The document summarizes the transition from a stratified society based on estates to a class society in 19th century Europe due to industrialization and political revolutions. It led to the rise of two main social classes - the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production, and the proletariat or working class. The working class organized and demanded better working conditions through trade unions and socialist movements. Karl Marx advocated for the socialist revolution and dictatorship of the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeoisie. Anarchists also sought to abolish capitalism and the state through workers' control of production.

3.  In the 19th
century, we pass from a stratified society (estates of the
realm, sociedad estamental) to a class society (sociedad de clases),
thanks to the political revolutions and the process of industrialization.
 With the estates of the realm, the social groups were unequal
juridically, with privileges; the new class society is based on legal
equality and freedom of individuals before the law.

4.  The privileged in the old society joined to the new dominant class, the
bourgeoisie. At the same time, industrialization makes that a new
social class rises, the proletariat or the workers (el proletariado).

5.  Throughout the 19th
century the working class
demands for changes in an urban setting,
essentially. Peasants, a less dynamic
collective, continued depending to large
landowners, although legally detached from
them.
 Class society was opener and more
permeable than the estates of the realm.
Class society granted greater freedom to
individuals, but still maintaining deep
inequalities, not based on the law or
tradition, but on wealth and property.

6.  In the estates of the realm, you belonged to
an estate or other depending on your birth
(except clergy).
 In the new class society, you belonged to a
social class or other depending on the money
you have.

8.  The bourgeoisie is the class
that owns the industries
and businesses.
Bourgeoises held
ownership of the means of
production (money-capital,
machinery, raw materials,
factories, urban real estate,
lands, etc.).

9.  The bourgeoisie will be divided in several groups:
 The upper bourgeoisie. They will be bankers, landlords, owners
of large factories, large merchants. They took over a lot of land
from the ruined Church and nobility, becoming landlords.
Examples of important families in the 19th century were the
Rothschilds (Bankers and traders), the Krupp (steel magnates),
the Thyssen or Péreire.
 The middle bourgeoisie. They were professionals (lawyers,
engineers, doctors…), traders, officials, rich landowners, etc.
 The petty bourgeoisie. They were well-off peasants,
shopkeepers, employees.

11.  No matter the nature of the political
regime, the middle classes enjoyed
considerable political, social, & economic
power by the end of the 19th century
 The middle classes no longer were a
revolutionary class

13. The New Mangerial Class
of the Second Industrial Revolution

15. George Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande-Jatte (1884)

16.  It includes the working class (clase obrera) who worked in the
factories, in exchange for a salary.
 Characteristics:
 They lived in the cities, where industries were located.
 Suffered harsh working conditions (long working hours -of
about 14 hours-, low wages ...).
 Poor hygiene, lack of health insurance or unemployment or
retirement.
 It included both workers in industries such as in the service sector
(domestic, street vendors, etc.)

24.  Concentration of thousands of
workers in factories.
 Workers aware of their
situation:
 Working conditions.
 Living conditions.
 Political participation.
 Workers try to improve their working and living
conditions through collective actios
 New ideas.

25.  The capitalist and industrialized
19th
century economy confirms
the existence of two social
classes: the working class, lack
of the means of production and
forced to sell their labor, and
the bourgeois, who owns the
means of production and
inclined to increase their
benefits at the expense of low
wages and bad working
conditions of the working.

26.  The labor movement emerged from this
inequality. The first mass movements of
modern character were born in England.
 They began in episodes like the destruction
of machines and setting fire to factories
(Luddism).
 They blamed
machinery for the low
salaries and
unemployment.

27.  The mutual aid societies
(Sociedad de Socorros
Mutuos) were workers
associations in which they
put a little amount of
money per month to cover
expenses and provide
mutual aid in case of
illness, unemployment,
widows, orphans…

28.  Do you know this building????

29.  Until 1820s workers weren’t allowed to form
associations to defend their interests.
 First recognised organizations appeared in
England in 1824.
 In 1834 the Great Trade Union was founded, a
union formed by workers of various trade
(above all, textil industry).

30.  The purpose of the unions was to improve working
conditions. Their initial demands included:
 The defence of the right to form unions.
 The reduction of working hours.
 Wage improvements.
 Child labour regulation.
 Creation of unemployment, sickness and old age insurance.
 Main instrument of pressure: strike.

36.  A mid-nineteenth century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels denounced
the exploitation of the working class and advocated the need for a
workers' revolution to destroy capitalism.
 Through the revolution, the proletariat would conquer the political
power (the dictatorship of the proletariat) and create a workers' state
to socialize the property (collectivisation).
 From the late 19th
century, Marxists proposed the creation of socialist
workers' parties. Their goal was the realization of the proletarian
revolution, intervention in political life through participation in
elections and entering parliaments.

37.  La economía determina la historia, que
avanza por el enfrentamiento entre
trabajadores y ricos.
 Los obreros deben tomar conciencia de clase.
 En el capitalismo hay dos clases enfrentadas:
burgueses y proletarios.
 Los burgueses buscan beneficio y
enriquecimiento a costa de los trabajadores.
 El marxismo busca la creación de un Estado
obrero (dictadura del proletariado), en el que
se colectivicen los medios de producción.

38. "Los filósofos no han hecho más que interpretar
de diversos modos el mundo, pero de lo que
se trata es de transformarlo".
Karl Marx
En 1848, Marx y Engels publican el Manifiesto Comunista,
con las ideas del marxismo.

42.  Anarchism had three basic principles:
 the exaltation of individual freedom and social solidarity.
 the criticism of private property and defending forms of
collective ownership.
 The rejection of authority, especially the State.
 Its theoretical were Bakunin, Proudhon and
Kropotkin.
 They defended the revolutionary action of workers
or peasants to destroy the state, even violently.

47.  Marxists and anarchists advocated the need to unite the
working class to fight capitalism.
 In 1864, the International Workers’ Association – First
International (AIT, en español; Primera Internacional) was
created , which united marxists, anarchists and trade
unionists.
 The First International was dissolved in 1876 due to the
differences that arose between marxists and anarchists.

49.  In 1889, socialist leaders (just marxists ideas, not the
anarchists) founded the Second International or
International Socialist in Paris.
 Its purpose was to coordinate the programs and actions of
the varios socialist parties.
 The Second International demanded the 3 eights:
 8 hours to work
 8 hours to leisure
 8 hours to sleep

50.  During the Second International they created some of the
symbols for the workers: First of May as a holy day for all the
workers in the world; or the International as their anthem.

55. Arriba, parias de la Tierra.
En pie, famélica legión.
Atruena la razón en marcha,
es el fin de la opresión.
Del pasado hay que hacer añicos,
legión esclava en pie a vencer,
el mundo va a cambiar de base,
los nada de hoy todo han de ser.
Agrupémonos todos,
en la lucha final.
El género humano
es la internacional.
Ni en dioses, reyes ni tribunos,
está el supremo salvador.
Nosotros mismos realicemos
el esfuerzo redentor.
Para hacer que el tirano caiga
y el mundo siervo liberar,
soplemos la potente fragua
que el hombre libre ha de forjar.

58.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player
(El movimiento obrero, artehistoria)