The document discusses various properties of alternative fuels compared to conventional fuels like petrol and diesel. It covers energy density, volatility, octane number, cetane number, heat of vaporization, flame speed, flame temperature, auto-ignition temperature, flash point and flammability limits of different alternative fuels. The production processes of natural gas, biodiesel and ethanol are also outlined. Various engine modifications required for running vehicles on alternative fuels like CNG, biodiesel, bioethanol are described. Performance characteristics of engines running on these alternative fuels are discussed and different types of fuel cells are listed along with brief descriptions.
The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary but all share the central task of supplying fuel to the combustion process.
-
Fuel injection, is introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, by means of injectors.
-
Diesel engines use fuel injection by design, in petrol engines, fuel injection replaced carburetors from the 1980s onward.
-
Gas engines can use gasoline direct injection or indirect injection where the fuel is mixed with air before the intake stroke.
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINEIAEME Publication
Efficiency of an internal combustion engine can be increased by increasing the
heat energy generation inside the combustion chamber without effecting the
performance of l ubricating oil and lessening the strength of the piston. The main aim
of this paper is to determine temperature distribution in a four-stroke, single-cylinder,
water cooled, variable compression ratio (3-9), variable speed (2200-3000 rpm) spark
ignition engine with brake power of 2.2 kW at a speed of 3000 rpm with copper coated
combustion chamber (CCE) [copper-(thickness, 300 μ) was coated on piston crown,
inner side of liner and cylinder head] and compared the engine, with conventional
combustion chamber (CE) with neat gasoline operation. Copper coated power piston,
copp.
hydrogen stored in hydride compounds can be extracted in economical method suggested by cell energy. It can be used as a fuel additive or in fuel cells.
The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary but all share the central task of supplying fuel to the combustion process.
-
Fuel injection, is introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, by means of injectors.
-
Diesel engines use fuel injection by design, in petrol engines, fuel injection replaced carburetors from the 1980s onward.
-
Gas engines can use gasoline direct injection or indirect injection where the fuel is mixed with air before the intake stroke.
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINEIAEME Publication
Efficiency of an internal combustion engine can be increased by increasing the
heat energy generation inside the combustion chamber without effecting the
performance of l ubricating oil and lessening the strength of the piston. The main aim
of this paper is to determine temperature distribution in a four-stroke, single-cylinder,
water cooled, variable compression ratio (3-9), variable speed (2200-3000 rpm) spark
ignition engine with brake power of 2.2 kW at a speed of 3000 rpm with copper coated
combustion chamber (CCE) [copper-(thickness, 300 μ) was coated on piston crown,
inner side of liner and cylinder head] and compared the engine, with conventional
combustion chamber (CE) with neat gasoline operation. Copper coated power piston,
copp.
hydrogen stored in hydride compounds can be extracted in economical method suggested by cell energy. It can be used as a fuel additive or in fuel cells.
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. PROPERTIES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS
1.Energy density:
petrol, diesel- higher energy densities
Ethanol, methanol also liquid
methanol- half the energy content
Ethanol- two-thirds of energy density
LPG- gas at normal temperature and
pressure is stored in a liquid form 100 psi to 300
psi.
3. 2.Volatility:
• Volatility indicates a fuels ability to vapourize
under different temperature and pressure.
• It is the property that most affects startup the
engine performance.
4. 3.Octane number:
• Octane number is a measure a fuels tendency
to knock in a SI engine.
• The self ignition occurs before the cylinder
reaches the top of its stroke thereby causing
the cylinder to push against the crank shaft.
5. 4.Cetane number:
• The combustion and ignition characteristics of
CI engine fuels are expressed in the form of
Cetane number.
• Fuels with high cetane numbers have low auto
ignition temperature and short ignition delay
times.
6. 5.Heat of vapourization:
• Heat of vapourization affects both engine
power and efficiency.
• It is the amount of heat absorbed by fuel as it
evaporates from a liquid state which occurs
when the fuel is mixed with air prior to
combustion.
• The alcohol fuels have higher heat of
vapourization than gasoline or diesel.
7. 6.Flame speed:
• The speed at which a flame front propagates
through a fuel/air mixture can affect engine
performance and emissions.
• High flame speed allows the complete
combustion and potentially lean fuel mixtures.
• Methanol –higher flame speed than gasoline.
• Natural gas- slow flame speed.
• Hydrogen – highest flame speed in alternative
fuels.
8. 7.Flame temperature and luminosity:
• For alcohol fuels, the flame temperature is
lower than gasoline and luminosity is also low
that less thermal energy is lost through
conduction or radiation.
• Low flame temperature also helps to reduce
the formation of nitrogen oxide.
• Lower luminosity is a safety issue because the
flame is essentially invisible.
9. 8.Auto –ignition temperature:
• Auto-ignition temperature is a temperatue at
which the fuel will self-ignite.
• Self ignition is a concern in the environment
where the fuel might escape and come into
contact with hot engine parts.
• Hydrogen has highest auto ignition
temperature about 1065 degree F.
• GASOLINE AND DIESEL - 495 &600 degree F.
10. 9.Flash point:
• The flash point is the lowest temperature at
which combustible mixtures of fuel vapour
and air from above the fuel.
11. 10.Flammability:
• Flammability limits the range of fuel/air
mixtures that ignite.
• Among hydrocarbon fuels, methanol has the
widest flammability limits (7.3% to 36%)
followed by ethanol.
17. ENGINE MODIFICATIONS REQUIRED FOR
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
1. Dual fuel engine (diesel and natural gas)
2. Bi-fuel engine (either petrol or gas)
3. Dedicated/single fuel (natural gas)
18. Engine Modification for Bio-Ethanol(Alcohol) as
Gasohol
• Fuel filters
• Cold starting
• Mechanical modifications required for
bioethanol as a fuel in SI ENGINE
(a). Reversible modifications
(b). Irreversible modifications
21. 4. Mechanical modifications required for
bioethanol as a fuel in CI Engine
• Converting diesel engine to a high compression
spark ignition engine.
• Modifying the diesel to tolerate straight ethanol
injection.
• Changing carburettor for the use of ethanol.
• Using dual injection of ethanol and diesel fuel.
22. Engine modification for Biodiesel
i). Rubber seals
ii). Cold starting
iii). Oil changing
iv). Engine timing
v). Engine modifications
weight of vehicle
Power and torque output in relation to braking
Strength of vehicle
Effect of steering and suspension components
The effect on vehicle handling.