wrought iron
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•39 views
Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a small amount of slag. It has a fibrous structure due to thin layers of slag separating the pure iron. The production process involves eliminating other elements from molten iron and squeezing out excess slag. This gives wrought iron high ductility and strength of 350 N/mm2, making it suitable for applications like railway couplings, bolts and nuts, and coal handling equipment.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Ferrous metals
The document provides information on ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in engineering. It discusses the production of pig iron from iron ore through a blast furnace process. Key steps include smelting the ore with coke at high temperatures. Pig iron is then recast into cast iron, which is used to make machine parts due to its hardness. Common ferrous metals like steel are widely used in construction due to their strength and abundance. Non-ferrous metals like aluminum are also gaining importance for lightweight applications.
Non ferrous metals (2)
This document discusses non-ferrous metals. It provides information on various non-ferrous metals including aluminum, copper, zinc, and others. Key points include:
- Non-ferrous metals do not contain appreciable amounts of iron. They are highly malleable and corrosion resistant compared to ferrous metals.
- Aluminum is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals. It is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and used extensively in transportation and construction.
- Copper and zinc are also discussed with details provided on their properties and manufacturing processes.
- Various uses of non-ferrous metals in industrial applications are highlighted.
Ppt ferrous metal apoorv dixit
This document discusses different types of ferrous metals and their properties. It describes various grades of steel including low carbon steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. It also discusses different types of cast iron like grey cast iron, white cast iron, nodular cast iron, and malleable cast iron. The effects of alloying elements like manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur on the properties of steel are also summarized. Degradation of ferrous materials through corrosion is mentioned.
Ferrous Metals
This document discusses ferrous metals, which include iron, steel, and their alloys. It describes the production of pig iron through the blast furnace process and its uses. Pig iron can be further processed into cast iron and wrought iron. Steel is also discussed, which contains 0.1-1.5% carbon and is produced through various processes including the Bessemer process. The properties and applications of these ferrous metals are explained.
Steel - BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Mechanical Technology Grade 12 Chapter 5 Materials
The document discusses the history and uses of iron. It then describes the processes of extracting iron from iron ore and manufacturing steel. Iron has been used for over 4000 years, and was first extracted around 3000 BC in Egypt. It is strong yet malleable and is used for tools, weapons, infrastructure and machinery. Iron ore is smelted in blast furnaces and cupola furnaces to produce pig iron and cast iron. Steel is made by further processing pig iron in open hearth, basic oxygen or electric furnaces.
Non Ferrous Metals
This document provides an overview of three non-ferrous metals: zinc, copper, and lead. It describes the manufacturing processes, properties, prices, and common uses of each metal. For zinc, it discusses how it is extracted from sphalerite ores through smelting and froth flotation. Copper production involves mining copper sulfide ores and smelting. Lead is extracted from galena ores through a process including sintering and blast furnace smelting. Their various material properties and applications in products like batteries, wiring, roofing and more are also outlined.
Ferrous metals
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, such as steel which is an alloy of iron and carbon. The amount of carbon determines the properties and applications of different types of ferrous metals. Pig iron contains a high amount of carbon (2-4%) and is very hard and brittle. It is used to make steel. Cast iron also contains 2-4% carbon and is strong under compression. Wrought iron contains a very low amount of carbon and is tough and malleable. Steel contains 0.15-1.5% carbon and includes low, medium, and high carbon varieties with different properties. Alloy steels like stainless steel add other elements like chromium for improved properties such as corrosion resistance. Fer
Recommended
Ferrous metals
The document provides information on ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in engineering. It discusses the production of pig iron from iron ore through a blast furnace process. Key steps include smelting the ore with coke at high temperatures. Pig iron is then recast into cast iron, which is used to make machine parts due to its hardness. Common ferrous metals like steel are widely used in construction due to their strength and abundance. Non-ferrous metals like aluminum are also gaining importance for lightweight applications.
Non ferrous metals (2)
This document discusses non-ferrous metals. It provides information on various non-ferrous metals including aluminum, copper, zinc, and others. Key points include:
- Non-ferrous metals do not contain appreciable amounts of iron. They are highly malleable and corrosion resistant compared to ferrous metals.
- Aluminum is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals. It is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and used extensively in transportation and construction.
- Copper and zinc are also discussed with details provided on their properties and manufacturing processes.
- Various uses of non-ferrous metals in industrial applications are highlighted.
Ppt ferrous metal apoorv dixit
This document discusses different types of ferrous metals and their properties. It describes various grades of steel including low carbon steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. It also discusses different types of cast iron like grey cast iron, white cast iron, nodular cast iron, and malleable cast iron. The effects of alloying elements like manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur on the properties of steel are also summarized. Degradation of ferrous materials through corrosion is mentioned.
