The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
Thomas Edison invented fluoroscopy in 1896, which allows radiologists to obtain real-time moving images of internal structures. Fluoroscopy uses low-dose radiation from an x-ray tube and image intensifier to produce dynamic images for guidance during medical procedures. It has many applications including angiography and orthopedic surgery. Modern fluoroscopy equipment includes C-arms and uses automatic brightness control to maintain a constant image brightness during examinations.
This document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray tube. It describes the main parts of an X-ray tube including the anode, cathode, glass envelope and housing. It focuses on the anode in detail, explaining the target material, types of anodes (stationary and rotating), and other anode components like the stem, bearings, rotor and motor system, and focal spot. The functions and properties of each part are provided to explain how an X-ray tube works to produce X-ray radiation for medical applications.
The document discusses the history and components of fluoroscopy systems. Early fluoroscopy required complete darkness as it relied on rod vision, exposing patients and radiologists to high radiation. Modern systems use an image intensifier to amplify images 500-8000x, allowing viewing on a TV screen using cone vision with less radiation exposure. The image intensifier converts x-rays to light through an input phosphor, then light to electrons via a photocathode. Electrostatic lenses accelerate electrons onto an output phosphor, reconverting them to brighter light for display. Cesium iodide replaced earlier phosphors for better x-ray absorption and resolution.
This document discusses radiographic grids, which are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to absorb scatter radiation and improve image quality. It defines grids and their construction using lead strips and spacers. It describes different grid patterns, ratios, frequencies, and types. It also covers topics like primary transmission, grid conversion factor, contrast improvement, and causes of grid cut-off like decentering errors. The key purpose of grids is to absorb scattered radiation and improve radiographic contrast for diagnostic purposes, while minimizing additional patient dose. Grid selection involves balancing image quality with keeping patient exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
1. Fluoroscopy uses real-time imaging to view internal structures in motion using contrast media and an image intensifier.
2. The image intensifier converts x-rays to visible light images that are hundreds of times brighter, allowing them to be viewed on a monitor or recorded.
3. Quality control measurements are important for fluoroscopy due to the relatively high radiation doses involved.
Computed radiography (CR) uses reusable imaging plates and associated hardware and software to acquire and display digital x-ray images as an alternative to traditional film-based radiography. The document provides an overview of the key components of a CR system, including the imaging plate, reader/digitizer, and workstation. It describes how a latent image is captured and stored in the phosphor plate from x-ray exposure, then stimulated and converted to a digital image by the reader using a laser. The advantages of CR over conventional radiography are also summarized, such as reusability of plates and improved image manipulation, storage and sharing capabilities.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
Thomas Edison invented fluoroscopy in 1896, which allows radiologists to obtain real-time moving images of internal structures. Fluoroscopy uses low-dose radiation from an x-ray tube and image intensifier to produce dynamic images for guidance during medical procedures. It has many applications including angiography and orthopedic surgery. Modern fluoroscopy equipment includes C-arms and uses automatic brightness control to maintain a constant image brightness during examinations.
This document discusses the components and functioning of an X-ray tube. It describes the main parts of an X-ray tube including the anode, cathode, glass envelope and housing. It focuses on the anode in detail, explaining the target material, types of anodes (stationary and rotating), and other anode components like the stem, bearings, rotor and motor system, and focal spot. The functions and properties of each part are provided to explain how an X-ray tube works to produce X-ray radiation for medical applications.
The document discusses the history and components of fluoroscopy systems. Early fluoroscopy required complete darkness as it relied on rod vision, exposing patients and radiologists to high radiation. Modern systems use an image intensifier to amplify images 500-8000x, allowing viewing on a TV screen using cone vision with less radiation exposure. The image intensifier converts x-rays to light through an input phosphor, then light to electrons via a photocathode. Electrostatic lenses accelerate electrons onto an output phosphor, reconverting them to brighter light for display. Cesium iodide replaced earlier phosphors for better x-ray absorption and resolution.
This document discusses radiographic grids, which are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to absorb scatter radiation and improve image quality. It defines grids and their construction using lead strips and spacers. It describes different grid patterns, ratios, frequencies, and types. It also covers topics like primary transmission, grid conversion factor, contrast improvement, and causes of grid cut-off like decentering errors. The key purpose of grids is to absorb scattered radiation and improve radiographic contrast for diagnostic purposes, while minimizing additional patient dose. Grid selection involves balancing image quality with keeping patient exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
1. Fluoroscopy uses real-time imaging to view internal structures in motion using contrast media and an image intensifier.
2. The image intensifier converts x-rays to visible light images that are hundreds of times brighter, allowing them to be viewed on a monitor or recorded.
3. Quality control measurements are important for fluoroscopy due to the relatively high radiation doses involved.
Computed radiography (CR) uses reusable imaging plates and associated hardware and software to acquire and display digital x-ray images as an alternative to traditional film-based radiography. The document provides an overview of the key components of a CR system, including the imaging plate, reader/digitizer, and workstation. It describes how a latent image is captured and stored in the phosphor plate from x-ray exposure, then stimulated and converted to a digital image by the reader using a laser. The advantages of CR over conventional radiography are also summarized, such as reusability of plates and improved image manipulation, storage and sharing capabilities.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Macroradiography is a radiographic technique used to magnify images relative to the object being imaged. It works by increasing the object-to-film distance, which magnifies the image size. Key factors that affect image quality include geometric unsharpness, which increases with magnification, and limitations of the x-ray tube's fine focal spot, which restricts output. Macroradiography is useful for examining small bony structures and pulmonary patterns at higher magnification.
This presentation discusses x-ray filtration and beam restriction. It describes how filters absorb low energy x-rays to harden the beam and reduce patient exposure. Various types of filters are discussed including inherent, added, and compensating filters. Beam restrictors like aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators are also summarized. Collimators provide rectangular fields and allow visualization of the beam's edge and center. Automatic collimators precisely match the beam size to the cassette. In summary, filters and restrictors improve image quality and reduce scatter while limiting exposure to relevant anatomy.
1) Fluoroscopy uses pulsed or continuous X-rays and a video camera system to generate real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body.
2) Early fluoroscopy used image intensifiers to convert X-rays to visible light images, while modern digital fluoroscopy uses flat panel detectors and pulse-progressive fluoroscopy to acquire images.
3) Automatic brightness control and magnification allow fluoroscopy units to maintain image brightness and zoom in on areas of interest, while advances in digital technology provide faster imaging, image storage, and lower radiation doses.
This document discusses the proper construction, equipment, and safety procedures for a radiology dark room. It outlines important considerations for the location, size, ventilation, lighting, entrance types, and hazards associated with a dark room. Key pieces of equipment like cassettes, film hangers, and processing chemicals and their uses are described. Common problems that can occur with screen film radiography like crossover exposure, cassette artifacts, and dirty/damaged screens are also reviewed.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
This document discusses the viewing and storage of x-ray films. It describes x-ray viewers as boxes with light lamps used to observe radiograph films. X-ray viewers come in single or multiple formats. Films should be viewed in darkrooms using different light intensities depending on the film density. The document also outlines proper storage methods to protect films, such as wrapping, boxes, and digital formats. Films need storage in low temperature, humidity, and light conditions to avoid artifacts like fogging, strikes, or static marks.
The document is a presentation about radiographic cassettes by Sudil Paudyal. It discusses the functions and features of radiographic cassettes, how they are constructed, the materials used and different types available including single screen, double screen, curved, gridded, multi-section, vacuum, and computed radiography cassettes. It also covers how cassettes should be loaded, unloaded, and cared for to maximize the life of the intensifying screens.
1. An x-ray tube converts electrical energy into x-radiation and heat through a process where electrons from the cathode target the anode, releasing photons.
2. The principal components of an x-ray tube are the cathode, which emits electrons, and the anode, which acts as the target. In rotating anode tubes, the anode rotates to dissipate heat during exposures.
3. Tungsten is commonly used for the filament and target due to its high melting point and ability to efficiently produce x-rays. The filament is heated through thermionic emission to release electrons, while the target converts their impact into x-radiation.
This document provides an overview of digital radiography. It discusses the history, general principles, detectors, advantages, and disadvantages of digital radiography. Digital radiography was first developed in 1980 and makes radiographic images digitally stored and viewable on computers. The document focuses on the two main types of detectors used: flat panel detectors and high-density line-scan solid state detectors. Flat panel detectors can be indirect, using a scintillator, or direct, converting x-rays directly into charge. Digital radiography provides benefits like instant viewing, less radiation dose, and ability to share images digitally, but has higher costs than traditional radiography.
Radiographic grids are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast. Invented in 1913 by Dr. Gustav Bucky, grids work by blocking scattered radiation while allowing primary radiation to pass through. The amount of scatter reduction depends on factors like grid ratio, line frequency, and focal distance. While grids improve image quality, they also increase patient radiation dose. Proper grid selection and positioning are important to maximize benefits and minimize patient exposure.
The document summarizes the process of computed radiography (CR), which uses an imaging plate rather than film. When exposed to X-rays, the phosphor layer in the imaging plate absorbs the radiation and excites electrons. These trapped electrons remain until stimulated by a laser during readout. The plate is scanned by a laser, causing the electrons to release light detected by a photomultiplier tube. This signal is converted to a digital image. After scanning, the plate is erased using light to remove any remaining electrons for future exposures. CR provides benefits over film such as dose reduction and improved image quality.
The document discusses the components and functioning of conventional fluoroscopy, digital fluoroscopy, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). It describes the key components of an image intensifier tube used in conventional fluoroscopy including the glass envelope, input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, and output phosphor. Digital fluoroscopy systems use a charge-coupled device (CCD) instead of a television camera and can acquire images faster with less radiation exposure to the patient. Flat panel detectors are now also used as alternatives to image intensifier tubes.
Exposure factors such as kVp, mA, time, mAs, focal spot size, and distance influence the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam and the resulting radiographic image. KVp controls beam quality and penetration, mA controls quantity of x-rays, and mAs is the product of mA and time determining total exposure. Increasing kVp increases penetration but reduces contrast. Proper selection of these technical factors is needed to produce diagnostic radiographs with minimal radiation exposure.
The document discusses image intensifiers, which convert x-ray images into visible light images. An image intensifier tube contains an input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic lens, and output phosphor. X-rays excite the input phosphor, emitting photons that eject electrons from the photocathode. The electrons are focused through the tube by an electrostatic lens and accelerate onto the output phosphor, emitting brighter light photons to form a fluoroscopic image. Modern image intensifiers use cesium iodide screens and have high brightness gain, low lag time, and reduced distortion compared to earlier models.
The document discusses various radiographic exposure factors and how they influence the quantity and quality of x-radiation exposure to patients. It describes how factors like kVp, mA, and exposure time determine the radiation dose and beam quality. It also discusses how the design of the x-ray machine like focal spot size, filtration, and high voltage generation impact technical settings. Film factors like sensitometry, contrast, and processing also influence radiographic image quality.
Computed Radiography and digital radiographyDurga Singh
This document provides an overview of a seminar on Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR). CR involves capturing x-ray data digitally using an imaging plate, which stores radiation exposure information that is later read out by a laser and processed into an image. DR directly converts x-rays to a digital signal using a detector connected to a computer. The seminar discusses the components, principles, workings, advantages and disadvantages of each technology. It describes how CR imaging plates use photostimulated luminescence and how digital images are produced during plate reading.
The document summarizes the components and functioning of a fluoroscope. A fluoroscope uses x-rays to visualize the motion of internal structures in real-time. It consists of an x-ray generator, tube, collimator, filters, table, grid, image intensifier, optical coupling and television system. The image intensifier converts x-rays into light photons, which are converted into an electronic signal via a television camera or CCD and displayed on a monitor. Spot films can also be obtained from fluoroscopy for later examination.
Floroscopy new microsoft office powerpoint 97 2003 presentation (2)mr_koky
This document discusses fluoroscopy and image intensifiers. It begins with a brief history of fluoroscopy, describing early techniques where radiologists viewed dim, fluorescent images directly. It then explains how modern image intensifiers work, increasing image brightness by converting x-ray photons to electrons that excite a phosphor, producing a brighter light image. The key components of an image intensifier - including input phosphor, photocathode, electron acceleration, and output phosphor - are identified. Factors affecting image quality such as unsharpness, noise, resolution and distortion are also outlined.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Macroradiography is a radiographic technique used to magnify images relative to the object being imaged. It works by increasing the object-to-film distance, which magnifies the image size. Key factors that affect image quality include geometric unsharpness, which increases with magnification, and limitations of the x-ray tube's fine focal spot, which restricts output. Macroradiography is useful for examining small bony structures and pulmonary patterns at higher magnification.
This presentation discusses x-ray filtration and beam restriction. It describes how filters absorb low energy x-rays to harden the beam and reduce patient exposure. Various types of filters are discussed including inherent, added, and compensating filters. Beam restrictors like aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators are also summarized. Collimators provide rectangular fields and allow visualization of the beam's edge and center. Automatic collimators precisely match the beam size to the cassette. In summary, filters and restrictors improve image quality and reduce scatter while limiting exposure to relevant anatomy.
1) Fluoroscopy uses pulsed or continuous X-rays and a video camera system to generate real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body.
2) Early fluoroscopy used image intensifiers to convert X-rays to visible light images, while modern digital fluoroscopy uses flat panel detectors and pulse-progressive fluoroscopy to acquire images.
3) Automatic brightness control and magnification allow fluoroscopy units to maintain image brightness and zoom in on areas of interest, while advances in digital technology provide faster imaging, image storage, and lower radiation doses.
This document discusses the proper construction, equipment, and safety procedures for a radiology dark room. It outlines important considerations for the location, size, ventilation, lighting, entrance types, and hazards associated with a dark room. Key pieces of equipment like cassettes, film hangers, and processing chemicals and their uses are described. Common problems that can occur with screen film radiography like crossover exposure, cassette artifacts, and dirty/damaged screens are also reviewed.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
This document discusses the viewing and storage of x-ray films. It describes x-ray viewers as boxes with light lamps used to observe radiograph films. X-ray viewers come in single or multiple formats. Films should be viewed in darkrooms using different light intensities depending on the film density. The document also outlines proper storage methods to protect films, such as wrapping, boxes, and digital formats. Films need storage in low temperature, humidity, and light conditions to avoid artifacts like fogging, strikes, or static marks.
The document is a presentation about radiographic cassettes by Sudil Paudyal. It discusses the functions and features of radiographic cassettes, how they are constructed, the materials used and different types available including single screen, double screen, curved, gridded, multi-section, vacuum, and computed radiography cassettes. It also covers how cassettes should be loaded, unloaded, and cared for to maximize the life of the intensifying screens.
1. An x-ray tube converts electrical energy into x-radiation and heat through a process where electrons from the cathode target the anode, releasing photons.
2. The principal components of an x-ray tube are the cathode, which emits electrons, and the anode, which acts as the target. In rotating anode tubes, the anode rotates to dissipate heat during exposures.
