The document summarizes the transition from a stratified society based on estates to a class society in 19th century Europe due to industrialization and political revolutions. It led to the rise of two main social classes: the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production, and the proletariat or working class who worked in factories. The working class demanded better working conditions and organized through trade unions and socialist movements to fight for their rights against capitalist exploitation. Karl Marx advocated for the socialist revolution and dictatorship of the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeois state and socialize property.
The 18th century was a time of transition between the absolute monarchy and liberal regimes, the Modern age and the Contemporay age. The political organisation of the world as we know today, started te became a reality in the 18th century.
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850More steel- s.docxannetnash8266
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850
More steel- steam
engine and smelting
Railroads- First RR was
built in 1823 to connect
Manchester with the
nearby port of Liverpool
Repeal of the Corn Laws,
Poor Laws, 1832-1846
Stockton-Darlington locomotive, 1825
American locomotive, 1850
Iron and railroads led to steel bridges and road improvements
Chemicals:
Gas lights, fueled by gas extracted from coal, were installed in London, 1812-1820
Sulfuric Acid and Bleach for the textile industry were developed in between 1790-1830
Portland cement, and improvement over traditional concrete, was developed in 1824
SS Royal William, the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam-power, from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, 1833
Pollution
Great Stink, 1858
Discontent and Organized Labor
Luddites, Manchester, 1811-12, led a series of riots protesting the use of steam engines in textile mills and the resulting unemployment.
Workers’ Unions were illegal in the UK until 1824.
The Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s represented the first real effort to build a labor union, and organized the first wide-spread labor strike in 1846.
In 1844, Frederick Engels, the son of a textile factory owner, published his Condition of the Working Class in England, one of the founding works of Socialism.
Reform of Working Conditions
Factory Acts of 1802, 1833-
1)Children under 8 can’t work
2)Children 8-13 can only work 8 hours per day, but only from 6AM to 9PM (max work week of 58 hours)
3)Children 13-18 can work twelve hours per day (max work week of 70 hours)
4) The employers of child-labor must send them to school at least once per week for the first four years of their employment (this was expanded to two hours per day).
Factory Act of 1844-
Women and children (13-18) not allowed to work beyond 58 hours per week.
Factory Act of 1847- The ten hour work day
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Great fan of reforming industrial labor conditions
Ran his own mill town of New Lanark, Scotland, as an example of how fair treatment and investment in the lives and education of workers could alleviate the social problems of capitalism.
Believed poverty could be solved
by the creation of new villages
for the poor based on the
old principle of commonly-held
lands.
Edwin Chadwick
Member of Poor Laws Commission, but bitterly rejected the reform of the Poor Laws in 1832
Published The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842, complaining about working and living conditions in London and other cities.
Made commissioner of the Metropolitan Sewer District, which built London’s modern sewage system
Ireland and Enclosures
During the eighteenth century, English and Irish-protestant landlords pursued a policy of increasing cash rents or enclosures for sheep farming, dispossessing large swaths of the Irish peasantry.
Many moved to England,
looking for employment in
the cities.
Ireland under British Liberalism
Agricultural Revolut.
The 18th century was a time of transition between the absolute monarchy and liberal regimes, the Modern age and the Contemporay age. The political organisation of the world as we know today, started te became a reality in the 18th century.
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850More steel- s.docxannetnash8266
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850
More steel- steam
engine and smelting
Railroads- First RR was
built in 1823 to connect
Manchester with the
nearby port of Liverpool
Repeal of the Corn Laws,
Poor Laws, 1832-1846
Stockton-Darlington locomotive, 1825
American locomotive, 1850
Iron and railroads led to steel bridges and road improvements
Chemicals:
Gas lights, fueled by gas extracted from coal, were installed in London, 1812-1820
Sulfuric Acid and Bleach for the textile industry were developed in between 1790-1830
Portland cement, and improvement over traditional concrete, was developed in 1824
SS Royal William, the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam-power, from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, 1833
Pollution
Great Stink, 1858
Discontent and Organized Labor
Luddites, Manchester, 1811-12, led a series of riots protesting the use of steam engines in textile mills and the resulting unemployment.
Workers’ Unions were illegal in the UK until 1824.
The Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s represented the first real effort to build a labor union, and organized the first wide-spread labor strike in 1846.
In 1844, Frederick Engels, the son of a textile factory owner, published his Condition of the Working Class in England, one of the founding works of Socialism.
Reform of Working Conditions
Factory Acts of 1802, 1833-
1)Children under 8 can’t work
2)Children 8-13 can only work 8 hours per day, but only from 6AM to 9PM (max work week of 58 hours)
3)Children 13-18 can work twelve hours per day (max work week of 70 hours)
4) The employers of child-labor must send them to school at least once per week for the first four years of their employment (this was expanded to two hours per day).
Factory Act of 1844-
Women and children (13-18) not allowed to work beyond 58 hours per week.
Factory Act of 1847- The ten hour work day
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Great fan of reforming industrial labor conditions
Ran his own mill town of New Lanark, Scotland, as an example of how fair treatment and investment in the lives and education of workers could alleviate the social problems of capitalism.
Believed poverty could be solved
by the creation of new villages
for the poor based on the
old principle of commonly-held
lands.
Edwin Chadwick
Member of Poor Laws Commission, but bitterly rejected the reform of the Poor Laws in 1832
Published The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842, complaining about working and living conditions in London and other cities.
Made commissioner of the Metropolitan Sewer District, which built London’s modern sewage system
Ireland and Enclosures
During the eighteenth century, English and Irish-protestant landlords pursued a policy of increasing cash rents or enclosures for sheep farming, dispossessing large swaths of the Irish peasantry.
Many moved to England,
looking for employment in
the cities.
Ireland under British Liberalism
Agricultural Revolut.
In order to understand the problems which sociology tackles, we ne.docxbradburgess22840
In order to understand the problems which sociology tackles, we need to first understand the social context from which it arose. Discuss
When we discuss the emergence of sociology, it is vital to consider the social upheavals which were taking place prior to sociology’s foundation. These unprecedented, sometimes violent, upheavals led to the transformation of the traditional social order; and to people seeking new explanations of their societies. Thus, this essay will discuss the three revolutions (in agriculture, industry and politics) that led to this birth of sociology as a new scientific discipline.
The agricultural revolution was the first upheaval to transform European society from a feudal to a capitalist social system, during the early eighteenth century. Under the feudal system, land ownerhship was established through hereditary rights which tied labourers to the land on which their ancestors had worked. The introduction of capitalism, however, saw these rights revoked and the peasants forced off the land on which they had worked and lived for generations. This movement came about once the lords realized that land could be used to generate profits, rather than for subsistence farming. And because sheep grazing (for profit) required fewer labourers, most peasants were then left with no land, and only their labour to sell for a wage.
Write the first sentence of the next paragraph in a formal scholarly style. This sentence, being the first one of the paragraph, should seek to announce the theme of this entire paragraph.
The industrial revolution was the second upheaval……………………………………………………………………………..………………... . (PLEASE CONTIUNE THIS FIRST SENTENCE OF THE SECOND PARAGRAPG FROM THE ATTAHCED ARTICLE “CHECK PAGE 3 FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION”).
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An
, Overview of Theories
The relationship between individuals and
the society in which they are embedded has
been conceptualized in diverse ways and has
given rise to very different understandings of
how social reality is maintained and
reproduced over time. This chapter presents
an overview of major contemporary
approaches to sociology, their assumptions,
and the differences and similarities among
them. Their comparative strengths and
limitations are examined through critical
questions that sociologists, inspired by
different approaches, have directed toward
each other. Different perspectives start with
different problems, ask different questions,
see and ignore different things. It is import-
ant to try to see how they complement each
other, to learn to challenge the contradic-
tions, and thus to explore for the truth.
However deep t.he differences between
approaches, all share the same fundamental
concern with developing our knowledge of
the character of social life.
The Origins of Sociology
In one respect, sociology has.
1 he bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the .docxmercysuttle
1 he bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns. It
has created enormous cities, greatly increased the urban population as
compared with the rural, and thus rescued a considerable part of the pop-
tilation from the idiocy of rural life... .
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarcely one hundred years, has
created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have X11
preceding generations together... .
Brit not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death
to itself; it 1-ias also called into existence the mein who are to wield those
weapons —the modern working class. —the proletariat.
In proportion as the bourgeoisie, i.e., capital, develops, in the same
proportion the proletariat, the modern vc%orking class, develops — a class of
laborers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only
so long as their labor increases capital. These laborers, who must sell
themselves piecemeal, are a commodity, like every other article of com-
merce, and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes ofcomPetition,
to all the fluctuations of the market... .
Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the
proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay
and finally disappear in the face of modern industry; the proletariat is its
special and essential product... .
The socialist and communist systems I~roperly so called,. those of
Saint Simon, Fourier, Ou~en;5 and others, spring into existence in the early
undeveloped Period, described above, of the struggle between proletariat
and bourgeoisie....
Such fantastic pictures of future society, painted at a rime when the .
proletariat is still in a very undeveloped state and has but a fantastic con-
ception of its own position, correspond with the first instinctive yearnings
of that class for a general reconstruction of society.
But these socialist and communist publications contain also a critical
element. They attack every principle of existing society... .
5Saint-Simon, I'ourier, Owen: Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Splint-Simon
(1760-1825), «gas an early advocate of socialism, as w1s Charles Fourier (1772-1837).
Robert Owen (1771-1858) was an industrialist, utopian socialist, and trade union
advocate. These socialist predecessors believed that capitalists and workers could
overcome their antagonism and work cooperatively for the common good. As Nlarx
and Engels believed "class struggle" to be the engine that drove history, they imply
that these other soci~llists were naive to the point of delusiorlary, hence the "fant~lstic
pictures" jibe that follows.
The Communists fight for the attainment of the
immediate aims, for
the enforcement of the momentary [i.e., current]
interests of the working
class; but in the movement of the Present, they also
represent and take care
of the future of that movement... .
The Communists turn their attention chiefly to
Germany, because
that countr ...
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Society in the 19th century
1.
2.
3. In the 19th
century, we pass from a stratified society (estates of the
realm, sociedad estamental) to a class society (sociedad de clases),
thanks to the political revolutions and the process of industrialization.
With the estates of the realm, the social groups were unequal
juridically, with privileges; the new class society is based on legal
equality and freedom of individuals before the law.
4. The privileged in the old society joined to the new dominant class, the
bourgeoisie. At the same time, industrialization makes that a new
social class rises, the proletariat or the workers (el proletariado).
5. Throughout the 19th
century the working class
demands for changes in an urban setting,
essentially. Peasants, a less dynamic
collective, continued depending to large
landowners, although legally detached from
them.
Class society was opener and more
permeable than the estates of the realm.
Class society granted greater freedom to
individuals, but still maintaining deep
inequalities, not based on the law or
tradition, but on wealth and property.
6. In the estates of the realm, you belonged to
an estate or other depending on your birth
(except clergy).
In the new class society, you belonged to a
social class or other depending on the money
you have.
7.
8. The bourgeoisie is the class
that owns the industries
and businesses.
Bourgeoises held
ownership of the means of
production (money-capital,
machinery, raw materials,
factories, urban real estate,
lands, etc.).
9. The bourgeoisie will be divided in several groups:
The upper bourgeoisie. They will be bankers, landlords, owners
of large factories, large merchants. They took over a lot of land
from the ruined Church and nobility, becoming landlords.
Examples of important families in the 19th century were the
Rothschilds (Bankers and traders), the Krupp (steel magnates),
the Thyssen or Péreire.
The middle bourgeoisie. They were professionals (lawyers,
engineers, doctors…), traders, officials, rich landowners, etc.
The petty bourgeoisie. They were well-off peasants,
shopkeepers, employees.
10.
11. No matter the nature of the political
regime, the middle classes enjoyed
considerable political, social, & economic
power by the end of the 19th century
The middle classes no longer were a
revolutionary class
16. It includes the working class (clase obrera) who worked in the
factories, in exchange for a salary.
Characteristics:
They lived in the cities, where industries were located.
Suffered harsh working conditions (long working hours -of
about 14 hours-, low wages ...).
Poor hygiene, lack of health insurance or unemployment or
retirement.
It included both workers in industries such as in the service sector
(domestic, street vendors, etc.)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Concentration of thousands of
workers in factories.
