X-rays are produced when high-velocity electrons collide with a metal target in an X-ray tube. X-rays have short wavelengths and can penetrate materials, existing as either soft or hard X-rays depending on their energy level. They are used in medical imaging and diagnostics to detect broken bones or other internal issues but also present certain radiation hazards if not used safely. Precautions like protective lead coats and dosimeters are necessary when working with X-ray equipment.

1. X-RAY
● Production of X-rays and structure of X-
ray tube.
● Types,
● Characteristics,
● Properties,
● Uses and hazards of X-rays.
● Safety precautions

3. ● Production of X-rays
X-rays are electromagnetic waves of short
wavelength of the order of 10-10m.
X-ray tube is an evacuated electron tube that
produces X rays by accelerating electrons to a high
velocity with a high-voltage field and causing them
to collide with a target, the anode plate.

6. ,

7. ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
Electrical energy Heat energy Kinetic energy Heat energy
Electromagnetic
radiation

8. Soft and Hard X-rays
X-rays are usually described by their maximum energy,
which is determined by the voltage between the electrodes.
hard X-rays are with high photon energies (above 5–10 keV)
soft X-rays with lower energy (and longer wavelength).

9. Differences between hard X-rays and soft X-rays
1. .
hard X-rays soft X-rays
High penetrating power. Low penetrating power.
have shorter wavelength have longer wavelength
They are produced at comparatively
high potential difference.
They are produced at comparatively
low potential difference.
have high frequency and hence high
energy
lesser frequency and hence lesser
energy

10. INTENSITY OF X-RAYS
The intensity is the number of emitted electrons from the cathode producing the x-
rays as a result of an increase in current through the filament.
The intensity depends on the temperature of the filament and the temperature
depends on the current in the filament.

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF X-RAYS
I. They are electromagnetic in nature.
II. They are un deflected by both the magnetic and electric field
III. They have short wavelength
IV. They have high penetrating power
V. They have no charge
VI. They are produced when a fast moving electrons strike a hard target.
VII.They make materials to ionise
VIII.They forge photographic plates
IX. They cause fluorescence materials to glow.

13. USES OF X-RAYS
I. They are used to detect hidden cracks in materials.
II. They are used to detect alterations to works of art.
III.They are used to show broken bones in human body
IV.they are used in studying the structure of crystals.
V. They are used in diagnosing ulcer
VI.They are used in agriculture to kill germs.
VII.They are used in industries to detect faults in metal
casting and welding.

14. HAZARDS OF X-RAYS
I. Genetic Mutation
II. Skin burn
III.Leukemia
IV.Tissue damage
V. Baldness
VI.Graying
VII.cataracts.

15. PRECAUTION
I. Use dosimeter or badges when using X-rays.
II. Wear lead coat.
III.Regular and periodic medical checkup for personnels working
with x-rays machine
IV.Use geiger muller counter to monitor the radiation level.