This document provides an overview of key concepts about rivers and water systems from an Earth Science textbook. It begins by describing how moving water causes erosion and shapes the landscape. It explains the water cycle and defines important river features like tributaries, watersheds, and gradients. Later sections discuss how rivers deposit sediment to form features like deltas and floodplains. It also explains groundwater systems, describing aquifers, springs, wells, and how erosion can form caves and sinkholes. The document concludes by discussing water pollution, water treatment, and conservation strategies.
Created by Earl Herson Laput from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education Major in Biological Science.
Created by Earl Herson Laput from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education Major in Biological Science.
Importance of Water
Hydrologic Cycle
Water Use and Resource Problems
Too Much Water
Too Little Water
Global Water Problems
Sharing Water Resources
Water Management
Providing Sustainable Water Supply
Water Conservation
paper about the underground water and its geotechnical problems and how to control it
This is a large and complex topic and I have to focus on some key points that you need it to finish the project of the tunneling subject that you're working on it
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
Created by Thea Cybelle Cobrado Janica Candido from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education Major in Biological Science.
Importance of Water
Hydrologic Cycle
Water Use and Resource Problems
Too Much Water
Too Little Water
Global Water Problems
Sharing Water Resources
Water Management
Providing Sustainable Water Supply
Water Conservation
paper about the underground water and its geotechnical problems and how to control it
This is a large and complex topic and I have to focus on some key points that you need it to finish the project of the tunneling subject that you're working on it
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
Created by Thea Cybelle Cobrado Janica Candido from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education Major in Biological Science.
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to 50 percent of the sediment's total volume. Pore space depends on the size and shape of the grains; how they are packed together; the degree of sorting; and in sedimentary rocks, the amount of cementing material. Most igneous and metamorphic rocks, as well as some sedimentary rocks, are composed of tightly interlocking crystals so the voids between grains may be negligible. In these rocks, fractures must provide the voids.
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This diagram illustrates the relative positions of many features associated with subsurface water.
Several factors contribute to the irregular surface of the water table. One important influence is the fact that groundwater moves very slowly. Because of this, water tends to "pile up" beneath high areas between stream valleys. If rainfall were to cease completely, these water "hills" would slowly subside and gradually approach the level of the adjacent valleys. However, new supplies of rainwater are usually added often enough to prevent this. Nevertheless, in times of extended drought, the water table may drop enough to dry up shallow wells. Other causes for the uneven water table are variations in rainfall and permeability of Earth materials from place to place.
Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater
The nature of subsurface materials strongly influences the rate of groundwater movement and the amount of groundwater that can be stored. Two factors are especially important— porosity and permeability.
Porosity
Water soaks into the ground because bedrock, sediment, and soil contain countless voids or openings. These openings are similar to those of a sponge and are often called pore spaces. The quantity of groundwater that can be stored depends on the porosity of the material, which is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces. Voids most often are spaces between sedimentary particles, but also common are joints, faults, cavities formed by the dissolving of soluble rock such as limestone, and vesicles (voids left by gases escaping from lava).
Variations in porosity can be great. Sediment is commonly quite porous, and open spaces may occupy 10 percent
Permeability
Porosity alone cannot measure a material's capacity to yield groundwater. Rock or sediment may be very porous and still prohibit water from moving through it. The permeability of a material indicates its ability to transmit a fluid. Groundwater moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings. The smaller the pore spaces, the slower the groundwater moves. If the spaces between particles are too small, water cannot move at all. For example, clay's ability to store water can be great, owing to its high porosity, but its pore spaces are so small that ...
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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2. Section 1: The Active River
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Describe how moving water shapes the surface of
the Earth by the process of erosion.
Explain how water moves through the water cycle.
Describe a watershed.
Explain three factors that affect the rate of stream
erosion.
Identify four ways that rivers are described.
3. Erosion
Erosion is the process by which soil and sediment
are transported from one location to another.
Water is a major agent of erosion. Rivers often
carry eroded materials long distances.
4. Water Cycle
The water cycle is the continuous movement of
Earth’s water from the ocean to the atmosphere to
the land and back to the ocean.
The water cycle is driven by energy from the sun.
5.
6.
7. River Systems
A stream that flows into a lake or into a larger
stream is called a tributary.
A watershed, or drainage basin, is the area of land
that is drained by a water system.
8. Watersheds are separated from each other by
areas of higher ground called divides.
9. Stream Erosion
As a stream forms, it erodes rock and soil to create
a channel. The channel is the path that the stream
follows.
Streams start out with narrow and steep channels.
Over time the channels become wider and deeper.
When streams become longer and wider, they are
called rivers.
12. Stream Erosion
The amount of water that a stream or river carries
in a given amount of time is called discharge.
13. Stream Erosion
The materials carried by a stream are called the
stream’s load.
14. Stages of a River
A youthful river erodes its channel deeper rather
than wider. These rivers have steep gradients, few
tributaries, and can include rapids and waterfalls.
A mature river erodes its channel wider rather than
deeper. They have gradients that are not as steep
with fewer falls and rapids. Mature rivers do have
more discharge than a youthful river.
15. Stages of a River
An old river has a low gradient and little erosive
energy. These rivers deposit rock and soil in and
along its channel. They also have wide, flat flood
plains and many bends.
Rejuvenated rivers are found where the land is
raised by tectonic activity.
17. Warmup
Even though flooding along rivers is potentially
harmful, many farms are located near rivers.
Why do people build farms along rivers?
