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The
Industrial
Revolution
(Part 1)
Factory Acts
What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• It was a dramatic change in the world in
the way that products were
manufactured. It went from
“manufacturing” (making by hand) one
at a time to the mass production of
goods by machines (hence the name the
Age of Machines).
What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• It began in Britain in the 1700s and was
at full steam by 1769 (when James Watt
developed an effective steam engine).
What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• The Industrial Revolution then spread to
other parts of Europe, North America,
and the rest of the world.
What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• Some parts of the world have not yet
experienced the Industrial Revolution
fully and are still basically agrarian
societies where people are subsistence
farmers
• Examples: parts of Africa, Asia, and the
Americas.
The Industrial Revolution
From:
• few people
making things
• making things
at home
• making things
by hand
• selling to
neighbours
To:
• many people
making things
• making things in
factories
• using machines
to make things
• selling country-
or world-wide
What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
a. Labour Supply – a country needs
cheap, abundant labour
b. Food – adequate amounts of food for
that labour supply
What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
c. Capital (money) – lots of money is
needed to build factories, buy
machines and pay workers.
Usually this money is
obtained through
(unfair) trade.
Build
Factories
Buy
Machines
Pay
Workers
What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
d. Raw Materials – materials are needed
to build machines and products
cheaply. The two biggest needs are
iron and coal. Other materials such as
cotton, wool, wood, other metals, etc.
are all beneficial.
What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
e. Markets –
enough people
who need to
buy products.
These people
usually lived in
large cities,
working in
factories, or in
colonies.
Overseas
Europe
Britain
Local
What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
f. A laissez-faire capitalist government??
Capitalism
• Capitalism:
• an economic system in which most things are
owned by individuals or companies rather
than by the government. Free market supply
and demand determines price and production
of goods.
Laissez-faire government
• Laissez-faire is a French term that means “let
do / leave it be”
• It is an economic policy in which a
government does very little to regulate
business. Minimal government interference
is supposed to make the economy more
prosperous.
• However, it also has many
potential hazardous effects.
Where can it get these things?
What usually happens before an
I.R.?
a. Agricultural Revolution – provided food
and a labour supply.
b. Colonization – provided the mother
country with raw materials, capital, and
a market without benefiting the colony.
Recall the Results of the
Agricultural Revolution
1. Agricultural production increased
2. More food allowed for more population
3. Large farms with advanced methods pushed
small farms and farmers out of business.
4. Many farmers moved to the cities. The
population of cities increased rapidly.
5. Unemployed farmers took jobs in factories
and mines.
Major Areas of Change During
the Industrial Revolution
1. Textile Manufacturing
2. Steam Power
3. Mining
4. Factory production system
5. Transportation
6. Society
1. Manufacturing Textiles
• Prior to the Industrial
Revolution, most cloth
and clothing was made
in homes.
• Women made things by
hand or used very
simple machines.
Manufacturing Textiles
• Clothing had
traditionally been made
in homes.
• At first, when new
machines were
invented, they were
brought into the homes
and used there.
• This was called Cottage
Industry.
Manufacturing Textiles
• A series of
inventions took
textile production
out of the home
into the factory.
• The machines
became too big
and too costly to
have in a home.
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
Spinning Mule
The Power Loom
Manufacturing Textiles
• Now machines did most of the work and
women and children made sure the
machines were running correctly.
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
• Total production of textiles skyrocketed.
2. Finding power for machines.
• Before the Industrial Revolution power came
from horses, oxen, or humans, or perhaps
from windmills or watermills.
Diagram
of a
Watermill
Invention of the Steam Engine
• The machines of the Industrial Revolution
needed much more power.
• This led to the invention of the steam
engine (by James Watt).
Steam Tractor
3. Changes in Mining
• The use of steam engines and large
machines in factories depended on two
major things:
Coal (to power the steam engine)
Iron (to build the machines)
• As a result, there was a major increase
in mining.