Ferrous Metals
This document discusses ferrous metals, which include iron, steel, and their alloys. It describes the production of pig iron through the blast furnace process and its uses. Pig iron can be further processed into cast iron and wrought iron. Steel is also discussed, which contains 0.1-1.5% carbon and is produced through various processes including the Bessemer process. The properties and applications of these ferrous metals are explained.
Steel - BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Mechanical Technology Grade 12 Chapter 5 Materials
The document discusses the history and uses of iron. It then describes the processes of extracting iron from iron ore and manufacturing steel. Iron has been used for over 4000 years, and was first extracted around 3000 BC in Egypt. It is strong yet malleable and is used for tools, weapons, infrastructure and machinery. Iron ore is smelted in blast furnaces and cupola furnaces to produce pig iron and cast iron. Steel is made by further processing pig iron in open hearth, basic oxygen or electric furnaces.
Non Ferrous Metals
This document provides an overview of three non-ferrous metals: zinc, copper, and lead. It describes the manufacturing processes, properties, prices, and common uses of each metal. For zinc, it discusses how it is extracted from sphalerite ores through smelting and froth flotation. Copper production involves mining copper sulfide ores and smelting. Lead is extracted from galena ores through a process including sintering and blast furnace smelting. Their various material properties and applications in products like batteries, wiring, roofing and more are also outlined.
Ferrous metals
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, such as steel which is an alloy of iron and carbon. The amount of carbon determines the properties and applications of different types of ferrous metals. Pig iron contains a high amount of carbon (2-4%) and is very hard and brittle. It is used to make steel. Cast iron also contains 2-4% carbon and is strong under compression. Wrought iron contains a very low amount of carbon and is tough and malleable. Steel contains 0.15-1.5% carbon and includes low, medium, and high carbon varieties with different properties. Alloy steels like stainless steel add other elements like chromium for improved properties such as corrosion resistance. Fer
Ferrous and non ferrous metals
The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
ferrous metals and alloys
This document discusses various ferrous metals and alloys, including pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, carbon steels, and alloy steels. It describes the production of pig iron in a blast furnace and the key properties and uses of different types of cast iron and steels. The effects of various alloying elements in steels are also summarized.
Non-Ferrous Alloys - Brass
Brass is a metal alloy composed primarily of copper and zinc. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of brass can be altered, allowing for harder and softer variations. Brass has a yellow color, higher malleability than bronze or zinc, and is corrosion resistant. It is commonly used in applications that require decorative gold-like appearance, acoustic properties for musical instruments, or corrosion resistance for plumbing fixtures and other uses.
Ferrous metals
This document summarizes different types of ferrous metals used in construction. It discusses pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron, describing their properties and typical uses. It also covers steel alloys like stainless steel and mild steel. Finally, it briefly discusses metal coating techniques like electroplating, spraying, and galvanizing used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion.
Ferrous metals
The document discusses ferrous metals used in construction, focusing on iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and steel. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of each. Iron is the most commonly used metal, making up around 4.6% of the Earth's crust. Ferrous metals contain iron as the main constituent, while non-ferrous metals do not. Pig iron is the raw material produced from iron ores that is further processed into cast iron, wrought iron, and steel depending on the carbon content and manufacturing method.
Nodulariser Alloy - FeSiMg
Ferro Silicon Magnesium Alloy is used for production of Spheroidal Graphite Iron. The presentation gives insight for Why S.G. Iron is used? and Application of FeSiMg alloy in the production of S.G. Iron.
Stainless steel
Stainless steel is an alloy made of iron, chromium, and other elements that gives it excellent corrosion resistance. There are five main types - ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening - with varying compositions and properties like strength and magnetic response. Stainless steel is manufactured through processes like melting, casting, hot and cold rolling, annealing, pickling or electropolishing to remove scale, and various forming and finishing steps before being used in a wide range of applications.
Wrought iron final
Rs. 600/kg
2. SHIVA IRON WORKS
for shopkeeper for customer
rate of wrought iron in kg
Ms chapter 3
1. Describes the principles of the Bessemer and basic oxygen processes used in the production of steel from pig iron, which involve blowing oxygen through pig iron to lower the carbon content and produce steel in a rapid process.
2. Explains centrifugal casting which involves rotating a permanent mold at high speeds to cast cylindrical shapes by throwing molten metal against the inner mold wall where it solidifies.
3. Describes cold working which refers to plastic deformation, usually at room temperature, that strengthens metals by reducing grain size but makes them more brittle.
Copper and its alloys
This document provides information on copper and its alloys. It discusses the properties and applications of copper, as well as various copper alloys including brass, bronze, and gun metal. Specific alloys are defined, such as electrolytic copper, deoxidized copper, and arsenical copper. Application areas are noted for each alloy type. Brass contains zinc as its primary alloying element and types include gliding metal and cartridge brass. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is hard and resistant to wear. Gun metal contains copper, tin and zinc and has various types including admiralty and leaded gun metal.
