Intensifying screens are major component of the image receptor used in conventional radiography.Its function is to convert the X-rays into visible light through the process of fluorescence.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Intensifying screens are major component of the image receptor used in conventional radiography.Its function is to convert the X-rays into visible light through the process of fluorescence.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Image receptors & accessories/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
X ray films.pptxThe system measure deflection of a laser beam from a re...NISHANT KUMAR
A Film holder is a device to hold the film which allow easy and predictable alignment of the X- ray tube.
Three types of film holders:
Uncoupled positioning devices consisting of intraoral film holders, but no aiming devices;
Semi rigidly coupled devices that have intra oral film holders and attached aiming rods with or without aiming rings;
Rigidly coupled positioning devices where the intra oral film holder, beam aiming devices, and x-ray cone are all physically connected.
hemostat with rubber biteblock held the film and a long metal rod .
1951: The snap a ray instrument was developed.
1962: The precision X-ray instrument was introduced.
1967: Rinn instruments for use with bisecting angle technique
1968 : for use with the parallel technique.
1987: Cephalometric unit was used for the stabilization of the patient.
1993: Kwik bite and Intrax devices uses for orthodontic purposes. And Rinn xcp bitewing device was also used.
1996: Electronically Guided Alignment Device (EGAD) system was introduced. With this system a custom made occlusal biteblock held an aluminium wedge.
The system measure deflection of a laser
beam from a refernce mirror attached to a
bracket bonded to the patient’s mirrorIntensifying screens are image receptor system used in combination with x ray film for all extra oral radiographic procedures such as OPG , ceph and skull radiography
Types- Depending on light emitted
Blue emitting visible light
Green emitting visible light
Consist of light sensitive phosphor crystals suspended in plastic material
When the phosphors are struck by x ray photons they emit visible light that exposes the xray film.
Most frequently used- calcium tungstate – Blue visible light
Rare earth element-
Advantages-
4 x more efficient
Green emission spectrum
hich allow easy and predictable alignment of the X- ray tube.
Three types of film holders:
Uncoupled positioning devices consisting of intraoral film holders, but no aiming devices;
Semi rigidly coupled devices that have intra oral film holders and attached aiming rods with or without aiming rings;
Rigidly coupled positioning devices where the intra oral film holder, beam aiming devices, and x-ray cone are all physically connected.
hemostat with rubber biteblock held the film and a long metal rod .
1951: The snap a ray instrument was developed.
1962: The precision X-ray instrument was introduced.
1967: Rinn instruments for use with bisecting angle technique
1968 : for use with the parallel technique.
1987: Cephalometric unit was used for the stabilization of the patient.
1993: Kwik bite and Intrax devices uses for orthodontic purposes. And Rinn xcp bitewing device was also used.
1996: Electronically Guided Alignment Device (EGAD) system was introduced. With this system a custom made occlusal biteblock held an aluminium wedge.
The system measure deflection of a laser
beam from a refernce mirror attached to a
bracket bonded to the patie
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Screen Film Radiography
1. Screen Film Radiography
Muhammad Arif Afridi
Lecturer In Medical Imaging
Email: drarifafridi@gmail.com
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 1
2. Objective
1. Screen Film Radiography Cassettes Standard sizes:
2. Construction of radiographic film
3. Formation of the latent image
4. Construction of radiographic intensifying screen
5. Luminescence and its relationship to phosphorescence
and fluorescence.
6. Quantum efficiency and Conversion efficiency and
Receptor speed and image noise
7. Automatic film processor
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 2
3. Screen Film Radiography Cassettes
Standard sizes:
1. 35 x 43 cm (14“ x 17“)
2. 35 x 35 cm (14“ x 14“)
3. 24 x 30 cm (10“ x 12“)
4. 18 x 24 cm (8“ x 10“)
5. 15 x 30 cm (6“ x 12“)
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 3
4. Short Introduction
Image forming x-rays exit the patient and expose the radiographic intensifying screen placed in
the protective radiographic cassette.
The radiographic intensifying screen emits visible light, which exposes the radiographic film
placed between the two screens.
Although some x-rays reach the film emulsion, it is primarily light from the radiographic
intensifying screens that expose the radiographic film.
Processing the invisible latent image creates the visible image.
4MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
5. Continue…
Processing causes the silver ions in the silver halide crystal that have been exposes to light to be
converted into microscopic grains of silver.
The film processing sequence–wetting, developing, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying–is
completed in 90 seconds in an automatic processor.
