The discovery of X-rays and the phenomenon of radioactivity and their application to the examination of objects provided the starting point for the advancement of industrial radiography. This technique is one of the most widely used for the detection of internal defects such as voids and porosity. Planar defects can also be detected by radiography with some proper orientation. Radiography is also suitable for detecting changes in material composition, thickness measurements and locating unwanted or defective components hidden from view in an assembled part.
The discovery of X-rays and the phenomenon of radioactivity and their application to the examination of objects provided the starting point for the advancement of industrial radiography. This technique is one of the most widely used for the detection of internal defects such as voids and porosity. Planar defects can also be detected by radiography with some proper orientation. Radiography is also suitable for detecting changes in material composition, thickness measurements and locating unwanted or defective components hidden from view in an assembled part.
Nondestructive testing or Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component surface & subsurface without causing damage or effect to their future performance or properties. Non-destructive testing is used to detect abnormalities in physical, chemical or electrical characteristics.
Introduction to x-rays and x-ray inspection, Safety Operating X-Ray Cabinet Systems, Size and Weight of X-Ray Inspection Systems, How do we image the X-rays?, Magnification, Resolution, Field of View, X-Ray Inspection Area, Power of X-Ray Tube, X-Ray Sensor, Sample Positioning, x-ray applications, LED Packaging and Assembly, Semiconductor Failure Analysis, Component Counterfeit Detection, Electronic Component Manufacturing, PCB / PTH (barrel fill) Analysis, Smart Phone Design and Manufacturing, BGA Void and Head – in Pillow Analysis, RF Components and Systems, Automotive Parts, Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation, Parts – Presents- Placement, Plastic / Aluminum Molding, Medical Device Design and Manufacturing, Small Animal Imaging, Seed and Agricultural Imaging, Identification of defects in soldered components – excess voiding or excess solder, Quality control of medical temperature sensors. X-Ray images taken with TruView X-Ray Inspection systems.
Nondestructive testing or Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component surface & subsurface without causing damage or effect to their future performance or properties. Non-destructive testing is used to detect abnormalities in physical, chemical or electrical characteristics.
Introduction to x-rays and x-ray inspection, Safety Operating X-Ray Cabinet Systems, Size and Weight of X-Ray Inspection Systems, How do we image the X-rays?, Magnification, Resolution, Field of View, X-Ray Inspection Area, Power of X-Ray Tube, X-Ray Sensor, Sample Positioning, x-ray applications, LED Packaging and Assembly, Semiconductor Failure Analysis, Component Counterfeit Detection, Electronic Component Manufacturing, PCB / PTH (barrel fill) Analysis, Smart Phone Design and Manufacturing, BGA Void and Head – in Pillow Analysis, RF Components and Systems, Automotive Parts, Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation, Parts – Presents- Placement, Plastic / Aluminum Molding, Medical Device Design and Manufacturing, Small Animal Imaging, Seed and Agricultural Imaging, Identification of defects in soldered components – excess voiding or excess solder, Quality control of medical temperature sensors. X-Ray images taken with TruView X-Ray Inspection systems.
Validation of uv visible spectrophotometer.pptxAnupamaCp2
Validation of UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
It includes installation qualification , design qualification, operational qualification, performance qualification.
qualification of instrument(UV & FTIR) BY Bhumi Suratiya, M.Pharm sem 2.pptxBhumiSuratiya
So, Here it's presentation on Qualification of instrument(UV & FTIR) BY Bhumi Suratiya, M.Pharm sem 2. Qualification of analytical instruments. it also includes design qualifications (DQ), Installation qualification(IQ)
Operational qualification(OQ)
Performance qualification(PQ).
Security System Based on Ultrasonic Sensor TechnologyIOSR Journals
Abstract : In this paper we design and implement a security system with an ultrasonic sensor module to enhance the system’s reliability. The ultrasonic sensor contains a transmitter and a receiver and the module is placed in a rotating motor. It is assumed that an ultrasonic sensor is set in a rotating motor to cover a wide range. The Ultrasonic transmitter periodically emits ultrasonic signals into an open area. A rotating motor is used to allow the sensor to cover whole 360 degrees. If the signal ever hits any physical objects, it will be reflected back and the receiver part of the sensor will then capture it. The microcontroller unit (MCU) will constantly check for the receiver output of the ultrasonic transmitter. If the receiver output is high, the MCU will perform distance analysis of the object from the sensor using the fact that ultrasonic waves travel in air at 340m/s. The time taken for the waves to hit the object and return can be calculated as the time taken for the receiver output to be high after the transmitter has been initiated to send ultrasonic waves. Once the distance is calculated, MCU checks whether the object is within the range threshold specified within the MCU for initiating the alert. If the object is within the range threshold, the MCU initiates a sound alarm and also the global system for mobile communications (GSM) modem to send short message service (SMS) or call to the concerned person. Keywords: GSM Module,Microcontroller unit(MCU),Motor controller driver unit,Ultrasonic sensor(obstacles detection).
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
33. Example: A radiographer is found to receive an exposure of 1 mSv after he stands for 2 minutes at a certain distance from the source. What is the total radiation exposure received if he stands for a period of 5 minutes at the same distance?