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
STAINLESS STEEL AND THEIR TYEPS
Stainless steel was discovered in 1913 by Harry Brearley, who noticed that a 13% chromium steel sample had not corroded after several months of experimentation. However, the full history is more complex. Stainless steel is defined as containing at least 10.5% chromium, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface to prevent corrosion. Common types include ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels, which differ in their crystalline structures and alloying elements. Austenitic stainless steels like 304 and 316 are the most widely used grades.
STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF NON FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS
Phase of different type of microstructure,Tin base babbit,self lubricating bearing material,Precipitation hardening Alloy
Bt1 metals
This document provides an overview of metals and metal by-products. It discusses the extraction of metals from ores through processes like pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. It then describes various physical and mechanical properties of metals like hardness, conductivity, strength. Ferrous metals like iron and steel are explained in detail, along with common alloys. Non-ferrous metals discussed include aluminium, noting its use in modern construction for properties like durability, design flexibility, and surface finish options.
Stainless Steel
The document discusses different types of stainless steel, including their compositions and properties. It begins with an overview of crystallography and allotropes, explaining that iron and steel are crystalline and can exist in different forms. It then covers the four main types of stainless steel: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex. For each type, the document describes their typical compositions in terms of chromium, nickel, and other elements, as well as their properties such as corrosion resistance, strength, and magnetic permeability.
Non ferrous metals
This document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It defines non-ferrous metals as metals that do not contain iron in appreciable amounts. Some key non-ferrous metals discussed include copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, lead, magnesium, and titanium. The document also discusses non-ferrous alloys like brass, bronze, duralumin and solder. It provides examples of common uses for each metal and alloy. The document concludes by comparing advantages and disadvantages of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Iron and steel as building material
The document provides information about iron and steel, including:
1) It describes the properties and manufacturing process of pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Pig iron is high in carbon and used to make steel. Cast iron is hard and brittle while wrought iron is soft and malleable.
2) It discusses the properties of mild steel and hard steel, as well as various measures that can be taken to prevent corrosion of steel. These include using stainless steel, barrier coatings, and anti-corrosive paints.
3) It outlines the mechanical treatment processes used to shape steel ingots into usable forms, including drawing, forging, pressing, and rolling.
Non ferrous alloys
This document provides an overview of various non-ferrous alloys including copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminium alloys like duralumin and silumin, titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, magnesium alloys and their properties and applications. It discusses the alloying elements, strengthening mechanisms, microstructure and common types of each alloy. Key alloys and their uses in various industries are also summarized.
BUILDING MATERIALS AS A STEEL
This document discusses various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction. It describes steel as a primary structural building material that forms the skeleton of a building. Stainless steel is highlighted as an alloy of iron, carbon, chromium, nickel, and magnesium known for its corrosion resistance and attractive appearance due to chromium. The document also mentions aluminum, brass, copper, and lead as common non-ferrous metals used in secondary building elements and decorative applications.
CAST IRON & WROUGHT IRON
This document provides information about iron as a building material, including its various types and uses. It discusses the following:
- Iron is the second most common metal on Earth and is very strong and cheap, making it widely used. It exists in four forms and is the main ingredient in steel.
- The main types of iron used in building are wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Wrought iron is strong and malleable while cast iron is strong in compression.
- Iron has many applications in construction such as beams, columns, and architectural details. It is also used in machinery due to its strength. Cast iron specifically has been used historically for architectural elements and is inexpensive to cast
Cast iron
The document provides information on cast iron, including its history, manufacture, composition, types, properties, uses, production/processing, and future applications. Some key points:
- Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and has carbon content above 2%.
- It is manufactured by re-melting pig iron in a cupola furnace to remove impurities and produce molten cast iron for casting.
- The main types include grey, white, mottled, chilled, and spheroidal graphite (ductile) iron.
- It has properties of being relatively low melting, strong in compression but weak in tension, and not magnetic or ductile.
- Common uses include
Various types of engineering cast iron
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
More Related Content
What's hot
Ferrous and non ferrous metals
The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
ferrous metals and alloys
This document discusses various ferrous metals and alloys, including pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, carbon steels, and alloy steels. It describes the production of pig iron in a blast furnace and the key properties and uses of different types of cast iron and steels. The effects of various alloying elements in steels are also summarized.
Non-Ferrous Alloys - Brass
Brass is a metal alloy composed primarily of copper and zinc. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of brass can be altered, allowing for harder and softer variations. Brass has a yellow color, higher malleability than bronze or zinc, and is corrosion resistant. It is commonly used in applications that require decorative gold-like appearance, acoustic properties for musical instruments, or corrosion resistance for plumbing fixtures and other uses.
Ferrous metals
This document summarizes different types of ferrous metals used in construction. It discusses pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron, describing their properties and typical uses. It also covers steel alloys like stainless steel and mild steel. Finally, it briefly discusses metal coating techniques like electroplating, spraying, and galvanizing used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion.
