1. The document discusses the industrialization of Europe, Britain, Latin America, the United States, and Russia in the 19th century. 2. It explains that Britain industrialized first due to factors like colonies, urbanization, entrepreneurial aristocrats, and natural resources like water power from coal and iron deposits. 3. Industrialization led to new social classes and problems in Britain like poor working conditions, urban poverty, and social protest movements including trade unions and socialism. 4. While Latin America exported resources, it did not fully industrialize and remained dependent on foreign capital and imports. The U.S. industrialized rapidly due to business support and a culture of mass consumption. 5.

2. I. Explaining the Industrial
Revolution
A. Why Europe?
1. Technology, science, and economics
elsewhere
* China, India, Islamic world!
2. Competition within Europe
* Constant state support for innovation and
invention
3. State-merchant alliances
* Developed due to state’s ability to tax
merchants in return gave state support,
monopoly power, and military assistance

3. I. Explaining the Industrial
Revolution
A. Why Europe?
4. Competition with Asian imports
* Caused Europeans to experiment with labor
and cost-saving devices to compete
economically
5. The American windfall: silver, sugar, slaves,
and more
* it all came to Europe
Europe was not predestined to revolutionize
first…they just got lucky!!!

4. I. Explaining the Industrial Revolution
B. Why Britain?
1. Colonies: new foods, new profits, new resources
2. Enclosure movement
3. Urban merchants thrived
4. Entrepreneurial aristocrats – capitalism!
5. Religiously tolerant: accepting of refugees
6. Political stability – no wars, rule of law was stable
7. Practical, not theoretical, science – more
engineering focus
8. Lucky geography – water, water, water…coal,
iron, island nation away from the instability of
mainland Europe

5. “Enclosed” Lands Today

6. Mine & Forge [1840-
1880]
• More powerful than water is coal.
• More powerful than wood is iron.
• Innovations make steel feasible.
 “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
 “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
 Bessemer process [1856] – strong,
flexible steel.

7. Coalfields & Industrial
Areas

8. Young Coal Miners

9. Child Labor in the Mines
Child
“hurriers”

10. II. The First Industrial Society
A. The British Aristocracy
1. Landowners remained wealthy
2. Overall decline in class power – challenged
by new wealth of industrialists, bankers,
entrepreneurs

12. 19c Bourgeoisie:
The Industrial Nouveau Riche

13. Stereotype of the Factory
Owner

15. II. The First Industrial Society
B. The Middle Classes
1. Classical Liberalism – belief in small government,
education, and law guaranteed by constitution
2. Samuel Smiles, Self-Help
* most famous example, stressed hard work and
self-reliance
3. Women: paragons of “respectability”
* show not work and should concern themselves
with domestic sphere
* expected to work a few years before marrying
4. The lower middle class –clerks, salespeople,
teacher, etc…desk jobs did not pay well, but was
above the “laboring classes”

16. II. The First Industrial Society
C. The Laboring Classes
1. 70 percent of Britain – in factories, mines, farms
* suffered the most, gained the least
2. Rapid urbanization
* poor city planning
* poor conditions: cramped, dirty
3. New working conditions
* long hours, few breaks, LOW pay, dark, cold,
dirty
4. Women and girls in the factory
* preferred because seen as less challenging to
authority

19. Industrial Staffordshire

20. Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858

21. The New Industrial City

22. Worker Housing in Manchester

23. Factory Workers at Home

24. The Life of the New Urban
Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

25. Private Charities: Soup
Kitchens

26. Private Charities:
The “Lady Bountifuls”

27. Factory Production
• Concentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].
• Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].
• Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more
than skilled labor.
• Only 10% of English industry in
1850.

28. Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

29. The Factory System
 Rigid schedule.
 12-14 hour day.
 Dangerous conditions.
 Mind-numbing monotony.

30. Textile Factory
Workers in England

31. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

32. II. The First Industrial Society
D. Social Protest
1. Trade unions, 1824: to protect and fight for
laborers
2. Robert Owen (1771–1858)
* Created model community in New Lanark,
Scotland
* Decent, spacious housing, higher wages,
education for all kids
3. Karl Marx’s (1818–1883) “scientific socialism”
* Merged French Revolution ideas with scientific
analysis of history
* Claimed capitalism was unstable, lead to
collapse

34. The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
 People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals.
 Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
 Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

35. II. The First Industrial Society
D. Social Protest
4. Labor Party and 1910–1913 strikes
5. British reform (and nationalism), not
revolution or radical
6. Competition and decline
* due to early industrialization they had many
aging and rusty, old machines and could not keep
up with the advanced factories in the U.S. and
mainland

36. II. The First Industrial Society
E. Europeans in Motion
1. Migration to cities and other continents
* due to opportunities…or promise of
2. Settler colonies
3. “White” Europeans in Latin America
* Gave superior social status to Europeans
4. Opportunities and diversity in the United
States
* 30 million immigrants between 1820-1930
5. Russians and Ukrainians to Siberia
* After serf emancipation in 1861, 10 million
migrated to Serbia for land, freedom, and

38. III. The Industrial Revolution and
Latin America in the Nineteenth
Century
A. After Independence in Latin America
1. Turbulent international and domestic politics
* Conservative vs. progressive forces
2. Caudillos: military leaders with political
power; authoritarian leaders.
3. Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901)
* civil war/revolt of indigenous to ride the
European and mixed-race settlers

39. III. The Industrial Revolution and
Latin America in the Nineteenth
Century
B. Facing the World Economy
1. Steam ships and telegrams
* brought some industrialization into Latin America,
although it did not formally industrialize at this time
2. Exports to the industrializing world
* metal: silver, copper, tin
* food products: beef, coffee, bananas
* other: rubber, bird guano
3. Imported industrial goods from U.S and Europe
4. Foreign capital investment
* grew railways and mines, but lost control of
economy

41. III. The Industrial Revolution and
Latin America in the Nineteenth
Century
C. Becoming like Europe?
1. A Eurocentric elite – imitation
2. Urbanization – led to new, modern cities
(Buenos Aires)
3. Solicitation of European immigrants – to make
population more “white”
4. Few saw economic benefits from exports
5. Growth of unions and strikes provokes
repression
* more brutal than in Europe

43. III. The Industrial Revolution and
Latin America in the Nineteenth
Century
C. Becoming like Europe?
6. Rural poverty – most of the population
7. Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
* 1 million dead
* Led to 1917 constitution
* No real impact outside of Mexico
8. “Dependent Development” and “Banana Republics”
9. American intervention – to protect its economic and
political interests; military intervention: Cuba, Haiti,
Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama,
Puerto Rico

44. IV. Variations on a Theme:
Industrialization in the United
States and Russia
A. The United States: Industrialization without
Socialism
1. Explosive growth – became #1
2. Pro-business legislation – government
support
* land grants, low taxes, tolerance of
monopolies

45. IV. Variations on a Theme:
Industrialization in the United
States and Russia
3. Mass production for a mass market
* Assembly lines, catalogs, department
stores...”culture of consumption”
4. Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller as
cultural heroes
5. Difficult working and living conditions

47. IV. Variations on a Theme:
Industrialization in the United
States and Russia
6. Strikes and class conflict but weak political
organization (unlike in Europe – socialism)
7. Conservative unions, racial politics, and high
standards of living = weak labor movement
8. Populists and Progressives but few Socialists
* Populists: small farmers who rallied against
banks, industrialists, financial system
* Progressives: sought working, living, and
sanitation conditions reform

48. IV. Variations on a Theme:
Industrialization in the United
States and Russia
B. Russia: Industrialization and Revolution
1. A complete opposite of the United States of
America
2. State-sponsored change, not from the bottom
up…led to open hostility against popular
movements
3. Rapid industrialization produces social
conflicts
* based on railways and heavy industry from
foreign investments

50. IV. Variations on a Theme:
Industrialization in the United
States and Russia
B. Russia: Industrialization and Revolution
5. Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party
* sought to use Marxism to change society
6. 1905: Revolution, repression, and reluctant
reforms
7. Growth of revolutionary parties
* due to dissatisfaction with the government
and society within Russia
8. 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks