This presentation focuses on the radicals in France, the war with the rest of Europe, and the rise of Napoleon.

1. CH 21: The Revolution in Politics (1775-1815) AP European History Magister Ricard

2. Questions to Consider Identify the Gironists, the Mountain, and the sans-culottes and their effects on the revolution. Why was the Directory not able to hold power? How did Napoleon gain dominance over Europe?

3. World War and Republican France (1791-1799) CH 21: The Revolution in Politics (1775-1815)

4. Foreign Reactions and the Beginning of War Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790 Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Man, 1790 A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792 Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges argued that women needed to be included in the ideal of equality 1791, the Revolution gets Radicalized Louis XVI’s attempt to escape to Austria Austria and Prussia’s readiness to intervene in France The election of the new Legislative Assembly under a new constitution By 1792, France was at war with Austria and Prussia and Louis XVI was removed from the throne

5. The Second Revolution Members of newly elected National Convention declare France to be a republic in September 1792 Revolutionaries tried to create a French revolutionary culture The Convention tried and executed Louis XVI for treason The sans culottes (without breeches), exercise strong influence on The Convention

6. Total War and Terror Military defeats push revolutionary government, Committee of Public Safety, to establish centrally controlled economy Fixed prices for bread, rationing, tight control of munitions and other industries The Terror aimed to crush all opponents to Revolution About 40,000 executed, 300,000 arrested France mobilized new soldiers (800,000) by initiating a draft and encouraging patriotic sentiment France won military victories by outnumbering their opponents 4:1

7. Revolution in Saint-Domingue Slave revolts broke out across the island On April 4, 1792, National Assembly enfranchised all free blacks and free people of color, but not slaves Warfare in Europe spread to Saint-Domingue February 4, 1794, National Convention abolishes slavery in all French territories 1796, France regained control of Saint-Domingue Toussaint Louverture emerges as key military leader

8. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1794-1799) The Convention executes Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794 Fears the expansion of The Terror End of economic controls hits the poor, results in riots that had to be suppressed by force In rural France, villagers resorted to structured lifestyle around Catholic Church

9. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1794-1799) Five man directory rules France from 1795-1799 as dictators (The Directory) Directory seeks expansionist military policy Disgust with Directory lead to electoral defeat in 1797 Directory used the army to nullify elections In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte led a coup d’etatthat ended the Directory

10. The Napoleonic Era (1799-1815) CH 21: The Revolution in Politics (1775-1815)

11. Napoleon’s Rule of France Napoleon confirms gains of peasantry, defends property of middle class Strengthened central bureaucracy Concordat of 1801, Napoleon reinstates freedom of worship for Catholics and maintained tight control of the Church New law code reduced women’s legal and property rights Established a police state and strict censorship to silence political dissent

12. Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe Austria accepts all territorial losses to France (Treaty of Luneville, 1801) Treaty of Amiens with England (1802) gave France Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west bank of the Rhine, and most of the Italian peninsula In May 1803, Napoleon renews war with England Plans to invade the island but suffered large losses at naval battle of Trafalgar (1805) Austria, Russia, and Sweden join Britain in Third Coalition against Napoleon (1805) Napoleon defeats Coalition’s continental partners 1806 Napoleon crushes Prussia Fighting ends between France, Prussia and Russia (Treaty of Tilsit (1807)

13. The War of Haitian Independence Toussaint Louverture is de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue Andre Rigaud sets up his own government on southern peninsula Tensions lead to conflict, won by Louverture Napoleon attempts to bring colony back under French control and reintroduce slavery Louverture was arrested and deported French forces were defeated Haiti is created on January 1, 1804

14. The Grand Empire and its End French occupation of much of Europe creates nationalistic reactions Attempts to throw off French yoke June 1812, Napoleon invades Russia, is defeated Joined by Austria and Prussia, Russia and England defeat Napoleon in 1814 Victorious allies set up constitutional monarch under Louis XVIII

15. Questions to Consider Identify the Gironists, the Mountain, and the sans-culottes and their effects on the revolution. Why was the Directory not able to hold power? How did Napoleon gain dominance over Europe?