Ferrous metals
The document discusses ferrous metals used in construction, focusing on iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and steel. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of each. Iron is the most commonly used metal, making up around 4.6% of the Earth's crust. Ferrous metals contain iron as the main constituent, while non-ferrous metals do not. Pig iron is the raw material produced from iron ores that is further processed into cast iron, wrought iron, and steel depending on the carbon content and manufacturing method.
Nodulariser Alloy - FeSiMg
Ferro Silicon Magnesium Alloy is used for production of Spheroidal Graphite Iron. The presentation gives insight for Why S.G. Iron is used? and Application of FeSiMg alloy in the production of S.G. Iron.
Stainless steel
Stainless steel is an alloy made of iron, chromium, and other elements that gives it excellent corrosion resistance. There are five main types - ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening - with varying compositions and properties like strength and magnetic response. Stainless steel is manufactured through processes like melting, casting, hot and cold rolling, annealing, pickling or electropolishing to remove scale, and various forming and finishing steps before being used in a wide range of applications.
Wrought iron final
Rs. 600/kg
2. SHIVA IRON WORKS
for shopkeeper for customer
rate of wrought iron in kg
Ms chapter 3
1. Describes the principles of the Bessemer and basic oxygen processes used in the production of steel from pig iron, which involve blowing oxygen through pig iron to lower the carbon content and produce steel in a rapid process.
2. Explains centrifugal casting which involves rotating a permanent mold at high speeds to cast cylindrical shapes by throwing molten metal against the inner mold wall where it solidifies.
3. Describes cold working which refers to plastic deformation, usually at room temperature, that strengthens metals by reducing grain size but makes them more brittle.
Copper and its alloys
This document provides information on copper and its alloys. It discusses the properties and applications of copper, as well as various copper alloys including brass, bronze, and gun metal. Specific alloys are defined, such as electrolytic copper, deoxidized copper, and arsenical copper. Application areas are noted for each alloy type. Brass contains zinc as its primary alloying element and types include gliding metal and cartridge brass. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is hard and resistant to wear. Gun metal contains copper, tin and zinc and has various types including admiralty and leaded gun metal.
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
STAINLESS STEEL AND THEIR TYEPS
Stainless steel was discovered in 1913 by Harry Brearley, who noticed that a 13% chromium steel sample had not corroded after several months of experimentation. However, the full history is more complex. Stainless steel is defined as containing at least 10.5% chromium, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface to prevent corrosion. Common types include ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels, which differ in their crystalline structures and alloying elements. Austenitic stainless steels like 304 and 316 are the most widely used grades.
STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF NON FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS
Phase of different type of microstructure,Tin base babbit,self lubricating bearing material,Precipitation hardening Alloy
Bt1 metals
This document provides an overview of metals and metal by-products. It discusses the extraction of metals from ores through processes like pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. It then describes various physical and mechanical properties of metals like hardness, conductivity, strength. Ferrous metals like iron and steel are explained in detail, along with common alloys. Non-ferrous metals discussed include aluminium, noting its use in modern construction for properties like durability, design flexibility, and surface finish options.
Stainless Steel
The document discusses different types of stainless steel, including their compositions and properties. It begins with an overview of crystallography and allotropes, explaining that iron and steel are crystalline and can exist in different forms. It then covers the four main types of stainless steel: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex. For each type, the document describes their typical compositions in terms of chromium, nickel, and other elements, as well as their properties such as corrosion resistance, strength, and magnetic permeability.
Non ferrous metals
This document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It defines non-ferrous metals as metals that do not contain iron in appreciable amounts. Some key non-ferrous metals discussed include copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, lead, magnesium, and titanium. The document also discusses non-ferrous alloys like brass, bronze, duralumin and solder. It provides examples of common uses for each metal and alloy. The document concludes by comparing advantages and disadvantages of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Iron and steel as building material
The document provides information about iron and steel, including:
1) It describes the properties and manufacturing process of pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Pig iron is high in carbon and used to make steel. Cast iron is hard and brittle while wrought iron is soft and malleable.
2) It discusses the properties of mild steel and hard steel, as well as various measures that can be taken to prevent corrosion of steel. These include using stainless steel, barrier coatings, and anti-corrosive paints.
3) It outlines the mechanical treatment processes used to shape steel ingots into usable forms, including drawing, forging, pressing, and rolling.
Non ferrous alloys
This document provides an overview of various non-ferrous alloys including copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminium alloys like duralumin and silumin, titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, magnesium alloys and their properties and applications. It discusses the alloying elements, strengthening mechanisms, microstructure and common types of each alloy. Key alloys and their uses in various industries are also summarized.
