomorphology, the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Also known as drainage systems or river systems.
According to the configuration of the channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories known as drainage patterns. Drainage patterns depend on the topography & geology of the land.
Drainage basins: The total land surface drained by a system of stream leading to the same outflow.
Drainage system: The stream, tributaries, and other bodies of water by which a region is called drained.
Drainage divide: The boundary between adjacent drainage basins.
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
It is also called the Catchment area.
Any precipitation which falls into the basin is collected and drains into the main river or its tributaries by runoff, throughflow or groundwater flow.
Its boundary marked by a ridge of high land called watershed.
Drainage basins have one main stream and many tributaries.
Each tributaries of main stream forms sub-drainage basin.
Floods
The document discusses floods in India, including definitions, causes, impacts, management strategies, and case studies. It provides an overview of flood types, forecasting methods, zoning, and benefits. Major factors that cause floods are described. Impacts include loss of life, property damage, health issues, and economic disruption. Management involves mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Case studies of specific flood events in India are also presented.
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L4 Levees And Floodplains
1) Floodplains form through erosion and deposition as rivers carry large loads of sediment and widen their valleys over thousands of years.
2) Levees are natural embankments that form along rivers when water moving out of the channel loses energy and deposits heavier sediments along the banks during flooding.
3) Repeated flooding and deposition over time cause levees and floodplains to build up layers of nutrient-rich alluvium soil.
Wetland degradation in Bangladesh
Wetlands in Bangladesh encompass a wide verity of dynamic ecosystems ranging from mangrove forest (about 577, 100 ha), natural lakes, man-made reservoir (Kaptai lake), freshwater marshes (about 400 haors), oxbow lakes (about 54488 ha, locally known as baors), freshwater depressions (about 1,000 beels), fish ponds and tanks (about 147, 000 ha), estuaries and seasonal inundated extensive floodplains (Akonda, 1989; cited in Akbar Ali Khan 1993 and DoF 1985).
Delta formation
The document discusses different types of river deltas, which are areas of sediment deposited at river mouths where flowing water enters a slower body of water. Deltas form when the river's sediment load deposition rate exceeds the erosion rate in areas where rivers discharge into seas or lakes with little wave action. Common delta types include arcuate deltas with rounded edges, cuspate deltas resembling teeth, and bird's foot deltas with many branching sediment-bounded channels fanning out.
Deltas- types, formation, case studies
Deltas are landforms formed at river mouths where sediment is deposited as the river enters a sea or lake. They are fan-shaped areas that can span hundreds of kilometers. The Indus River Delta in Pakistan covers 40,000 square kilometers and has a complex network of distributaries. Deltas form as rivers slow down at their mouths, causing sediment to flocculate and settle, building up over time. Different types of deltas include bird's foot, arcuate, and cuspate shapes, depending on factors like tidal influence. Deltas provide fertile land and resources but are also at high risk of flooding and channel migration due to their unstable sediments.
Geology and Floodplain Management
Garish rant about using geology in floodplain management in the western US. Given at Flooplain Management Association Conference in 2000.
L5 levees & floodplain ap
Floodplains and levees are formed through deposition during river flooding. Heavier particles, such as pebbles, are the first to be deposited, forming levees close to the river channel. Lighter particles like sand, silt, and clay are deposited farther away on the floodplain as the river loses energy. Repeated flooding builds up the levees and expands the floodplain over time through sorted deposition of sediments of different sizes.
STATUS AND STRATEGIES FOR WETLAND MANAGMENT IN BANGLADESH
This slide gives you some information about Wetlands management in Bangladesh; status and strategies for wetland management in Bangladesh
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The document discusses the formation of floodplains and levees along rivers. As a river overflows its banks, finer materials such as silt and clay are deposited farther away to form floodplains, while coarser materials such as sand are deposited closer to the river to form natural levees. The formation process is demonstrated through an animation on a provided website link.