Workers aware of their
situation:
Working conditions.
Living conditions.
Political participation.
Workers try to improve their working and living
conditions through collective actios
New ideas.
25. The capitalist and industrialized
19th
century economy confirms
the existence of two social
classes: the working class, lack
of the means of production and
forced to sell their labor, and
the bourgeois, who owns the
means of production and
inclined to increase their
benefits at the expense of low
wages and bad working
conditions of the working.
26. The labor movement emerged from this
inequality. The first mass movements of
modern character were born in England.
They began in episodes like the destruction
of machines and setting fire to factories
(Luddism).
They blamed
machinery for the low
salaries and
unemployment.
27. The mutual aid societies
(Sociedad de Socorros
Mutuos) were workers
associations in which they
put a little amount of
money per month to cover
expenses and provide
mutual aid in case of
illness, unemployment,
widows, orphans…
29. Until 1820s workers weren’t allowed to form
associations to defend their interests.
First recognised organizations appeared in
England in 1824.
In 1834 the Great Trade Union was founded, a
union formed by workers of various trade
(above all, textil industry).
30. The purpose of the unions was to improve working
conditions. Their initial demands included:
The defence of the right to form unions.
The reduction of working hours.
Wage improvements.
Child labour regulation.
Creation of unemployment, sickness and old age insurance.
Main instrument of pressure: strike.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. A mid-nineteenth century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels denounced
the exploitation of the working class and advocated the need for a
workers' revolution to destroy capitalism.
Through the revolution, the proletariat would conquer the political
power (the dictatorship of the proletariat) and create a workers' state
to socialize the property (collectivisation).
From the late 19th
century, Marxists proposed the creation of socialist
workers' parties. Their goal was the realization of the proletarian
revolution, intervention in political life through participation in
elections and entering parliaments.
37. La economía determina la historia, que
avanza por el enfrentamiento entre
trabajadores y ricos.
Los obreros deben tomar conciencia de clase.
En el capitalismo hay dos clases enfrentadas:
burgueses y proletarios.
Los burgueses buscan beneficio y
enriquecimiento a costa de los trabajadores.
El marxismo busca la creación de un Estado
obrero (dictadura del proletariado), en el que
se colectivicen los medios de producción.
38. "Los filósofos no han hecho más que interpretar
de diversos modos el mundo, pero de lo que
se trata es de transformarlo".
Karl Marx
En 1848, Marx y Engels publican el Manifiesto Comunista,
con las ideas del marxismo.
39.
40.
41.
42. Anarchism had three basic principles:
the exaltation of individual freedom and social solidarity.
the criticism of private property and defending forms of
collective ownership.
The rejection of authority, especially the State.
Its theoretical were Bakunin, Proudhon and
Kropotkin.
They defended the revolutionary action of workers
or peasants to destroy the state, even violently.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47. Marxists and anarchists advocated the need to unite the
working class to fight capitalism.
In 1864, the International Workers’ Association – First
International (AIT, en español; Primera Internacional) was
created , which united marxists, anarchists and trade
unionists.
The First International was dissolved in 1876 due to the
differences that arose between marxists and anarchists.
48.
49. In 1889, socialist leaders (just marxists ideas, not the
anarchists) founded the Second International or
International Socialist in Paris.
Its purpose was to coordinate the programs and actions of
the varios socialist parties.
The Second International demanded the 3 eights:
8 hours to work
8 hours to leisure
8 hours to sleep
50. During the Second International they created some of the
symbols for the workers: First of May as a holy day for all the
workers in the world; or the International as their anthem.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. Arriba, parias de la Tierra.
En pie, famélica legión.
Atruena la razón en marcha,
es el fin de la opresión.
Del pasado hay que hacer añicos,
legión esclava en pie a vencer,
el mundo va a cambiar de base,
los nada de hoy todo han de ser.
Agrupémonos todos,
en la lucha final.
El género humano
es la internacional.
Ni en dioses, reyes ni tribunos,
está el supremo salvador.
Nosotros mismos realicemos
el esfuerzo redentor.
Para hacer que el tirano caiga
y el mundo siervo liberar,
soplemos la potente fragua
que el hombre libre ha de forjar.