BUILDING MATERIALS AS A STEEL
This document discusses various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction. It describes steel as a primary structural building material that forms the skeleton of a building. Stainless steel is highlighted as an alloy of iron, carbon, chromium, nickel, and magnesium known for its corrosion resistance and attractive appearance due to chromium. The document also mentions aluminum, brass, copper, and lead as common non-ferrous metals used in secondary building elements and decorative applications.
CAST IRON & WROUGHT IRON
This document provides information about iron as a building material, including its various types and uses. It discusses the following:
- Iron is the second most common metal on Earth and is very strong and cheap, making it widely used. It exists in four forms and is the main ingredient in steel.
- The main types of iron used in building are wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Wrought iron is strong and malleable while cast iron is strong in compression.
- Iron has many applications in construction such as beams, columns, and architectural details. It is also used in machinery due to its strength. Cast iron specifically has been used historically for architectural elements and is inexpensive to cast
What's hot (20)
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF NON FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS
STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF NON FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS
Similar to wrought iron
Cast iron
The document provides information on cast iron, including its history, manufacture, composition, types, properties, uses, production/processing, and future applications. Some key points:
- Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and has carbon content above 2%.
- It is manufactured by re-melting pig iron in a cupola furnace to remove impurities and produce molten cast iron for casting.
- The main types include grey, white, mottled, chilled, and spheroidal graphite (ductile) iron.
- It has properties of being relatively low melting, strong in compression but weak in tension, and not magnetic or ductile.
- Common uses include
Various types of engineering cast iron
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
MSE7-3.pdf
The document discusses different types of metal alloys used in engineering. It describes ferrous alloys, which contain iron as the main element, and includes steels and cast irons. Steels contain less than 1.4% carbon, while cast irons contain between 2.4-4.3% carbon. The main types of cast irons discussed are white cast iron, which contains cementite, and gray cast iron, which contains graphite flakes distributed in an iron matrix. Nodular or ductile cast iron contains graphite nodules rather than flakes, making it stronger and tougher than gray cast iron.
ferrous metals (Ch 07 Edition 11th) - uses and applications.pptx
Plain carbon steel contains iron and a small amount of carbon along with residual amounts of other impurities like manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. Carbon steel has a maximum carbon content of 1.5% and its properties depend primarily on the carbon content, with higher carbon increasing strength but decreasing ductility and toughness. Carbon steel is the most widely used type of steel due to its good strength properties and low cost.
Effect of austemperig on ductile iron
This document discusses the effect of austempering on ductile iron. It provides background on ductile iron and its production process, including the addition of magnesium to produce spheroidal graphite. The document then discusses various heat treatments that can be applied to ductile iron such as annealing, normalizing, and austempering. Austempering involves heating to form austenite, quenching, and then holding at a temperature to form ausferrite microstructure which improves properties. Literature on the effect of austempering variables and heat treatments on mechanical properties is also reviewed.
METALS.ppt
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are usually shiny, malleable, and ductile. The main types of metals are ferrous (containing iron) and non-ferrous. Ferrous metals include pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and various types of steel depending on carbon content. Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, brass, lead, and tin. Metals can be protected from corrosion through processes like tarring, painting, galvanizing, and electroplating which form protective coatings.
steel.pptx
This document discusses different types of metals and alloys, including ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It describes the composition and properties of various metals including pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, steel alloys and stainless steel. It also covers the manufacturing processes of metals, heat treatments used to alter properties as well as methods of preservation against corrosion.
Metals
Metals are used widely in engineering. They are extracted from ores found naturally as compounds. The main types are ferrous (containing iron), non-ferrous (not containing iron), and alloys (mixtures). Important ferrous metals include mild steel, cast iron, and wrought iron. Metals must be processed and can be joined through methods like welding, brazing, and soldering to combat corrosion.
metals-130708115332-phpapp02.pdf
Metals are solid at room temperature except for mercury which is liquid. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and are usually strong and malleable. Common metals include iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and gold. Iron exists in nature as ores which are treated to extract the metal. Pig iron is a crude form of iron produced from ores and is cast into bars. It can be further refined into wrought iron or cast iron. Steel is an alloy of iron with controlled amounts of carbon. Mild steel, high carbon steel, and high tension steel differ in their carbon content and properties. Metals must be protected from rusting and corrosion through various treatments like painting, galvanizing, and electropl
Non-Ferrous Alloy
The document discusses non-ferrous alloys, beginning with an introduction on the limitations of ferrous alloys and advantages of using non-ferrous alloys. It then covers various non-ferrous metals and their alloys including copper and copper alloys like brass and bronze, aluminum and aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, and titanium and its alloys. For each metal/alloy, it describes common compositions, properties, and applications. It also discusses bearing materials and includes detailed information on composition and uses of various copper, aluminum, and magnesium alloys.
cast irons.pptx
There are four main types of cast iron: white iron, gray iron, ductile iron, and malleable iron. Gray iron is the most widely used due to its machinability and ability to form graphite flakes which provide good damping and lubrication. Ductile iron has a spherical graphite structure that makes it very strong and impact resistant, suitable for uses involving wear resistance like pipes and machine parts. Malleable iron undergoes heat treatment to form graphite nodules, giving it properties between gray and ductile irons like machinability and some ductility.