The Impacts of Urbanization on Wetland Degradation
The degradation of a 200-year-old pond in Tangla Town, Assam led to negative environmental impacts. Soil quality decreased as texture changed from clay to silt with lower water holding capacity. Temperature and humidity in the area were also affected. Additionally, habitat loss eliminated many aquatic plants and animals that relied on the pond. Pollution from garbage and vehicle waste accumulated without the pond. To protect biodiversity, wetland restoration and education on their importance are needed.
Delta
A delta forms when a river enters a standing body of water and its velocity decreases, causing sediment deposition. As fresh river water mixes with salt water, flocculation occurs, causing fine particles to sink out of suspension. Deltas form where deposition exceeds sediment removal. Deltas are composed of topset, foreset, and bottomset beds and can be arcuate, bird's foot, or cuspate shapes.
Wetlands of bangladesh
This document outlines the objectives, key findings, and recommendations of a study on wetlands in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand the biophysical characteristics and importance of wetlands, examine management practices and issues, and recommend solutions. It found that wetlands cover about 11% of Bangladesh and provide important ecosystem services like water purification and fisheries. However, they face threats from overexploitation, pollution, and development. The document recommends preserving wetlands, restoring degraded areas, bringing all under sustainable management, and limiting resource use to protect breeding wildlife.
Sediment transport-Environmental Health
This document summarizes research on sediment transport and coastal erosion along the Gaza coast. It discusses how construction of the Aswan Dam interrupted sediment supply from the Nile River in the 1960s, causing erosion. Methods used include analyzing historical satellite images from 1972-2010 to measure shoreline change and numerical modeling of mitigation structures. Modeling indicated relocating the fishing harbor offshore or using submerged breakwaters could help accretion by 28,000-4,000 m3/km annually, while detached breakwaters and groins caused erosion. The best alternative for restoration was found to be relocating the harbor offshore.
Sumerians & Early Empires
Early civilizations first emerged in river valleys because rivers provided fertile soil for agriculture and a reliable source of fresh water. One of the earliest civilizations was in Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The flooding rivers deposited rich silt on the land each year, making it very fertile for growing crops. Irrigation systems were also developed to carry river water to fields. This reliable food source allowed populations to grow and led to the establishment of permanent settlements and urban centers like the Sumerian city-states, the earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia.
Alluvial Fan Systems
Alluvial fans are steeply sloped landforms found at the base of mountains that experience significant changes from debris flow deposits near the mountain to braided stream deposits in the middle fan and sheet flow deposits near the fan toe. Alluvial fan deposits include a variety of poorly sorted facies deposited by debris flows, braided streams, and sheet flows such as breccia, gravel, sand, and mud.
Sediments transportation
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Floodplain presentation
- 2. What? Floodplain –is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.
- 4. How? Heavy precipitation (Rain) River overflow its banks. Flood begins River deposits materials onto the flood plains River gets back to its channel The heavier and coarser sediments will be found at the river’s edge. The finer ones further away from the river.
- 5. The smallest/lightest The heaviest particles
- 6. Where? Floodplains will be found in area where river’s depth is smallest and channel’s width is widest. From Lower-middle course to Lower course Somewhere out there
- 8. So what? We learned what a floodplain is. Now WHAT?
- 10. Why farming? Flooding have beneficial affect on your farm: Flooding brings minerals, nutrients and other useful nourishing materials to your soil. Plants can have moisturized land, with access to water reservoirs. Plants that require moist land can thrive very well in such a location. Fertility of the ground is replenished by the silt. The flooding is a useful replacement for irrigation.
- 11. WARNING! ATTENTION! ACHTUNG! Though floodplains economically benefit your farming activity, they still posses a serious threat to your life and property safety. Before you perform any activity on such territory consult a local landform expert (aka Geographer). Floodplains are usually regularly flooded. If you are building any construction there, be sure to provide it’s safety from being flooded. Avoid staying in such places overnight or setting a camping. Floods might happen overnight and flood your tents and YOU INSIDE.
- 19. Great We just learnt something new and interesting (it was interesting, right?)