The Industrial Revolution began in England due to natural resources like coal and iron, new technologies like the steam engine, and a growing population. Key inventions like James Watt's improved steam engine and Bessemer's steel production process drove technological advancement and industrialization. The Industrial Revolution transformed societies through urbanization, new methods of production, and shifts in social structures, though it also brought problems like unsafe working conditions and child labor.

1. The Industrial Revolution From England to North America to the World

2. The First Industrial Nation

3. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin In England? Natural resources such as coal, iron ore, and developed farmlands New technologies such as the steam engine and textile machines Population growth due to previous agricultural boom Business class risked their capital to start new ventures.

4. The Enclosure Movement

7. Cottage System VS. Factory System

8. Mostly female workers manning the machines at a factory producing stockings

9. Technological Advancements

10. Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

11. James Watt’s Steam Engine Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer Improved upon Newcomen steam engine by using condenser Key power source of the Industrial Revolution

13. Bessemer’s Smelting Process Bessemer Process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel Removed impurities from the iron by blowing air through it Allowed the manufacture of bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and large ships

15. Interchangeable parts

16. The Wizard of Menlo Park Thomas Edison-American Inventor, Scientist, and Businessman Invented the Phonograph, motion picture camera, and the long-lasting practical electric lightbulb

18. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Created in 1793 Separated Cotton Fibers from seeds Caused massive growth of production of cotton, exports to Britain, and Demand for U.S. Slavery

19. The Spinning Jenny Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 Produced several threads at the same time Were Later Powered by Water, and then Steam Engine

20. John Kay’s Flying Shuttle “ a speed which cannot be imagined, so great that the shuttle can only be seen like a tiny cloud which disappears the same instant.” A wheeled shuttle that greatly accelerated weaving by passing thread between warps very quickly

21. Advancements in Science and Medicine

22. Louis Pasteur and Germ Theory French chemist and microbiologist, known as one of the fathers of microbiology Supported the germ theory theory of disease Invented a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness

23. The Great and Terrible Scourge Erupted in epidemics every 10 years in densely populated areas Edward Jenner developed vaccine Used samples of cowpox disease from women who had worked with cows

24. The Transportation Revolution

25. Stephenson’s “Rocket”

27. Robert Fulton’s Steamship

28. “ Any color-so long as it’s black.” Henry Ford-American Industrialist Used the assembly line technique of mass production Revolutionized transportation

29. The Wright Brothers

30. Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

32. An English Mill Town

33. Urbanization mass migration of people from rural areas to cities Rapid growth of cities due to industrial demand of workers

34. Blessing or Curse? The Standard of living increased overall for most people But a new way of living brought new problems

41. Child Labor and Unsafe Work Conditions

43. Newsies

44. Miners

45. A Culture of domesticity

46. Women’s Roles and Suffrage Women begin to take jobs in factories performing manual labor and skilled crafts Women are always paid less than men and not much more than children Women begin to organize for equal rights and suffrage

49. The Opposition to Women

51. Capitalism and Market Competition

52. Labor Unions

53. New Ways of Thinking

54. “ Survival of the Fittest”

55. Questions to think about... What are some of the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution? How did the standard of living increase and decrease during the Industrial Revolution? What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of philosophers like Smith, Marx, Owen, Bentham? How do we still benefit today from inventions from the Industrial Revolution?