Kumar
The document provides information about various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in manufacturing, including their properties and applications. It discusses iron, steel, cast iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, lead, and other metals. Production processes for pig iron and wrought iron using a blast furnace are described. The document also covers casting methods like gravity die casting and defects that can occur.
Metals2 mtu
The document discusses different types of metals, including low, medium, and high carbon steels. It then discusses copper, its properties and applications. Copper is used for electrical conductors and is corrosion resistant. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, while tin bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, often with zinc or phosphorus added. Aluminum is discussed last, noting its light weight but lower strength compared to steel, unless aluminum alloys are used. Aluminum is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
FERROUS METALS.pptx
CONTENTS
Ferrous metal
Type of ferrous metal
Pig iron
Cast iron
Working of cupola furance
Wrought iron
Steel
Stainless steel
Tools steel
Application of ferrous metal in automotive
Merits and Demerits of ferrous metal materials in automotive
Types of cast iron & effect of impurities
Ferrous alloys are widely used due to their abundant natural resources, economical production processes, and versatility. There are several types of ferrous alloys including iron, steels, and cast irons. Cast irons contain 2.14-4.5% carbon and exist in gray, ductile, white, malleable, chilled, and alloyed forms depending on composition and microstructure. Impurities like carbon, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus influence the properties and microstructure of cast iron.
Media for Furniture Designing
This document provides information on various materials that can be used for furniture, including metal, fiberglass/resin, upcycled materials, and mixed media. It discusses different types of metals like ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, and various steel alloys. It also outlines the properties and uses of fiberglass/resin composites. Upcycled materials turn waste into new products, while mixed media uses multiple materials in one piece like combining metal, wood, and fabric. Overall, the document offers an overview of material options for furniture design and construction.
Brass An alloy
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Varying the proportions of zinc and copper changes the properties of brass, allowing for both hard and soft varieties. Brass has been widely used since ancient times for decoration, utensils, and applications requiring low friction and corrosion resistance like locks and valves. The three types of brass crystal structures are alpha, beta, and alpha-beta brasses, which are distinguished by their zinc content and properties.
13. engg materials
This document discusses various engineering materials including their properties and applications. It covers ferrous materials like cast iron, wrought iron and steel. It also discusses non-ferrous materials such as copper, aluminum and their alloys. Other engineering materials discussed include ceramics and glass. The key mechanical properties of materials like strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, fatigue, hardness and creep are explained. Various types of cast iron such as gray cast iron, white cast iron and malleable cast iron along with their properties and applications are described in detail.
Cast irons
Here is a heat treatment that could help determine the carbon content of the steel:
1. Reheat the steel to above its upper critical temperature to fully austenitize it.
2. Quickly quench it in oil or water to transform the austenite to martensite.
3. Measure the hardness of the resulting martensite. Higher carbon steels will have a higher hardness.
4. Compare the measured hardness to known hardness values for different carbon contents after a similar heat treatment. This could provide an estimate of the carbon content.
The idea is that the hardness of the martensite is dependent on the carbon content. By inducing a full martensitic transformation, the carbon content
Cast iron
1) The document discusses different types of cast iron including gray cast iron, malleable cast iron, spheroidal or ductile cast iron, and white cast iron.
2) Gray cast iron is characterized by graphite flakes embedded in an iron matrix which gives it a gray appearance when fractured. It has lower strength but higher compressive strength than steel.
3) Malleable cast iron and spheroidal cast iron undergo heat treatments which cause the graphite to form spheroids rather than flakes, improving properties and allowing for thicker sections to be cast.
Similar to wrought iron (20)
ferrous metals (Ch 07 Edition 11th) - uses and applications.pptx
ferrous metals (Ch 07 Edition 11th) - uses and applications.pptx
More from Raja P
UNIT-2 -THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY BASED PROCESSES.pptx
This document discusses various thermal and electrical energy based machining processes. It provides details on electrical discharge machining (EDM) including its principle of using a wire electrode to generate sparks and melt workpiece material. EDM process parameters like voltage, gap, and current density are specified. Different flushing methods and functions of dielectric fluids are explained. Various EDM power generating circuits and their characteristics are also outlined. The document then discusses wire EDM and its applications. Finally, it covers thermal energy based processes like electron beam machining, laser beam machining, and plasma arc machining, providing details on their working principles, process parameters, advantages, and applications.
