Fluoroscopy uses X-rays to produce real-time moving images and is displayed on a monitor. It works by passing an X-ray beam through the body. The image intensifier converts the X-ray image into a brighter visible light image. It contains a photocathode that emits electrons when hit by X-rays, and an output phosphor that converts the electrons back into a magnified visible light image. This process amplifies and multiplies the number of photons. Fluoroscopy provides brighter images than older techniques and allows examinations to be done without complete darkness. It is used in procedures like cardiac catheterization, joint imaging, and IV catheter placement.

2. Dedicated to:
From:

3. Fluoroscopy
• Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging
that shows a real time X-ray image on a
monitor, much like an X-ray movie.
• During a fluoroscopy procedure, an X-ray
beam is passed through the body.

4. Image intensifier:
• The image-intensifier tube is a complex electronic device that
receives the image-forming x-ray beam and converts it into a
visible-light image of high intensity.
• Within an image intensifier, the input phosphor converts the
x-ray photons to light photons, which are then converted to
photoelectrons within the photocathode

5. Image intensifier
• Through this process, several thousand light photons are produced for each
x-ray photon reaching the input phosphor.
• Most modern image intensifiers use cesium iodide for the input phosphor
because it has a high absorption efficiency and thus decreases patient dose.

6. IMAGE INTENSIFICAITON
=
photons are amplified + multiplied

7. Image-intensifier tube
• The image-intensifier tube is approximately 50 cm long. A
• potential difference of about 25,000 V is maintained across the tube between
photocathode and anode so that electrons produced by photoemission will be
accelerated to the anode

8. Photocathode
• The photocathode emits electrons when illuminated by the input
phosphor.
ANODE:
• The anode is a circular plate with a hole in the middle through which
electrons pass to the output phosphor, which is just the other side of
the anode .

9. Advantage of Image intensifier
• The principal advantage of image-intensified fluoroscopy over earlier types of
fluoroscopy is increased image brightness. this requires high levels of image
brightness.
• The image intensifier was developed principally to replace the conventional
fluorescent screen, which had to be viewed in a darkened room.

11. FLUOROSCOPIC DATA AQUSITION-IMAGE
INTENSIFIED SYSTEM
1. X-RAY TUBE
2. PATIENT
3. IMAGE INTENSIFIER
4. OUTPUT PHOSPHOR
5. CAMERA
6. MONITOR

12. IMAGE
The solid state charge-
coupled device (CCD).
• Two methods are used to electronically convert the
visible image on the output phosphor of the image
intensifier into an electronic signal:
Thermionic television
camera tube

13. Applications
Fluoroscopy is used in many types of examinations and procedures such as
• cardiac catheterization
• Arthrography (visualization of a joint or joints)
• lumbar puncture,
• placement of intravenous (IV) catheters (hollow tubes inserted into veins or
arteries)

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