The Early Reformation; The Reformation and German Politics; The Spread of the Protestant Reformation; The Catholic Reformation; Religious Violence

1. CHAPTER 14:
REFORMATIONS AND
RELIGIOUS WARS (1500-
1600)
AP European History
Magister Ricard

2. Objectives
 Compare and contrast the German and
English reformations
 Assess how the Protestant Reformation
affected society (nobility, middle class,
peasants)
 Evaluate the effects of Protestant Reformation
on established religious and political
institutions
 Compare and contrast attitudes of Martin
Luther and John Calvin toward political
authority and social orders
 Explain the appeal of Protestantism

3. Objectives
 Compare and contrast the effects of the
Renaissance and Reformation on women
 What was the role of the elite and popular
elements of culture in forming early European
witch hunts?
 Explain how the Roman Catholic Church
defended itself against Protestant Reformation

4. Chapter 14
(1500-1600)
The Early Reformation

5. The Christian Church and the Early
16th Century
 Europeans remained loyal to Roman Catholic
Church at outset of 16th century
 Many were growing more critical of the church
 Criticism focused on clerical immorality, clerical
ignorance, clerical pluralism
 Resentment of clerical privileges and immunities
 Was criticism focused on the religion or the
institution of the religion? What’s the
difference?

6. Martin Luther
 1483-1546
 Dissatisfied with religion, was not feeling a sense
of security over salvation despite being a friar
 Concluded that only simple faith in Christ led to
salvation
 Objected to the sale of “indulgences”
 Ninety-Five Theses argued against indulgences,
undermined Christianity
 He was excommunicated
 Ideas become very popular in politically-charged
Germany

7. Protestant Thought
 Followers of Luther = Protestants
 Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) was another important
reformer
 Protestant beliefs
 Salvation comes by faith alone
 Religious authority resided in Scripture alone
 Church consisted of whole community of
believers, not just the clergy

8. Protestant Thought
 Transubstantiation – bread and wine literally
became the body and blood of Christ
 Luther disagreed; opted for consubstantiation
– Christ was present (in the host) but the
bread and wine were not transformed
 John Calvin agreed with Luther on
consubstantiation
 Zwingli argued the Eucharist was a
commemoration of the Last Supper

9. Appeal of Protestantism
 Educated people and humanists were
attracted to Luther’s more simplified, personal
vision
 Attracted to Luther’s call for an end of clerical
privileges
 Printing press greatly aided spread of Luther’s
ideas
 Luther and Zwingli worked closely with political
authorities to gain support of Protestantism

10. Radical Reformation
 Some groups began to reject the notion of
uniting church and state
 Sought to create independent communities of
believers and varying interpretations
 Interpretation began to differ and set one
another at odds with each other
 Secular and religious leaders utilize harsh
punishments

11. The German Peasants’ War
 Crops fail in 1523 and 1524
 Swabian peasants demand end to death
taxes, new rents, and noble seizures of land in
1525
 Luther initially backs the peasants’ demands
 When peasants respond with violence, Luther
supports noble responses to crush rebellion
 Lutheranism supports the notion that the state
and church be subordinate to secular rulers

12. The Reformation and Marriage
 Many Protestant reformers married
 Marriage was praised, a good marriage demonstrated
spiritual equality of men and women
 Proper social hierarchy is that the wife is obedient
to her husband’s authority
 Catholics saw marriage as a sacrament
 Protestants saw marriage as a contract – allowing for
divorce
 Protestants condemned prostitution
 What is the impact of Protestantism on the life of
women?

13. Chapter 14
(1500-1600)
The Reformation and German
Politics

14. The Holy Roman Empire:
14th & 15th Centuries
 The Golden Bull of 1356 gave each of the
seven electors virtual sovereignty
 Localism and chronic disorder
 Allowed the nobility to strengthen their territories
 Reduce the authority of the emperor

15. Rise of the Habsburgs
 1477, marriage of Maximilian I (Habsburg) and
Mary of Burgundy
 Unites Austrian Empire with Burgundy and
Netherlands
 Habsburgs become strongest ruling family in Holy
Roman Empire
 Charles V (1500-1558, Habsburg) inherits
Spain, Spanish possessions in Italy, Sicily, and
Sardinia
 1519 Charles V is elected Holy Roman
Emperor, believes it is his duty to maintain

16. Global Empire of Charles V

17. Political Impact of the Protestant
Reformation
 Spiritual and material concerns convince German
princes to accept Protestantism
 Religious wars start in Switzerland and spread
 1530, Charles V calls for Imperial Diet at
Augsburg to try and stop religious division
 Charles rejects Protestant demands, Protestant
princes form a military alliance
 Outside powers begin to get involved in Germany’s
upheaval
 1555 – the Peace of Augsburg
 Charles accepts religious status quo in Germany

18. Chapter 14 (1500-1600)
The Spread of Protestant
Reformation

19. Reformation in England and
Ireland
 The Lollards (followers of Wyclif, driven
underground in the 15th century) survive and
stress the idea of a direct relationship between
the individual and God
 The English humanist William Tyndale prints an
English translation of the New testament (1525)