3. Tungsten is commonly used for the filament and target due to its high melting point and ability to efficiently produce x-rays. The filament is heated through thermionic emission to release electrons, while the target converts their impact into x-radiation.
This document provides an overview of digital radiography. It discusses the history, general principles, detectors, advantages, and disadvantages of digital radiography. Digital radiography was first developed in 1980 and makes radiographic images digitally stored and viewable on computers. The document focuses on the two main types of detectors used: flat panel detectors and high-density line-scan solid state detectors. Flat panel detectors can be indirect, using a scintillator, or direct, converting x-rays directly into charge. Digital radiography provides benefits like instant viewing, less radiation dose, and ability to share images digitally, but has higher costs than traditional radiography.
Radiographic grids are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast. Invented in 1913 by Dr. Gustav Bucky, grids work by blocking scattered radiation while allowing primary radiation to pass through. The amount of scatter reduction depends on factors like grid ratio, line frequency, and focal distance. While grids improve image quality, they also increase patient radiation dose. Proper grid selection and positioning are important to maximize benefits and minimize patient exposure.
The document summarizes the process of computed radiography (CR), which uses an imaging plate rather than film. When exposed to X-rays, the phosphor layer in the imaging plate absorbs the radiation and excites electrons. These trapped electrons remain until stimulated by a laser during readout. The plate is scanned by a laser, causing the electrons to release light detected by a photomultiplier tube. This signal is converted to a digital image. After scanning, the plate is erased using light to remove any remaining electrons for future exposures. CR provides benefits over film such as dose reduction and improved image quality.
The document discusses the components and functioning of conventional fluoroscopy, digital fluoroscopy, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). It describes the key components of an image intensifier tube used in conventional fluoroscopy including the glass envelope, input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, and output phosphor. Digital fluoroscopy systems use a charge-coupled device (CCD) instead of a television camera and can acquire images faster with less radiation exposure to the patient. Flat panel detectors are now also used as alternatives to image intensifier tubes.
Exposure factors such as kVp, mA, time, mAs, focal spot size, and distance influence the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam and the resulting radiographic image. KVp controls beam quality and penetration, mA controls quantity of x-rays, and mAs is the product of mA and time determining total exposure. Increasing kVp increases penetration but reduces contrast. Proper selection of these technical factors is needed to produce diagnostic radiographs with minimal radiation exposure.
The document discusses image intensifiers, which convert x-ray images into visible light images. An image intensifier tube contains an input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic lens, and output phosphor. X-rays excite the input phosphor, emitting photons that eject electrons from the photocathode. The electrons are focused through the tube by an electrostatic lens and accelerate onto the output phosphor, emitting brighter light photons to form a fluoroscopic image. Modern image intensifiers use cesium iodide screens and have high brightness gain, low lag time, and reduced distortion compared to earlier models.
The document discusses various radiographic exposure factors and how they influence the quantity and quality of x-radiation exposure to patients. It describes how factors like kVp, mA, and exposure time determine the radiation dose and beam quality. It also discusses how the design of the x-ray machine like focal spot size, filtration, and high voltage generation impact technical settings. Film factors like sensitometry, contrast, and processing also influence radiographic image quality.
Computed Radiography and digital radiographyDurga Singh
This document provides an overview of a seminar on Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR). CR involves capturing x-ray data digitally using an imaging plate, which stores radiation exposure information that is later read out by a laser and processed into an image. DR directly converts x-rays to a digital signal using a detector connected to a computer. The seminar discusses the components, principles, workings, advantages and disadvantages of each technology. It describes how CR imaging plates use photostimulated luminescence and how digital images are produced during plate reading.
The document summarizes the components and functioning of a fluoroscope. A fluoroscope uses x-rays to visualize the motion of internal structures in real-time. It consists of an x-ray generator, tube, collimator, filters, table, grid, image intensifier, optical coupling and television system. The image intensifier converts x-rays into light photons, which are converted into an electronic signal via a television camera or CCD and displayed on a monitor. Spot films can also be obtained from fluoroscopy for later examination.
Floroscopy new microsoft office powerpoint 97 2003 presentation (2)mr_koky
This document discusses fluoroscopy and image intensifiers. It begins with a brief history of fluoroscopy, describing early techniques where radiologists viewed dim, fluorescent images directly. It then explains how modern image intensifiers work, increasing image brightness by converting x-ray photons to electrons that excite a phosphor, producing a brighter light image. The key components of an image intensifier - including input phosphor, photocathode, electron acceleration, and output phosphor - are identified. Factors affecting image quality such as unsharpness, noise, resolution and distortion are also outlined.
This document discusses fluoroscopy and image intensifiers. It begins by listing the objectives of understanding the principles of image intensifiers, their limitations, and how design can improve quality. It then provides a brief history of fluoroscopy, explaining the transition from direct viewing of fluorescent screens to use of image intensifiers. The key components of image intensifiers are described as well as how they work to increase image brightness without needing dark adaptation. Various fluoroscopy equipment configurations and their uses are outlined. Limitations of image quality like noise, resolution, and distortion are also summarized.