UNIT-1-Introduction_to_Unconventional_Machining_Processes.pptx
The document discusses unconventional machining processes and abrasive jet machining (AJM) specifically. It provides classifications of unconventional processes including mechanical, electrical, chemical/electrochemical, and thermal-based. AJM is introduced as a mechanical process that uses abrasive particles entrained in a gas stream to erode material. Key parameters that influence the material removal rate in AJM are identified as the mass flow rate of abrasives, grain size, gas pressure, particle velocity, and stand-off distance.
UNIT-3 -Chemical and Electro-chemical Based Processes.pptx
This document discusses various chemical and electro-chemical energy based machining processes. It introduces electro-chemical machining (ECM), electro-chemical grinding (ECG), electro-chemical honing (ECH), and electro-chemical deburring (ECD). These processes use a chemical solution and electric current to remove material from a workpiece through controlled chemical etching. ECM can machine complex shapes. ECG uses both chemical etching and abrasive grinding wheels to machine hard materials with high precision and without causing structural changes to the workpiece. Safety precautions must be followed when using acids in these electro-chemical processes.
UNIT 5 -Recent Trends in Non-Traditional Machining Processes.pptx
This document discusses various hybrid and non-traditional machining processes such as electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) and electrical discharge diamond grinding (EDDG). It provides details on the working principles, advantages and limitations of these processes. Specifically, it describes how ECSM works by combining electrochemical machining and electric discharge machining to machine both conductive and non-conductive materials. It also explains that EDDG uses sparks to grind materials with diamond abrasives, achieving higher accuracy than EDM. The document outlines the key parameters and applications of these hybrid machining techniques.
UNIT 4 -Advanced Nano finishing Processes.pptx
This document provides an overview of advanced nano finishing processes. It describes abrasive flow machining, chemo mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto rheological finishing, and magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing. For each process, it outlines the basic principles, construction and working, process parameters, advantages, limitations, and applications. Abrasive flow machining uses a semisolid abrasive media to remove small amounts of material from surfaces. Chemo mechanical polishing combines chemical etching and abrasive polishing, while magnetic processes use magnetic fields to control abrasives.
UNIT-II Linear and Angular Measurements.pptx
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness.
UNIT-V Advances in Metrology.pptx
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
UNIT-III Form Measurement.pptx
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Unit-IV Measurement of Mechanical Parameters.ppt
This document discusses various methods and devices used to measure force and torque. It describes direct and indirect methods to measure force using analytical balances, platform balances, and proving rings. It also discusses different dynamometers used to measure torque, including Prony brakes and hydraulic dynamometers. Safety concerns for dynamometers are outlined. Calibration of sensors to accurately measure thrust, torque, and RPM of propellers on small unmanned helicopters is also summarized.
UNIT- I Basics of Metrology.pptx
This document provides an introduction to the field of metrology, which is the science of measurement. It discusses the need for metrology to ensure accurate measurements in various applications such as manufacturing. Various measurement methods and instruments are described, including direct, indirect, and comparative methods. Standards and units of measurement are also covered, including the International System of Units (SI units). The document then discusses key metrology concepts such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and types of errors. It provides examples to illustrate the differences between accuracy and precision. In summary, the document provides an overview of fundamental metrology concepts and measurement techniques.
Ultrasonic machining process
Ultrasonic machining (USM) uses high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations to remove material from a workpiece with an abrasive slurry. Key aspects of USM include:
1. An ultrasonic generator and transducer convert electrical energy into high-frequency mechanical vibrations that are transmitted to a tool via a tool holder.
2. An abrasive slurry is passed between the vibrating tool and workpiece to machine the material. Factors like abrasive type and size, slurry concentration, and vibration amplitude influence the material removal rate.
3. Two common transducer types are magnetostrictive and piezoelectric. Piezoelectric transducers are more
Electrical energy based processes
This document discusses electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM uses a thin wire electrode to produce sparks between the wire and workpiece, reaching temperatures of 10,000 degrees Celsius. This heat melts and vaporizes the workpiece material, which is then flushed away by a dielectric fluid. The document discusses EDM principles, specifications, dielectric fluids, power generating circuits, process parameters like surface finish and current density, advantages and disadvantages of EDM, and applications like wire-cut EDM.
Advanced manufacturing process
This document provides information on various advanced manufacturing processes including abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, ultrasonic machining, and electric discharge machining. It describes the basic working principles, key components, process parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each process. For abrasive jet machining, it discusses the arrangement, construction details, abrasive particles used, nozzle types, and factors affecting material removal rate. For water jet machining, it outlines the main parts, operating principle, and process parameters that influence material removal. For ultrasonic machining, it explains how ultrasonic waves are generated using different transducer types, and how the machining occurs between the vibrating tool and workpiece with an abrasive
Alternative energy sources
The document discusses various properties of alternative fuels compared to conventional fuels like petrol and diesel. It covers energy density, volatility, octane number, cetane number, heat of vaporization, flame speed, flame temperature, auto-ignition temperature, flash point and flammability limits of different alternative fuels. The production processes of natural gas, biodiesel and ethanol are also outlined. Various engine modifications required for running vehicles on alternative fuels like CNG, biodiesel, bioethanol are described. Performance characteristics of engines running on these alternative fuels are discussed and different types of fuel cells are listed along with brief descriptions.