34. Thus, if he spends for 5 minutes, the total exposure will be:
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. What is the concrete thickness required to reduce a radiation dose rate of 80 Sv/hr from a Co-60 source to 2.5Sv/hr? (Given - for concrete is 0.105 cm -1 ). From formula, Therefore; the thickness of concrete required is 80 Sv/hr reduce to 40 Sv/hr need 1HVL 40 Sv/hr reduce to 20 Sv/hr need 2HVL 20 Sv/hr reduce to 10 Sv/hr need 3HVL 10 Sv/hr reduce to 5 Sv/hr need 4HVL 5 Sv/hr reduce to 2.5 Sv/hr need 5HVL
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47. Methods of shielding when pipes ducts, conduits or cables must pass through walls of exposure room 4.2 Design of Exposure Room.
57. WARNING NOTICES CAUTIOUS RADIATION MONITORING DEVICES IS NEEDED BEYOND THIS LIMIT Name of RPO: Address: Tel. No: RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL DANGER NO ENTRY Name of RPO: Address: Tel. No:
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68. Fully Open Sites (Field sites) 5.4 Establishment of Radiographic Boundary
69.
70.
71.
72. Typical Storage Pit Exposure device Storage pit Fence The radioisotope storage pit (bomb-pit) 1.0 meter < 0.25mR/hr or 2.5microSv/hr < 0.75mR/hr or 7.5microSv/hr
73. The bomb-pit or radioisotope storage pit shall be approved by LPTA/AELB before it can be used. 5.5 Storage of Radioactive Source and Radiation Apparatus
Explain the ability of ionizing radiation especially X and gamma radiation to penetrate the object; density is a factor determining how deep the penetration of the radiation into the object; apart from the energy of the radiation; the higher the energy of ionizing radiation the deeper the penetration. Other properties of ionizing radiation: Refracted when passing through media of different density. Some of the radiation be reflected when meeting smooth surface of an object and some penetrated into the object. The energey expressed in eV, keV and MeV Should also explain other properties of ionizing radiation
Discussion Where do you think you should put the film to have optimum image of the internal structure of the specimen???
Directional x-ray tubes are fitted with suitable collimators called cones and diaphragms to reduce the useful beam to a minimum size necessary for the work and to minimise the scattered radiation from the irradiated object.
When the filament in the cathode is heated, free electrons escape from the surface of the material. The potential difference (kV) applied between the cathode and anode will cause acceleration of the electron toward the anode. Sudden stop of the high speed electrons cause transformation of almost 97% of kinetic energy to heat and only small portion of the energy turn into emission of x-ray from the anode. The energy of the x-ray range from 0 to the maximum, which is determined by the kinetic energy of the electrons or kV and also on how rapidly the electrons are decelarated.
High intensity sources such as several curies of 192 Ir and 60 Co are best handled with specific equipment that permit the radiographer to remain several meters from the projector when the source is exposed.
Ensure that the survey meter is used for tasks: To initially check that the safety barriers are positioned where the dose rate is not greater than 7.5 uSv/h. To monitor on a routine basis the dose rate at the safety barriers, particularly when the radiographic techniques varies. To make sure that a source is fully shielded after use or that a source is fully retracted. To help task of locating a lost source (if any).
Where I 1 is the intensity of radiation in unit activity either Ci or Bq, or in unit dose received such as Sv and fraction of the unit(uSv, mSv etc.) at distance d 1 in unit distance such as cm or m Whilst I 2 is the radiation intensity in the respective unit at distance d 2 in unit distance such as cm or m.
Atomic number . Shielding property proportional to atomic number of shielding material. Example lead with atomic number 82 is more effective shielding material than Ni with atomic number 28.
Notes Narrow beam radiation when the radioactive material is a point source The e - x is also known as transmission factor symbolized as , where the above equation may simply rewritten as I x =I 0
If I x =I 0 /2, therefore 2 = e x , where x=x/2 or HVL, thus HVL or x =ln2/ = 0.693/ . I 0 /I n = 2 n Say for (1) half thickness I 0 /I 1 =2 1 , two (2) half thickness I 0 /I 2 =2 2 , and if n half thickness I 0 /I n =2 n Say for a thickness that reduce the intensity to 10 of the original radiation intensity. I0/I10 = 10 = e x where x = TVL, therefore ln10= x, or TVL=2.303/ . How to derive I 0 /I n = 10 n . I 0 /I 1 = 10 1 , I 0 /I 2 = 10 2 , ……. I 0 /I n =10 n
The U having the lowest TVL signifying of its effectiveness in attenuating the ionizing radiation due to highest atomic number (92) compare to lead with atomic number 82. It is noted that density also determined the TVL or /and HVL for example lead with specific density of 11.28 having HVL/TVL higher than tungsten with specific density 19.35.
The working area classified as clean, supervised and controlled area when meeting the following. Source – sealed source. Clean area in the radiation exposure less than 1/10 x annual total dose equivalent (5 mSv/yr) Supervised area if the radiation exposure more than 1/10 of annual dose equaivalent but less than 3/10 of annual dose equaivalent ( more that 5 mSv peryear but less that 15 mSv/year) Controlled area – if the annual dose equaivalent more than 3/5 of annual dose equivalent perannum( more than 15 mSv/yr.)
Movement at site location from a place to another within reasonable site area is considered as movement within site.
![Contents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)