The document summarizes the structure and distribution of Earth's hydrosphere. It notes that oceans contain 97% of the planet's water, with the remaining 3% consisting of fresh water found primarily as ice (2.3%), groundwater (0.4%), and surface fresh water (0.05%). It describes the locations and characteristics of oceans, ice, fresh water in rivers, lakes, groundwater aquifers, and wetlands.

1. The Structure of the
Hydrosphere

2. Blue Planet
 ¾ of our planet is water, so it is called
the blue planet.

3. The Structure of Hydrosphere
 Oceans—97% of water found here
 Fresh water—3% of water found here

4. The Structure of Hydrosphere
 Fresh water distribution:
 Ice: 2.3%
 Groundwater: 0.4%
 Surface Fresh Water: 0.05%
 Atmosphere and soil: 0.05%
Most of the fresh water is trapped in ice.

5. Understanding Where Your Water Is
Located—Oceans and Ice
 What bodies of water hold the largest amount of
water?
 Oceans—the largest bodies of water on Earth
(contain salt water only)

6. Understanding Where Your Water Is
Located—Oceans and Ice
 What features house water as ice?
 Icebergs: a large piece of freshwater ice floating in
open waters
 Glaciers: any large mass of ice that moves slowly
over land
 *permanent snow areas also “house” water as ice

7. Fresh Water Locations—Surface
Water
 What is the difference between a watershed and a
river basin?
 Both terms describe land that drains into a river,
stream or lake
 River Basin: the term used to describe an area that
drains into a large river
 Watershed: the term used to describe an area that
drains into a smaller river or stream

8. Fresh Water Locations—River
Basins and Watersheds
 Larger river basins are made up of many
interconnected watersheds
 Example: Cape Fear and Neuse River
Basins are made of many small watersheds
 The water in a watershed runs to the lowest point—a
river, stream, lake, or ocean

9. Fresh Water Locations—Rivers,
Streams, and Lakes
 What is a river?
 A large channel along which water is continually
flowing down a slope—made of many streams that
come together
 What is a stream?
 A small channel along which water is continually
flowing down a slope—made of small gullies
 What is a lake?
 A body of water of considerable size contained on a
body of land

10. Fresh Water Locations--
Groundwater
 What is groundwater?
 The water found in cracks and pores in sand,
gravel and rocks below the earth’s surface
 What is an aquifer?
 A porous rock layer underground that is a reservoir
for water

11. How water moves underground
 Where does ground water come from?
 Precipitation! Precipitation can evaporate, run off the
surface or soak into the underground.
 Water trickles down between particles of soil and
through cracks and spaces in layers of rock.

12. Effects of different materials.
 What are permeable materials?
 Materials that are full of tiny, connected air spaces, that water
can seep through.
 What are impermeable materials?
 Materials such as clay and granite that water cannot seep
through easily.

14. Runoff
 When rain falls on the land, some of the water is absorbed
into the ground forming pockets of water called
groundwater. Most groundwater eventually returns to the
ocean. Other precipitation runs directly into streams or
rivers. Water that does not get absorbed and collects in
rivers, streams, and oceans is called runoff.

15. Water Zones
 The area of permeable rock or soil that is totally filled
with water is called the saturated zone. The top of
that saturated zone is called the water table.
 Soil and rock layers above the water table contain
some moisture too, but here the pores contain air.
They are not saturated. This is known as the
unsaturated zone.

16. Wells
 A water well is a structure created in the ground by
digging or drilling access groundwater in
underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by
a pump.
 An artisan well is drawn up when water rises because
of pressure within an aquifer.

17. Other Surface Waters
 What is a wetland?
 An area where the water table is at, near or above the land
surface long enough during the year to support adapted plant
growth
 What are the types of wetlands?
 Swamps, bogs, and marshes
 Swamp: a wetland dominated by trees
 Bogs: a wetland dominated by peat moss
 Marshes: a wetland dominated by grasses