20. Reformation in England and
Ireland
 1534 – King Henry VIII divorces his wife to
marry Anny Boleyn
 To legitimize this, convinces Parliament to pass
Act of Supremacy making him head of English
(Anglican) Church
 Henry seizes monasteries and redistributes
land to upper class
 Popular (the people) opposition – Pilgrimage
of Grace in 1536

21. Reformation in England and
Ireland
 Strong support for Catholic Church in Ireland
 1536 – Church of Ireland is established
 Fighting breaks out between Irish and English
reformers
 Leads to strong repression of Irish
 Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) succeeds father
Henry and pushes towards Protestantism
 Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558) swings back to
Catholic

22. Reformation in England and
Ireland
 Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603), daughter of Henry
VIII, strives for balance between Catholics and
Puritans
 Puritans opted for a purified church, totally free of
Catholic influence
 The Elizabethan Settlement best illustrates her
religious policies

23. Calvinism
 Most important new form of Protestantism
 God is omnipotent and omniscient
 Humans can do NOTHING to save themselves
 Predestination – God decided at the beginning
of time who would be saved and who would
not be

24. Calvinism
 Predestination did not lead to fatalism
 Calvinists were convinced they were among the
saved
 Calvin and government of Geneva regulated
human behavior to create a “godly” city on
earth
 Inspired by Utopia?
 No card playing! No dancing!
 Between 1542-1546, 58 heretics were burned
 The Calling glorified all vocations as pleasing
to God

25. The Church of Scotland
 Scottish nobles supported the Reformation
 Scottish monarchs, King James V and
daughter Mary opposed it
 John Knox, studied in Geneva with John
Calvin
 Helps convince Scottish Parliament to set up
Calvinist church as official state church
 Becomes known as Presbyterianism

26. Reformation in Eastern Europe
 Ethnic factors helped shaped Reformation in
Eastern Europe (instead of political and
economic)
 In Bohemia, ethnic grievances of Czech
majority lead to resentment of Roman Catholic
church
 During Counter-Reformation, Catholic revival
would be promoted in Bohemia

27. Reformation in Eastern Europe
 By 1500, Poland and Lithuania would form
largest state in dynastic union
 King Sigismund I banned Lutheran teachings
 Polish not fond of Germans
 Szlachta (Polish nobility) preferred Calvinism
 Originated in France, not Germany
 Counter-Reformation would cement strength of
Catholicism in Poland

28. Chapter 14
(1500-1600)
The Catholic Reformation

29. The Reformed Papacy
 Despite desire for reform, early 16th century
popes resisted discussion for reform
 Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549) pushed for reform
 Established Sacred Congregation of the Holy
Office with jurisdiction over Roman Inquisition in
1542
 Influence of Inquisition outside papal territories
was slight, however

30. The Council of Trent
 Reaffirmed equal authority of Scripture and
Church (1545-1563)
 Reaffirms the 7 sacraments and
transubstantiation
 Required bishops to live in their dioceses
 Ended pluralism, simony
 Forbade sale of indulgences
 For a marriage to be legal, vows had to be
exchanged publicly

31. New Religious Orders
 Ursuline nuns fought heresy with religious
education of girls
 (Syncretism from classical world?)
 Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuit Order
 Mission to fight Reformation through education
 Goal was to “help souls”
 Noted for seeing “how at a given juncture change
is more consistent with one’s scope than staying
the course”

32. Ecstasy of St. Teresa

33. Ecstasy of St. Teresa
 Nun, mystic who pushed for reforms of
convents
 Published a mystical experience (1560)
 Poverty, strict enclosure, egalitarian,
obedience
 Discalced

34. Chapter 14
(1500-1600)
Religious Violence

35. French Religious Wars
 In order to raise revenue, Francis I sold public
offices and ended the Concordat of Bologna
 Lutheranism spreads to France in 1518
 Calvin’s Institutes published in 1536
 French Calvinists were called Huguenots
 Weakness of monarchy and religious division
lead to civil war
 Calvinism manifests as iconoclasm

36. French Religious Wars
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (8/24/1572)
 Thousands of Protestants killed, sparks 15 year
civil war
 Politiques believe only strong monarch can
restore order
 Henry IV (1589-1610) rises to power
 Converts to Catholicism, issues Edict of Nantes

37. The Netherlands Under Charles
V
 Under Charles V Netherlands remained stable
 In 1560’s, policies of Phillip II (Spain) lead to
rebellion in Netherlands
 Tries to end violence by sending 20,000 troops to
Netherlands under duke of Alva, but only intensifies
conflict
 Netherlands split
 10 southern (Catholic) provinces fall to Habsburg
Spain
 7 northern (Protestant) provinces form Union of
Utrecht in 1581 and declare independence from Spain
 Seek help and protection from outsiders, notably Protestant
England

38. Chapter 14
(1500-1600)
The Great European Witch
Hunt

39. The Great European Witch
Hunt!!
 Witchcraft was seen as a pact made with the devil
 During 16th and 17th centuries, between 40,000-
60,000 people were executed
 75-85% tried were women
 Legal changes were made to facilitate massive
trials
 Most trials began with a single accusation which grew
into numerous accusations
 Thus a “witch-hunt”
 Doubts and skepticism eventually brought trials to
a halt