This class covers the information required for an understanding of the radiographic screen-film
receptor and the production of the visible image.
5MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
6. x-ray beam
emerges
from the x-
ray tube
Uniform
destruction
in space
After
interaction
with patient
Varies
according to
the density
of tissue
X-ray passed
from the
body
Exit xray
beam is
know as
useful beam
Image Forming X-rays
6MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
7. Image Forming X-rays: Theory
•The primary purpose of radiographic imaging is to transfer information.
•The x-ray beam that emerges from the x-ray tube is nearly uniformly distributed in space.
•After interaction with the patient, the beam of image-forming x-rays is varies in intensity
according to the characteristics of the tissue through which it has passed.
•Image-forming x-rays are those that exit the patient and interact with the image receptor.
7MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
8. X-ray Film Act as a Medium
X-ray film is one such medium.
Other media include the fluoroscopic image intensifier, the television or flat panel monitor.
The medium that converts the x-ray beam into a visible image is called the image receptor (IR).
The classical IR is photographic film, although solid-state digital IRs are replacing film.
8MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
9. Radiographic Film
Radiographic film has two parts:
1. Base
2. Emulsion
9MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
10. Cross Section of Radiographic Film
X-ray film, the emulsion is coated on both sides;
therefore, it is called double emulsion film.
adhesive layer is between the emulsion and the base.
Adhesive layer allows the emulsion and the base to
maintain proper contact and integrity during use and
processing.
The emulsion is enclosed by a protective covering of
gelatin called the overcoat.
This overcoat protects the emulsion from scratches,
pressure, and contamination during handling,
processing, and storage.
The thickness of radiographic film is approximately
150 to 300 μm.
10MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
11. Base
The base is the foundation of radiographic film. Its primary purpose is to provide a rigid structure.
Conventional photographic film has a much thinner base than radiographic film and therefore is not
as rigid.
The base of radiographic film is 150 to 300 μm thick, semirigid, lucent, and made of polyester.
The base of radiographic film maintains its size and shape during use and processing so that it does
not contribute to image distortion. This property of the base is known as dimensional stability.
11MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
12. A substitute material, cellulose nitrate, soon became the standard base.
It was flammable. Improper storage and handling of some x-ray film files resulted in severe
hospital fires during the 1920s and early 1930s.
In the early 1960s, a polyester (≈175 μm) base was introduced, has taken the place of cellulose
triacetate as the film base of choice.
12MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
13. Emulsion
The emulsion is the heart of the radiographic film.
It is the material with which x-rays or light photons from radiographic intensifying screens
interact.
The emulsion consists of a homogeneous mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals.
It is coated evenly with a layer that is 3 to 5 μm thick.
The gelatin is similar to that used in salads and desserts but is of much higher quality.
Its principal function is to provide mechanical support for silver halide crystals by holding them
uniformly dispersed in place.
13MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
14. HANDLING AND STORAGE OF FILM
Radiographic film is a sensitive radiation detector and must be handled accordingly.
Improper handling and storage result in poor radiographs with artifacts that interfere with
diagnosis.
Heat and Humidity
Radiographic film is sensitive to the effects of elevated temperature and humidity, especially for
long periods.
Heat increases the fog of a radiograph and therefore reduces contrast.
Radiographic film should be stored at temperatures lower than approximately 20°C (68°F).
14MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
15. Light
Radiographic film must be stored and handled in the dark.
Any light at all can expose the emulsion before processing.
Radiation:
Ionizing radiation, other than the useful beam, creates an image artifact by increasing fog and
reducing contrast.
Film fog is the dull, uniform OD that appears if the film has been inadvertently exposed to light,
x-rays, heat, or humidity.
15MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
16. FORMATION OF THE LATENT IMAGE
The image-forming x-rays exiting the patient
Incident on the radiographic intensifying screen-film
Deposit visible light energy in the emulsion primarily by interaction with atoms of the silver
halide crystal.
Immediately after exposure, no image can be observed on the film.
An invisible image is present, however, and is called a latent image.
With proper chemical processing, the latent image becomes a visible image, sometimes called
the photographic effect.
The latent image is the invisible change that is induced in the silver halide crystal.
16MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM
17. Silver Halide Crystal
The silver, bromine, and iodine atoms are fixed in the crystal lattice in ion form.
Silver is a positive ion, and bromide and iodide are negative ions.
When a silver halide crystal is formed, each silver atom releases an outer-shell electron, which
becomes attached to a halide atom (either bromine or iodine).
17MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM