The document provides background information on the industrial revolution in Europe. It discusses how industrialization began in England due to enclosure laws, available natural resources like coal and iron, and a ready workforce from displaced farmers. It then describes the growth of the factory system and its effects on workers, including long hours, dangerous conditions, and the development of crowded urban slums. The document also examines early social and economic theories responding to these changes from thinkers like Malthus, Ricardo, the Utilitarians, Dickens, and Marx.

1. Unit 10: Industrial Revolution and its effects on Europe

2. Before 1820s: Preindustrial Guild System Centered around families and work from home Most people never ventured far from the villages Links to medieval feudal times Domestic system -- system whereby work was done in the home by independent laborers. Example -- wool bought from sheep farmers and given to women working at home. The women would spin it into yarn. The yarn would be taken by the merchant to a weaver (working at his home) who would then weave cloth.

3. Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

4. Why England? Enclosure laws -- squeezed the small farmers out. Many of these peasants went to the cities looking for work. Swelling cities produced a ready made base of potential workers Money -- from an aristocracy untouched by the problems of the French Revolution and heavily invested in trade with America and India Coal and iron -- two materials necessary for industrialization -- in easy reach in Britain, especially in the Lancashire District (around Liverpool and Manchester) Ready supply of wool and cotton for the textile mills -- wool from Britain and Ireland -- cotton from American South and Egypt

5. The Enclosure Movement

6. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

7. Young Coal Miners

8. Factory Production Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

9. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

10. Cotton is King 1793 -- Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin -- soon American cotton exports will be measured not by the pound, but rather by the ton Southern Cotton (and the slavery needed to produce it) will be a key element to Britain’s industrialization

11. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.

12. Textile Factory Workers in England

13. The "Haves": Bourgeoisie And the Riches of Capitalism

14. 19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

15. Capitalism Based on factories and production -- looks to make money for those in charge, not the workers -- workers become simply part of the machine Bourgeoisie -- begins to develop a social consciousness -- the class sees itself as in charge of the country Economic personification of classical liberal governmental philosophy Laissez-faire economics -- "hands off" -- no government intervention -- laws of supply and demand will drive economic cycles "invisible hand" -- idea proposed by Adam Smith that competition and free markets will hold prices down and drive the economy In an age of economic growth -- shouldn't the people causing the growth have all the power and say?

16. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

17. “ Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

18. The "Have-Nots": The Proletatiat

19. The Proletariat Working conditions were terrible in the new factories. Workers often worked long shifts 7 days a week No labor laws at the time -- very dangerous and unsanitary conditions Living conditions -- slums -- workers living like animals -- crowded into dirty sections of the city -- malnourished and pitiful Businessmen felt that it was their job to make as much money for themselves and save expenses Workers didn't matter -- (story from the Jungle in class) Some political and philosophical leaders felt that society itself must accept responsibility for the workers Problem -- although the working class lived in misery, their numbers were constantly expanding, not only from more people moving to the cities, but also from the agricultural revolution

20. Industrial Staffordshire

21. The New Industrial City

22. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

23. Worker Housing in Manchester

24. Factory Workers at Home

25. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

26. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

27. Protests / Reformers

28. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply. War, disease, or famine could control population. The poor should have less children. Food supply will then keep up with population.

29. David Ricardo “ Iron Law of Wages.” When wages are high, workers have more children. More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

30. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

31. Charles Dickens Pacifist Socialist Wanted bourgeoisie to work with proletariat to improve living conditions A Christmas Carol – hard on Scrooge -- symbol of capitalism Bob Cratchit – symbol of the working class Other characters – symbols of the lower working class Ghosts : represent the socialist reformers (different ghosts bring different warnings – from pacifist ones to death itself)

32. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. Tried to build perfect communities [ utopias ].

33. Karl Marx Combined with Fredrich Engles to write the “Communist Manifesto” and other works Called for workers to unite against the Bourgeoisie and take over society Revolutionary Socialism

34. Communist Manifesto history was the story of a constant struggle between the classes Marx saw no difference between French workers, German workers and British workers -- runs counter to nationalism Governmental systems were created to serve whatever class was in power – revolutions brought down the old systems Absolutism -- Aristocracy -- French Revolution brought it down Capitalism -- Bourgeoisie Socialism -- Proletariat Communism -- everyone equal Marx saw a series of revolutions as part of the natural order of things. Europe, according to his model, was perched on the edge of another revolution, one that would bring Socialism and the workers to power. Eventually, socialism would EVOLVE into communism where everyone was equal Under communism -- no private property -- no government -- no class distinctions (has never been achieved)

35. The Revolutions of 1848 06/04/09

36. Revolutions of 1848-1849 06/04/09

37. Revolution of 1848 in France February -- proclamation of Second Republic Bourgeoisie lead revolution against Louis Phillipe and force him to abdicate Reforms promised under the new constitution – and never delivered and the Workers sent into camps to await reforms that will never come June Days Worker counter-revolution against the govt. Brutally repressed by the government Louis Napoleon comes to power as the champion of the Conservatives (Bourgeoisie now fear a socialist revolution) By 1852 – Louis Napoleon is declared Napoleon III (with absolute power) and the French become an empire again. Revolution fails – Bourgeoisie will turn to nationalism

38. Revolutions in Germanic Europe Revolution in Prussia (Berlin) -- Calls come for a united Germany under Bourgeois Leadership Grossdeutsch – large Germany to include Hapsburg empire Kleindeutsch – smaller Germany excludes it Frankfurt Parliament (1848-1849) Write an idealistic constitution unifying Germany Arguments and time worked against them Junkers (Nobility) – Want unification, but not a Constitutional Monarchy Austria (Hapsburg Lands) Multinational Empire (over 500 yrs old) in an age of nationalism Hungarian nationalism fractures the Empire and shows cracks that will eventually tear the Hapsburg Empire apart Declaration of Hungarian independence encourages Czechs, Croatia, and Transylvania and others. Revolution collapses when the Russians invade Hungary to help the Austrians (even though the two empires hated each other) put down the revolt. The Russians don’t want the revolution to spread.

39. Roman Revolution of 1848 Papal States and Pius IX – absolutely opposed to liberal reforms – He believes that the papacy is God’s mouthpiece Uprisings in Sicily, Venice and Milan Revolution in Rome to get rid of Pius IX – Pope flees to the safety of a palace outside the city Garibaldi and Mazzini establish Roman republic Short Lived – Napoleon III will send French troops to restore the pope Italy will be united by conservatives (Cavour) and by a war against the Pope – this won’t occur for over another decade (final unification in 1870)

40. The Results of Industrialization at the end of the 19c

41. By 1850 : Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent Northeast France. Belgium. The Netherlands. Western German states. Northern Italy East Germany  Saxony

42. Industrialization By 1850

43. Railroads on the Continent

44. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900