This document discusses fluoroscopy, which uses x-rays and a fluoroscope to obtain real-time moving images of internal structures. It was invented in 1896 by Thomas Edison. Fluoroscopy allows visualization of anatomical structures and organ motion/function. The key components are an x-ray source, fluorescent screen, and image intensifier system coupled to a TV camera. This allows radiologists to view live images on a monitor. Various fluoroscopy systems exist for different applications like surgery or interventional radiology. The document also describes the components and functioning of image intensifiers, TV cameras, and digital fluoroscopy detectors that allow the conversion of x-ray images to visible light and electrical signals.
The document summarizes the components and functioning of a fluoroscope. A fluoroscope uses an x-ray generator and tube to pass x-rays through a patient, and an image intensifier converts the remnant x-rays into visible light photons. This light image is detected by a television camera, which converts it into a video signal displayed on a monitor, allowing real-time visualization of internal structures and fluids. Spot films can also be taken as needed during fluoroscopic exams.
The document discusses the components and functions of a fluoroscope. A fluoroscope uses an image intensifier to provide real-time moving images of internal structures. The image intensifier converts x-rays into visible light images, which are then converted into electronic signals and displayed on a television monitor. Key components of the fluoroscope include the x-ray tube, image intensifier, television camera, and monitor. Fluoroscopy allows visualization of vessel motion and other dynamic studies with low radiation doses.
Fluoroscopy uses X-rays to generate real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. Early systems used a fluorescent screen viewed directly, but modern fluoroscopy uses an image intensifier and video system. The image intensifier converts X-rays into a visible light image using input and output phosphors and an electron optic system. This amplified image can be viewed indirectly on a video monitor and recorded. Higher quality images require a balance of sufficient resolution, contrast and low noise while minimizing radiation dose to patients.
basic of angiography physics and equipement.pdfnaima SENHOU
Angiography uses iodinated contrast medium and x-rays to visualize blood vessels. The document discusses the basic components of angiography equipment, including the x-ray tube, generator, patient table, beam filtration, collimation, anti-scatter grid, and image receptor. It describes the functions of image intensifiers and flat panel detectors in converting x-ray energy into a visible light image for angiography. The learning objectives cover differentiating angiography from other exams, components of the angiography system, image modes, and factors controlling dose and image quality.
1. Fluoroscopy uses x-rays to provide real-time images of internal body structures and motion. Early fluoroscopes consisted of an x-ray tube, table, and faint fluorescent screen viewed in a dark room.
2. The development of the image intensifier in the 1950s allowed for brighter fluoroscopic images. Image intensifiers use a photocathode, electrostatic lens, and output phosphor to amplify the x-ray image thousands of times.
3. Modern fluoroscopy uses cesium iodide and silver screens, along with high voltage electron acceleration, to produce bright, minimally distorted images that can be viewed on monitors or recorded with video cameras.
This document discusses the history and technology of fluoroscopy. It describes how fluoroscopy allows real-time visualization of organ motion, ingested contrast agents, and catheter procedures. Early fluoroscopes consisted of an X-ray tube and screen viewed in dark rooms. The development of image intensifiers in the 1950s allowed brighter fluoroscopic images and the elimination of dark room viewing. Modern image intensifiers use cesium iodide screens, photo cathodes, electrostatic lenses, and output phosphors to emit light photons conveying fluoroscopic images to observers.
This document discusses the history and components of fluoroscopic imaging equipment. It describes how early fluoroscopes consisted of an X-ray tube, table, and screen that required examinations in dark rooms. The development of image intensifiers in the 1950s allowed for brighter fluoroscopic images and examinations in normal lighting conditions. Modern image intensifiers contain an input phosphor and photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, accelerating anode, and output phosphor. Together these components amplify the X-ray image and allow interventional procedures to be guided in real-time under fluoroscopy.
This document discusses fluoroscopy and image intensifiers. It explains that fluoroscopy uses X-rays to produce real-time moving images on a monitor, allowing doctors to see the movement of body parts in detail. It describes how image intensifiers work, using a photocathode and phosphors to convert X-ray photons into many more visible light photons, increasing image brightness. This allows fluoroscopy to be performed without needing total darkness and long adaptation times. The document provides examples of medical procedures that use fluoroscopy like cardiac catheterization and orthography.
The document summarizes key optical principles related to the human visual system. It discusses:
1) The basics of light, photons, and units of measurement for light such as lumens.
2) How different wavelengths of light such as UV, visible light, and X-rays interact with human skin and tissues, including uses in phototherapy and risks of skin cancer.
3) Principles of reflection, refraction, lenses, and image formation and their relevance to the anatomy and functioning of the human eye.
4) Common visual impairments like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism as well as methods for testing visual acuity and visual fields.
1. Fluoroscopy uses X-rays to produce real-time moving images of internal structures. Early fluoroscopy used green screens but had poor image quality and required dark adaptation.
2. Modern fluoroscopy uses image intensifiers to produce brighter images with less radiation. Image intensifiers use photocathodes, electrostatic lenses, and phosphor screens to amplify the X-ray signal into visible light.
3. Fluoroscopy systems are coupled to video cameras and monitors, allowing multiple viewers to see dynamic studies. Recording can be done via cine or video to capture moving images.
1. Fluoroscopy uses real-time x-ray imaging to visualize organ motion, injected contrast agents, stent placement, and small blood vessels.
2. Early fluoroscopes used faint fluorescent screens viewed in dark rooms, requiring adapted vision. Image intensifiers were developed in the 1950s to produce brighter images without excess radiation.
3. Modern fluoroscopy uses cesium iodide screens, electron optics, and closed-circuit television for real-time multi-viewer imaging while reducing patient radiation exposure.
This document discusses fluoroscopy and the components of a fluoroscopy system. It describes how fluoroscopy allows real-time visualization of organ motion, contrast agents, stent placement, and catheterization. It then provides details on the evolution of fluoroscopy technology over time, from early fluoroscopes to modern image intensifiers and closed-circuit television systems. Key components like the image intensifier tube, video camera, and television monitor are explained. Methods of image recording like spot film devices and video recording are also summarized.
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Radiology in orthodontics dr.kavitha /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
This document discusses radiology techniques used in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to radiation physics, including the production of x-rays and properties of x-rays. It then covers radiation biology and the effects of radiation on tissues. The document discusses various intraoral and extraoral radiographic techniques used in orthodontics, including periapical radiographs, bite wing radiographs, and lateral cephalograms. It provides details on techniques, uses, and interpretations of different types of radiographs.
Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopes allow viewing of unstained live samples.
Phase contrast microscopy uses interference of light waves passing through a sample to create contrast between structures of different refractive indices. Fluorescence microscopy employs fluorophores and fluorescent dyes excited by UV or blue light to emit visible light, allowing specific structures to be viewed with a dark background. Both techniques have advanced biological and medical research by enabling observation of otherwise transparent live cells and structures.
Similar to Conventional Fluoroscopy Imaging System (20)
1) The document describes the anatomy of the thoracic wall, including the bones (sternum, ribs, vertebrae), joints, fascia, muscles and openings.
2) Key structures include the thoracic cage formed by the sternum and ribs, which protects the lungs and heart. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
3) Openings include the superior thoracic aperture between the neck and thorax, and the inferior thoracic aperture between the thorax and abdomen.
The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped respiratory organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has an apex, base, borders and surfaces. The right lung is divided into three lobes by two fissures, while the left lung is divided into two lobes by one fissure. Segments are the independent functional units of the lungs supplied by segmental bronchi and vessels. The root contains structures entering or exiting the lung, including bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins, nerves and lymph nodes.
The document discusses the main components of a CT scanner system. It describes the key components as including the x-ray source, high-powered generator, detector, data transmission systems, and computer system for image reconstruction. It provides details on the gantry, detectors, data acquisition system, slip-ring technology that allows continuous rotation, and operating console as the main control center.
CT scanners use x-rays and digital image detectors to create cross-sectional images of the body. X-rays are produced by an x-ray tube that rotates around the patient, and are detected on the opposite side. The detected x-ray information is sent to a computer which uses reconstruction algorithms to generate 2D slice images of tissues and structures within the body. CT scans provide detailed internal images and can be used to diagnose many medical conditions.
There are four generations of computed tomography (CT) imaging systems. The first generation used a single detector and pencil beam, taking 5 minutes per scan. The second generation used an array of detectors and fan beam, reducing scan time to 30 seconds. The third generation rotated the x-ray tube and array of detectors, achieving subsecond scan times but risked ring artifacts from detector failures. The fourth generation kept detectors stationary and only rotated the x-ray tube, eliminating ring artifacts. Today, third generation CT systems with helical and multi-slice capabilities are most common.
The document discusses the components and operation of an X-ray imaging system. The system has three principal sections: the operating console, X-ray tube, and high-voltage generator. The operating console controls parameters like kVp, mA, and exposure time. X-ray tubes can be attached to ceiling, floor-to-ceiling, or C-arm support systems. The tube is enclosed in a protective housing to reduce radiation leakage and provide mechanical support. The high-voltage generator supplies power to the X-ray tube for image formation when X-rays pass through a patient and expose imaging plates or screens.
This document provides an overview of various medical imaging modalities. It defines radiology as the use of radiation for diagnosis and treatment. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can pass through objects and are used to view bone structures in the body. The document discusses different imaging modalities including general radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound. It also covers related topics such as the units used to measure radiation, basic radiation protection techniques, and the roles of radiologic technologists.
Contrast materials such as barium and iodine compounds are used to improve the visibility of structures in medical imaging. They work by blocking or limiting the passage of x-rays/radiation through areas where they are introduced into the body. Contrast materials can be administered orally, rectally, or intravenously depending on the area being examined. Iodine contrasts are commonly used with CT and x-ray to improve visualization of organs and vasculature, while barium is often used for imaging of the gastrointestinal tract.
This document provides an overview of various medical imaging modalities. It begins with definitions of key terms like radiology, X-rays, and radiation. It then discusses the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Rontgen and how they work. The document outlines several imaging modalities like radiography, fluoroscopy, CT, MRI, and ultrasound. It also discusses the roles of radiologic technologists and basic concepts like radiation protection and units. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to medical imaging and the various technologies involved.
