Brass is a metallic alloy that is made of copper and zinc. The proportions of zinc and copper can vary to create different types of brass alloys with varying mechanical and electrical properties. It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Properties of materials
Types and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous metals
Timber
Abrasive material
Silica
Ceramics
Glass
Graphite
Diamond
Plastic
Polymer
Brass is a metallic alloy that is made of copper and zinc. The proportions of zinc and copper can vary to create different types of brass alloys with varying mechanical and electrical properties. It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Properties of materials
Types and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous metals
Timber
Abrasive material
Silica
Ceramics
Glass
Graphite
Diamond
Plastic
Polymer
This presentation will provide the non-metallurgist with a basic understanding of carbon and low alloy steels. First we'll describe the carbon and low alloy steels by examining the iron-carbon binary phase diagram and understand the basic microstructures as related to carbon content. We'll discuss the nomenclature of the different carbon and alloy steel groups. We will then examine how mechanical properties are influenced through carbon content, alloy additions and heat treatment. We will also discuss the differences in carbon and low alloy steels that are specified as structural steels and high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steels. Finally, we will address the issues of material selection, processing and finishing.
Here is a power point presentation I used for my Furniture Design Course. It shows interesting images of Metal, Fiberglass, Mixed Media, and Upcycled Furniture Designs.
Sheets Metal used in Manufacturing ProcessRishabh Singh
Presentaion is on how sheets metal are used in manufacturing process.
You get to know about how many types of steels are there and what are there types.
More than than it contains information about metals used in metallurgy.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Unit 1 Metals
Low carbon steels
These are also called mild steels. They are the
cheapest and most widely used group of
steels. Although they are the weakest of the
steels, nevertheless they are stronger than
most of the non-ferrous metals and alloys.
They can be hot and cold worked and
machined with ease.
2. Unit 1 Metals
Medium carbon steels
These are harder, tougher, stronger and more costly than the low
carbon steels. They are less ductile than the low carbon steels and
cannot be bent or formed to any great extent in the cold condition
without risk of cracking. Greater force is required to bend and
form them. Medium carbon steels hot forge well but close
temperature control is essential. Two carbon ranges are shown.
The lower carbon range can only be toughened by heating and
quenching (cooling quickly by dipping in water). They cannot be
hardened. The higher carbon range can be hardened and
tempered by heating and quenching.
3. Unit 1 Metals
High carbon steels
These are harder, stronger and more costly
than medium carbon steels. They are also
less tough. High carbon steels are available as
hot rolled bars and forgings. Cold drawn high
carbon steel wire (piano wire) is available in a
limited range of sizes. Centreless ground high
carbon steel rods (silver steel) are available in
a wide range of diameters (inch and metric
sizes) in lengths of 333 mm, 1 m and 2 m.
High carbon steels can only be bent cold to a
limited extent before cracking. They are
mostly used for making cutting tools such as
files, knives and carpenters’ tools.
5. Copper
Pure copper is widely used for electrical conductors and switchgear
components. It is second only to silver in conductivity but it is much
more plentiful and very much less costly. Pure copper is too soft and
ductile for most mechanical applications.
For general purpose applications such as roofing, chemical plant,
decorative metal work and copper-smithing, tough-pitch copper is
used. This contains some copper oxide which makes it stronger,
more rigid and less likely to tear when being machined. Because it is
not so highly refined, it is less expensive than high conductivity
copper.
There are many other grades of copper for special applications.
Copper is also the basis of many important alloys such as brass and
bronze, and we will be considering these next. The general properties
of copper are:
• relatively high strength
• very ductile so that it is usually cold worked. An annealed
(softened) copper wire can be stretched to nearly twice its length
before it snaps
• corrosion resistant
• second only to silver as a conductor of heat and electricity
• easily joined by soldering and brazing. For welding, a
phosphorous deoxidized grade of copper must be used.
Copper is available as cold-drawn rods, wires and tubes. It is also
available as cold-rolled sheet, strip and plate. Hot worked copper is
available as extruded sections and hot stampings. It can also be cast.
Copper powders are used for making sintered components. It is one
of the few pure metals of use to the engineer as a structural material.
6. Brass
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The properties of a brass alloy
and the applications for which you can use it depends upon the
amount of zinc present. Most brasses are attacked by sea water.
The salt water eats away the zinc (dezincification) and leaves a
weak, porous, spongy mass of copper. To prevent this happening, a
small amount of tin is added to the alloy. There are two types of
brass that can be used at sea or on land near the sea. These are
Naval brass and Admiralty brass.
Brass is a difficult metal to cast and brass castings tend to be
coarse grained and porous. Brass depends upon hot rolling from
cast ingots, followed by cold rolling or drawing to give it its
mechanical strength. It can also be hot extruded and plumbing
fittings are made by hot stamping. Brass machines to a better finish
than copper as it is more rigid and less ductile than that metal.
Table 1.2 lists some
typical brasses, together with their compositions, properties and
applications.
7.
8. Tin bronze
As the name implies, the tin bronzes are alloys of copper and tin.
These alloys also have to have a deoxidizing element present to
prevent the tin from oxidizing during casting and hot working. If
the
tin oxidizes the metal becomes hard and ‘scratchy’ and is
weakened.
The two deoxidizing elements commonly used are:
• zinc in the gun-metal alloys.
• phosphorus in the phosphor–bronze alloys.
Unlike the brass alloys, the bronze alloys are usually used as
castings. However low-tin content phosphor–bronze alloys can
be extensively cold worked.
Tin–bronze alloys are extremely resistant to corrosion and wear
and are used for high pressure valve bodies and heavy duty
bearings. Table 1.3 lists some typical bronze alloys together with
their compositions, properties and applications.
9.
10. Aluminium
Aluminium has a density approximately one third that of steel.
However it is also very much weaker so its strength/weight ratio is
inferior. For stressed components, such as those found in aircraft,
aluminium alloys have to be used. These can be as strong as steel and
nearly as light as pure aluminium.
High purity aluminium is second only to copper as a conductor of
heat and electricity. It is very difficult to join by welding or soldering
and aluminium conductors are often terminated by crimping. Despite
these difficulties, it is increasingly used for electrical conductors
where its light weight and low cost compared with copper is an
advantage. Pure aluminium is resistant to normal atmospheric corrosion but it
is unsuitable for marine environments. It is available as wire, rod, cold-rolled
sheet and extruded sections for heat sinks.
Commercially pure aluminium is not as pure as high purity aluminium and it
also contains up to 1% silicon to improve its strength and stiffness. As a result
it is not such a good conductor of electricity nor is it so corrosion resistant. It is
available as wire, rod, cold-rolled sheet and extruded sections. It is also
available as castings and forgings. Being stiffer than high purity aluminium it
machines better with less tendency to tear. It forms non-toxic oxides on its
surface which makes it suitable for food processing plant and utensils. It is also
used for forged and die-cast small machine parts.