18. Section 2: Stream & River Deposits
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Describe the four different types of stream
deposits.
Describe how the deposition of sediment affects
the land.
19. Deposition in Water
Rivers can act as a type of liquid conveyor belt to
carry fertile soil to farmland and wetlands.
After rivers erode soil and rock they deposit their
load downstream.
The rock and soil deposited by streams is called
sediment.
Deposition is the process in which material is laid
down or dropped.
20. Deposition in Water
Heavy minerals are sometimes deposited at places
in a river where the current slows down.
This kind of sediment is called a placer deposit.
21. Deposition in Water
As its current slows, a river often deposits its load
in a fan-shaped pattern called a delta.
A delta is made mostly of mud and these mud
deposits form new land and cause the coastline to
grow.
22. Deposition on Land
Fast-moving mountain streams slow down very
quickly when they flow onto a flat plain.
These streams deposit their sediment in a fan-
shape called an alluvial fan. These deposits form
on dry land.
24. Deposition on Land
The area along a river that forms from sediment
deposited when a river overflows its banks is called
a floodplain.
Floodplains contain rich farmland due to the
periodic flooding that brings new soil to the land.
25. Deposition on Land
Floods can damage property and cause a loss of
lives. Dams and levees are often used to prevent
flooding.
31. Warmup
A family lives 50 km from the nearest
stream or lake and gets water from a well.
Where does the water in the well come
from?
32. Section 3: Water Underground
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Identify and describe the location of the water
table.
Describe an aquifer.
Explain the difference between a spring and a well.
Explain how caves and sinkholes form as a result of
erosion and deposition.
33. Water Underground
Groundwater is the water located within the rocks
below the Earth’s surface.
It not only is an important resource but it plays an
important role in erosion and deposition.
34. Location of Groundwater
The zone of aeration and the zone of saturation
meet at a boundary known as the water table.
35. Aquifers
An aquifer is a body of rock or sediment that
stores groundwater and allows the flow of
groundwater.
36.
37. Did You Know?
Geologists estimate that aquifers hold 50 million
cubic kilometers of fresh water worldwide.
There is about 20 times more water underground
than in the atmosphere and all of the rivers and
lakes combined.
38. Aquifers
The percentage of open space between individual
rocks is called porosity.
Porosity depends on the differences in sizes of the
particles that make up the rock layers.
A rock’s ability to let water pass through is called
permeability.
The larger the particles, the more permeable the
rock layer is due to less friction.
39.
40. Aquifers
The best aquifers usually form in permeable
materials.
The ground surface where water enters an aquifer
is called the recharge zone.
The size of the recharge zone depends on the
permeability of the surface.
41. Water Conservation
In the United States, water use has been reduced
15% over the last 20 years.
How do you think this has happened?
42. Springs and Wells
A spring is where the water table has reached
Earth’s surface and water is flowing out of the
ground.
Springs can be important sources of what?
43. Springs and Wells
In areas where the water table is higher than
Earth’s surface, a lake will form.
44. Springs and Wells
An artesian spring is a spring whose water flows
from a crack in the cap rock of an aquifer.
45. Springs and Wells
A human-made hole that is deeper than the level
of the water table is called a well.
46.
47. Underground Erosion & Deposition
Groundwater can cause erosion by dissolving rock.
Although caves are formed by erosion, they also
show signs of deposition, such as stalactites and
stalagmites.
48. Underground Erosion & Deposition
When the water table lowers, the roofs of caves
are no longer supported by the water underneath.
The roof of a cave can then collapse, which leaves
a circular depression called a sinkhole.
50. Warmup
While hiking, you realize your water bottle
is almost empty.
Why should you not fill your bottle with
water from the nearest stream?
51. Section 4: Using Water Wisely
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
Identify two forms of water pollution.
Explain how the properties of water influence the
health of a water system.
Describe two ways that wastewater can be treated.
Describe how water is used and how water can be
conserved in industry, in agriculture, and at home.
52. Our Fresh Water
Our bodies are almost 65% water.
Only 3% of Earth’s water is drinkable.
Of that 3%, 75% is frozen in the polar ice caps.
WE MUST PROTECT OUR WATER RESOURCES!
53. Water Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances
into the environment.
Pollution that comes from one specific site is called
point-source pollution.
Nonpoint-source pollution is pollution that comes
from many sources.
54.
55. Health of a Water System
Fish and other organisms that live in water need
dissolved oxygen in the water to live.
Elevated nitrate levels in water can be harmful to
organisms because they lower the amount of
dissolved oxygen in the water.
Alkalinity refers to water’s ability to neutralize acid.
Acid rain can lower water’s alkalinity.
56. Cleaning Polluted Water
Where does our waste water go?
Sewage treatment plants are facilities that clean
the waste materials out of water.
They also protect the environment from water
pollution and protect us from diseases that could
be easily transmitted through dirty water.
57. Cleaning Polluted Water
In primary treatment, dirty water is passed through
a large screen to catch solid objects.
In secondary treatment, the water is sent to an
aeration tank, where it is mixed with oxygen and
bacteria.
58.
59. Cleaning Polluted Water
A septic tank is a large underground tank that
cleans wastewater from a household.
60. Where the Water Goes
About 19% of water used in the world is used for
industrial purposes.
Water must be used in agriculture to facilitate
plant growth.
Many people save water by installing low-flow
shower heads and low-flush toilets.
61. How Do You Use Water?
The average household in the United States uses
about 100 gallons of water per day.