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1. Conventional Fluoroscopy
Imaging System
Muhammad Arif Afridi
Lecturer In Medical Imaging
Email: drarifafridi@gmail.com
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 1
2. An Overview of Fluoroscopy
The Primary function of the fluoroscope is to provide real-time dynamic viewing of anatomic
structures.
Dynamic studies are examinations that show the motion of circulation or the motion of
internal structures.
During fluoroscopy, the radiologist generally uses contrast media to highlight the anatomy.
The radiologist then views a continuous image of the internal structure.
If the radiologist observes something during the fluoroscopic examination and would like to
preserve that image for further study, a radiograph called a spot film can be taken without
interruption of the dynamic examination.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 2
3. Fluoroscopy is actually a rather routine type of x-ray examination except for its application in
the visualization of vessels, called angiography.
These angiography are now referred to as interventional radiology
“The fluoroscope is used for examination of moving internal structures and fluids.”
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 3
4. Fluoroscope and its associated parts.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 4
5. Fluoroscopy Composition / Structure
Fluoroscopic imaging system, the x-ray tube is usually hidden under the patient table.
The image intensifier are set over the patient table.
With some fluoroscopes, the x-ray tube is over the patient table, and the image receptor is
under the patient table.
Some fluoroscopes are operated remotely from outside the x-ray room.
During image-intensified fluoroscopy, the radiologic image is displayed on a television monitor
or flat panel monitor.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 5
Image intensifier that converts x-rays into visible light at high intensity
6. During fluoroscopy, the x-ray tube is operated at less than 5 mA.
Despite the lower mA, however, the patient dose is considerably higher during fluoroscopy
than during radiographic examinations because the x-ray beam exposes the patient constantly
for a considerably longer time.
The kilovolt peak (kVp) of operation depends entirely on the section of the body that is being
examined.
Fluoroscopic equipment allows the radiologist to select an image brightness level that is
subsequently maintained automatically by varying the kVp, the mA, or sometimes both.
This feature of the fluoroscope is called automatic brightness control (ABC).
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 6
7. Fluoroscope and its associated parts.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 7
8. Special Demands of Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy is a dynamic process; thus, the radiologist must adapt to moving images that are
sometimes dim.
This requires some knowledge of image illumination and visual physiology.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 8
9. 1. Illumination
The principal advantage of image-intensified fluoroscopy over earlier types of fluoroscopy is
increased image brightness.
Just as it is much more difficult to read a book in dim illumination than in bright illumination.
It is much harder to interpret a dim fluoroscopic image than a bright one.
Illumination levels are measured in units of lumen per square meter or lux.
Radiographs are visualized under illumination levels of 100 to 1000 lux.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 9
10. 2. Human Vision
The structures in the eye that are responsible for the sensation of vision are called rods and
cones.
Light incident on the eye must first pass through the cornea, a transparent protective covering,
Then through the lens, where the light is focused onto the retina.
Between the cornea and the lens is the iris, which behaves similarly to the diaphragm of a
photographic camera in controlling the amount of light that is admitted to the eye.
In the presence of bright light, the iris contracts and allows only a small amount of light to enter.
During low-light conditions, the iris dilates and allows more light to enter.
When light arrives at the retina, it is detected by the rods and the cones.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 10
11. The threshold for rod vision is approximately 2 lux and cones threshold is about 100 lux.
Cones are used primarily for daylight vision, called photopic vision, and rods are used for night
vision, called scotopic vision.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 11
12. Fluoroscopic Technique
During fluoroscopy, maximum image detail is desired; this requires high levels of image
brightness.
The image intensifier was developed principally to replace the conventional fluorescent screen.
The image intensifier raises illumination into the cone vision region, where visual acuity is
greatest.
High kVp and low mA are preferred.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 12
13. Image-Intensifier Tube
The image-intensifier tube is a complex electronic device that receives
the image-forming x-ray beam and converts it into a visible-light image of
high intensity.
The tube components are contained within a glass or metal envelope that
provides structural support but more importantly maintains a vacuum.
When installed, the tube is mounted inside a metal container to protect it
from rough handling and breakage.
X-rays that exit the patient and are incident on the image-intensifier tube
are transmitted through the glass envelope and interact with the input
phosphor, which is cesium iodide (CsI).
When an x-ray interacts with the input phosphor, its energy is converted
into visible light.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 13
14. The CsI crystals are grown as tiny needles and are tightly packed in a layer of approximately 300
μm, Each crystal is approximately 5 μm in diameter.
The next active element of the image-intensifier tube is the photocathode, which is bonded
directly to the input phosphor with a thin, transparent adhesive layer.
The photocathode is a thin metal layer usually composed of cesium and antimony compounds
that respond to stimulation of input phosphor light by the emission of electrons.
This process is known as photoemission.
The number of electrons emitted by the photocathode is directly proportional to the intensity
of light that reaches it.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 14
The photocathode emits electrons when illuminated by the input phosphor.
