X-ray Imaging System Overview
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X-ray Imaging System Overview Muhammad Arif Afridi Lecturer In Medical Imaging Email: drarifafridi@gmail.com
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CHAPTER-7 - QUALITY OF X-RAY BEAM
1. The quality of an x-ray beam is often described by its penetrating ability and can be specified by measuring parameters like the half-value layer (HVL) and peak kilovoltage (kVp).
2. Filters are used to selectively attenuate low energy rays and alter the beam's spectral distribution. Common filters include aluminum, copper, and flattening filters.
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Exposure factors such as kVp, mA, time, mAs, focal spot size, and distance influence the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam and the resulting radiographic image. KVp controls beam quality and penetration, mA controls quantity of x-rays, and mAs is the product of mA and time determining total exposure. Increasing kVp increases penetration but reduces contrast. Proper selection of these technical factors is needed to produce diagnostic radiographs with minimal radiation exposure.
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The document discusses the components and operation of an X-ray imaging system. The system has three principal sections: the operating console, X-ray tube, and high-voltage generator. The operating console controls parameters like kVp, mA, and exposure time. X-ray tubes can be attached to ceiling, floor-to-ceiling, or C-arm support systems. The tube is enclosed in a protective housing to reduce radiation leakage and provide mechanical support. The high-voltage generator supplies power to the X-ray tube for image formation when X-rays pass through a patient and expose imaging plates or screens.
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1. The quality of an x-ray beam is often described by its penetrating ability and can be specified by measuring parameters like the half-value layer (HVL) and peak kilovoltage (kVp).
2. Filters are used to selectively attenuate low energy rays and alter the beam's spectral distribution. Common filters include aluminum, copper, and flattening filters.
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X-ray Imaging System Overview
- 1. The X-ray Imaging System Muhammad Arif Afridi Lecturer In Medical Imaging Email: drarifafridi@gmail.com MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 1
- 2. X-ray Examination Room The general purpose x-ray examination room contains a radiographic imaging system and a fluoroscopic imaging system. These systems are usually operated at voltages of 25 to 150 kVp and at tube currents of 100 to 1200 mA. The fluoroscopic x-ray tube is usually located under the examination table; the radiographic x- ray tube is attached to an overhead movable crane assembly that permits easy positioning of the tube and aiming of the x-ray beam. MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 2
- 3. X-ray imaging system has three principal sections: (1) the operating console (2) the x-ray tube (3) the high-voltage generator MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 3
- 4. OPERATING CONSOLE The part of the x-ray imaging system most familiar to radiologic technologists is the operating console. The operating console usually provides for control of line compensation, kVp, mA, and exposure time. The operating console consists of an on/off control and controls to select kVp, mA, and time or mAs. MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 4
- 5. X-ray Tube Ceiling Support System Floor-to-Ceiling Support System C-Arm Support System X-ray tubes are designed with a glass or a metal enclosure. MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 5 B. C-arm support. A. Floor support.
- 6. X-ray Tube A protective housing covers the x-ray tube and provides the following three functions: it (1) reduces leakage radiation to less than 1 mGya/h at 1 m; (2) provides mechanical support, thereby protecting the tube from damage; and (3) serves as a way to conduct heat away from the x-ray tube target. MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 6
- 7. Image Formation 1. Image-forming x-radiation is that part of the x-ray beam that exits a patient and exposes the IR. 2. The conventional image radiographic IR is a cassette that contains radiographic film sandwiched between two radiographic intensifying screens. 3. Radiographic film is made up of a polyester base that is covered on both sides with a film emulsion. 4. The film emulsion contains light-sensitive silver bromide crystals that are made from the mixture of silver nitrate and potassium bromide. 5. During manufacture, the emulsion is spread onto the base in darkness or under red lights because the AgBr molecule is sensitive to light. 6. The invisible latent image is formed in the film emulsion when light photons interact with the silver halide crystals. 7. Processing of radiographic film converts the latent image to a visible image. MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 7
- 8. Thank you! MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 8