Steering, brakes and suspension systems
This document discusses steering, brakes, and suspension systems. It covers steering geometry components like caster, camber, and toe. It describes different types of steering gear boxes, including rack and pinion and recirculating ball. It also discusses power steering. For suspension systems, it lists different types of springs, shock absorbers, and suspension configurations. It provides details on leaf springs, coil springs, and air springs. It concludes with sections on drum brakes, disc brakes, ABS, and electronic braking systems.
Transmission systems
This document discusses various components of vehicle transmission systems including clutches, gearboxes, differentials, and rear axles. It describes 10 types of clutches including friction, centrifugal, and electromagnetic clutches. It outlines 3 types of manual gearboxes and discusses automatic gearboxes including hydromatic and torque converter types. The document also covers differentials, rear axle configurations like semi-floating and full-floating, and rear axle drives such as Hotchkiss and torque tube drives.
Engine auxiliary systems
This document discusses various auxiliary engine systems including carburetors, fuel injection systems, ignition systems, forced induction systems, and emission control systems. It describes the types of circuits in carburetors and details the components of electronic fuel injection systems. Electronic diesel injection systems, ignition systems, supercharging/turbocharging, and emission control technologies like catalytic converters are also summarized. Finally, it outlines emission norms and standards in different regions as well as factors that determine vehicle emissions.
Automobile Engineering
This document discusses vehicle structure and engines. It covers types of automobiles and vehicle construction, including the layout and classification of chassis. It describes frame construction, materials used and types of frames. It also discusses loads on chassis frames and defects in frames. Additionally, it covers body construction and components, resistances to vehicle motion, and aerodynamics of the automobile body. Finally, it summarizes engine construction elements like the cylinder block, cylinder liners, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft and valves. It also describes valve timing diagrams and types of variable valve timing systems.
Process planning activities
This document discusses process planning activities including:
1. Setting process parameters, work holding devices, inspection methods, and considering economics of process planning.
2. Calculating process parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut which depend on factors like the workpiece and tool materials.
3. Selecting work holding devices like jigs and fixtures to precisely position and hold the workpiece during machining operations in order to increase productivity and part quality.
Process planning and cost estimation
The document discusses process planning and cost estimation for manufacturing. It covers topics like process planning activities, documentation, computer-aided process planning, material selection and evaluation, process and machine selection methods, tooling selection, and drawing interpretation. The key aspects of process planning include designing the product, planning the manufacturing processes, and linking design to manufacturing.
More from Raja P (20)
UNIT-2 -THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY BASED PROCESSES.pptx
UNIT-2 -THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY BASED PROCESSES.pptx
UNIT-1-Introduction_to_Unconventional_Machining_Processes.pptx
UNIT-1-Introduction_to_Unconventional_Machining_Processes.pptx
UNIT-3 -Chemical and Electro-chemical Based Processes.pptx
UNIT-3 -Chemical and Electro-chemical Based Processes.pptx
UNIT 5 -Recent Trends in Non-Traditional Machining Processes.pptx
UNIT 5 -Recent Trends in Non-Traditional Machining Processes.pptx
Recently uploaded
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Bigdata of technology
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Recently uploaded (20)
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
wrought iron
- 1. WROUGHT IRON
- 2. • The meaning of “wrought” is that metal which possesses sufficient ductility in order to permit hot and/or cold deformation. Wrought iron is the purest iron with a small amount of slag forged out into fibres. The typical composition indicates 99 percent of iron and traces of carbon, phosphorus, manganese, silicon, sulphur and slag. During the production process, first all elements in iron (may be C, S, Mn, Si and P) are eliminated leaving almost pure iron molten slag. In order to remove the excess slag, the final mix is then squeezed in a press and reduced to billets by rolling milling.
- 3. • The resulting material would consist of pure iron separated by thin layers of slag material. The slag characteristic of wrought iron is beneficial in blacksmithy / forging operations and provides the material its peculiar fibrous structure. Further, the non-corrosive slag constituent makes wrought iron resistant to progressive corrosion and also helps in reducing effect of fatigue caused by shocks and vibrations. • Wrought iron is tough, malleable and ductile and possesses ultimate tensile strength of 350 N/mm2.
- 4. • Its melting point is 1530°C. It can neither be hardened nor tempered like steel. The billets of wrought iron can be reheated to form bars, plates, boiler tubing, forgings, crane hook, railway coupling, bolts and nuts, chains, barbed wire, coal handling equipment and cooling towers, etc.