15. The image-intensifier tube is approximately 50 cm long.
A potential difference of about 25,000 V is maintained across the tube between photocathode
and anode so that electrons produced by photoemission will be accelerated to the anode.
The anode is a circular plate with a hole in the middle through which electrons pass to the
output phosphor,
which is just the other side of the anode and is usually made of zinc cadmium sulfide.
The output phosphor is the site where electrons interact and produce light.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 15
16. For the image pattern to be accurate, the electron path from the
photocathode to the output phosphor must be precise.
The engineering aspects of maintaining proper electron travel are
called electron optics.
The interaction of these high-energy electrons with the output
phosphor produces a considerable amount of light.
Each photoelectron that arrives at the output phosphor produces
50 to 75 times as many light photons as were necessary to create it.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 16
17. Ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor to the number of x-rays at the
input phosphor is the flux gain.
The ability of the image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image is called its
brightness gain.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 17
18. Summary
Glass envelope
Surrounds all of the components and provides mechanical support of internal
components has a vacuum tube.
Input phosphor
Receives incident x-rays from the x-ray tube and converts them into light
Composed of cesium iodide
Photocathode
Attached to the input phosphor by an adhesive layer, Converts light from input
phosphor to electrons by photoemission Negative portion of the tube
Anode
Positive portion of the tube. A circular plate with a hole in it in which electrons
are focused to which goes to the output phosphor
Electrostatic focusing lenses
Focuses electron path form photocathode to anode by means of repulsion
Output phosphor
Converts electrons from anode to light
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 18
19. Fluoroscopic Image Monitoring
Television Monitoring
Image Recording
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 19
Vidicon television camera tube
diameter of approximately 2.5 cm
length of 15 cm. The image-intensifier tube
20. Television Monitoring
With the television monitoring system of a fluoroscopic image, the output phosphor of the
image-intensifier tube is coupled directly to a television camera tube.
The vidicon is the television camera tube that is most often used in television fluoroscopy.
It has a sensitive input surface that is the same size as the output phosphor of the image-
intensifier tube.
The television camera tube converts the light image from the output phosphor of the image
intensifier into an electrical signal that is sent to the television monitor, where it is reconstructed
as an image on the television screen.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 20
21. Advantage
A significant advantage of television monitoring is that brightness level and contrast can be
controlled electronically.
With television monitoring, several observers can view the fluoroscopic image at the same time.
It is even common to place monitors remote to the examination room for others to observe.
Television monitoring also allows for storage of the image in its electronic form for later playback
and image manipulation.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 21
A television camera tube or CCD converts the light signal from
the output phosphor to an electronic signal.
22. Methods
Television Camera. Two methods are used to electronically convert the visible image on the
output phosphor of the image intensifier into an electronic signal.
These are the thermionic television camera tube and the solid state charge-coupled device
(CCD).
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 22
23. The television camera consists of cylindrical housing, approximately 15 mm in diameter by 25
cm in length, that contains the heart of the television camera tube.
It also contains electromagnetic coils that are used to properly steer the electron beam inside
the tube.
The glass envelope serves the same function that it does for the x-ray tube: to maintain a
vacuum and provide mechanical support for the internal elements.
These internal elements include the cathode, its electron gun, assorted electrostatic grids, and a
target assembly that serves as an anode.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 23
24. The electron gun is a heated filament that supplies a constant electron current by thermionic
emission.
The electrons are formed into an electron beam by the control grid, which also helps to
accelerate the electrons to the anode.
At the anode end of the tube, the electron beam passes through a wire mesh–like structure and
interacts with the target assembly.
The target assembly consists of three layers that are sandwiched together. The outside layer is
the window, the thin part of the glass envelope.
Coated on the inside of the window is a thin layer of metal or graphite, called the signal plate.
The signal plate is thin enough to transmit light yet thick enough to efficiently conduct
electricity. Its name derives from the fact that it conducts the video signal out of the tube into
the external video circuit.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 24
25. Image Recording
The conventional cassette-loaded spot film is one item that is used with image-intensified
fluoroscopes. The spot film is positioned between the patient and the image intensifier.
During fluoroscopy, the cassette is parked in a leadlined shroud so it is not unintentionally
exposed. When a cassette spot-film exposure is desired.
When the entire film is exposed at one time, it is called “one-on-one” Mode.
When only half of the film is exposed at a time, two images result—“two-on-one” mode.
Four-on-one and six-on-one modes are also available, with the images becoming successively
smaller.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 25
26. Television Monitor. The video signal is amplified and is transmitted by cable to the television
monitor, where it is transformed back into a visible image.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 26
27. FLUOROSCOPY QUALITY CONTROL
Fluoroscopic examination can result in high patient radiation dose.
The entrance skin dose (ESD) for an adult averages 30 to 50 mGyt/min (3 to 5 R/min) during
fluoroscopy
Approximate patient radiation dose can be identified through the performance of proper QC
measurements.
Some measurements may be required more frequently after significant changes have occurred
in the operating console, high-voltage generator, or x-ray tube.
MUHAMMAD ARIF AFRIDI | LECTURER IN MEDICAL IMAGING | DRARIFAFRIDI@GMAIL.COM 27