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
British Pig Iron Production
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
• Innovations such as the Bessemer
process make it possible to use steel
instead of iron.
4. Factory Production
• Once businessmen had access to coal and
steel, they worked to create factories.
• Factories concentrated production in one
place [near materials].
4. Factory Production
• Factories were located near sources of coal
and iron rather than labour or markets.
• Factories required a lot of capital
investment. Money was required to buy
the factory, and the machines, and to pay
the workers.
• Nevertheless, it was worthwhile to create
factories (especially if you didn’t pay the
workers very much).
The Factory System
• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.
5. Transportation
• Now there was a much larger quantity
of products being produced.
• Carts and horses on muddy roads were
inadequate.
• Methods of transportation had to
change to help get the products to
market quickly.
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest
Transportation
Infrastructure
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Steamships
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The
Industrial
Revolution
(Part 2)
Impact
On
Society
6. Impact on Society
• As a result of the Industrial Revolution
the rich businessmen became richer.
These “bourgeoisie” lived in a fair
degree of luxury.
19c Bourgeoisie:
The Industrial Nouveau Riche
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace:
British Ingenuity on Display
Some People Criticized the
New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
6. Impact on Society
• The poor workers who created the
wealth did not have it so good.
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Factory Wages
in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
Typical Industrial Town
Cities became the Centres
Of the Industrial Revolution
The New Industrial City
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
The Life of the New Urban Poor:
A Dickensian Nightmare!
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labour in the Factories
Protestors
and
Reformers
Private Charities
The Luddites: 1811-1816
• Luddites attacked machines to try to
hurt the factory owners.
British
Soldiers
Fire on
British
Workers:
Let us die like
men, and not
be sold like
slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
The Socialists
• Socialists believed that people as a society
should operate and own the means of
production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected
few.
The Socialists: Utopians
• Utopians tried to
build isolated
perfect
communities
[utopias].
The Socialists: Marxists
• Marxists/Communists tried to overthrow the
capitalists and change entire societies.
Government Response
• Workers’ unions, reformers, and politicians
with consciences worked for better laws.
• They successfully changed many
Government Policies
 Abolition of slavery
 Factory Acts
 Child labour eliminated
 Relief for the poor
 Reform of voting
Industrialization
Expands
To
Other Countries
By 1850:
Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
• Northeast France.
• Belgium.
• The Netherlands.
• German States.
• Northern Italy
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Industrialization
in the United States
• The I.R. began later in the U.S., not really
gaining steam until the 1860s, after the Civil
War.
• Factories and Railways were built all
over the U.S., making it an industrial
power.
Major Immigration
to the U.S.
Share in World
Manufacturing Output:
1750-1900
End of the 19th Century:
New Inventions
End of the 19th Century:
New Inventions
End of the 19th Century:
New Inventions
End of the 19th Century:
New Inventions
Positive Overall Effects
• Development of industries –
textiles, mining, machine building.
• Development of several countries –
transportation, communication, employ
ment.
• Inventions – led to new standards of
living.
• Progress??
Negative Overall Effects
• Need for immigration for many people
to try to improve life.
• Unfair labour practices benefited the
rich and harmed the poor – child labour,
female labour at reduced pay.
• Pollution and rapacious devouring of
resources.
• Further colonization and exploitation.

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Industrial revolution part 1

  • 3. What was the Industrial Revolution? • It was a dramatic change in the world in the way that products were manufactured. It went from “manufacturing” (making by hand) one at a time to the mass production of goods by machines (hence the name the Age of Machines).
  • 4. What was the Industrial Revolution? • It began in Britain in the 1700s and was at full steam by 1769 (when James Watt developed an effective steam engine).
  • 5. What was the Industrial Revolution? • The Industrial Revolution then spread to other parts of Europe, North America, and the rest of the world.
  • 6. What was the Industrial Revolution? • Some parts of the world have not yet experienced the Industrial Revolution fully and are still basically agrarian societies where people are subsistence farmers • Examples: parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
  • 7. The Industrial Revolution From: • few people making things • making things at home • making things by hand • selling to neighbours To: • many people making things • making things in factories • using machines to make things • selling country- or world-wide
  • 8.
  • 9. What does a country need for an Industrial Revolution to happen? a. Labour Supply – a country needs cheap, abundant labour b. Food – adequate amounts of food for that labour supply
  • 10. What does a country need for an Industrial Revolution to happen? c. Capital (money) – lots of money is needed to build factories, buy machines and pay workers. Usually this money is obtained through (unfair) trade. Build Factories Buy Machines Pay Workers
  • 11. What does a country need for an Industrial Revolution to happen? d. Raw Materials – materials are needed to build machines and products cheaply. The two biggest needs are iron and coal. Other materials such as cotton, wool, wood, other metals, etc. are all beneficial.
  • 12. What does a country need for an Industrial Revolution to happen? e. Markets – enough people who need to buy products. These people usually lived in large cities, working in factories, or in colonies. Overseas Europe Britain Local
  • 13. What does a country need for an Industrial Revolution to happen? f. A laissez-faire capitalist government??
  • 14. Capitalism • Capitalism: • an economic system in which most things are owned by individuals or companies rather than by the government. Free market supply and demand determines price and production of goods.
  • 15. Laissez-faire government • Laissez-faire is a French term that means “let do / leave it be” • It is an economic policy in which a government does very little to regulate business. Minimal government interference is supposed to make the economy more prosperous. • However, it also has many potential hazardous effects.
  • 16. Where can it get these things? What usually happens before an I.R.? a. Agricultural Revolution – provided food and a labour supply. b. Colonization – provided the mother country with raw materials, capital, and a market without benefiting the colony.
  • 17. Recall the Results of the Agricultural Revolution 1. Agricultural production increased 2. More food allowed for more population 3. Large farms with advanced methods pushed small farms and farmers out of business. 4. Many farmers moved to the cities. The population of cities increased rapidly. 5. Unemployed farmers took jobs in factories and mines.
  • 18. Major Areas of Change During the Industrial Revolution 1. Textile Manufacturing 2. Steam Power 3. Mining 4. Factory production system 5. Transportation 6. Society
  • 19. 1. Manufacturing Textiles • Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most cloth and clothing was made in homes. • Women made things by hand or used very simple machines.
  • 20. Manufacturing Textiles • Clothing had traditionally been made in homes. • At first, when new machines were invented, they were brought into the homes and used there. • This was called Cottage Industry.
  • 21. Manufacturing Textiles • A series of inventions took textile production out of the home into the factory. • The machines became too big and too costly to have in a home.
  • 25. Manufacturing Textiles • Now machines did most of the work and women and children made sure the machines were running correctly.
  • 27. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers • Total production of textiles skyrocketed.
  • 28. 2. Finding power for machines. • Before the Industrial Revolution power came from horses, oxen, or humans, or perhaps from windmills or watermills.
  • 30. Invention of the Steam Engine • The machines of the Industrial Revolution needed much more power. • This led to the invention of the steam engine (by James Watt).
  • 32. 3. Changes in Mining • The use of steam engines and large machines in factories depended on two major things: Coal (to power the steam engine) Iron (to build the machines) • As a result, there was a major increase in mining.
  • 33. 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
  • 35. British Pig Iron Production
  • 36. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] • Innovations such as the Bessemer process make it possible to use steel instead of iron.
  • 37. 4. Factory Production • Once businessmen had access to coal and steel, they worked to create factories. • Factories concentrated production in one place [near materials].
  • 38. 4. Factory Production • Factories were located near sources of coal and iron rather than labour or markets. • Factories required a lot of capital investment. Money was required to buy the factory, and the machines, and to pay the workers. • Nevertheless, it was worthwhile to create factories (especially if you didn’t pay the workers very much).
  • 39. The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.
  • 40. 5. Transportation • Now there was a much larger quantity of products being produced. • Carts and horses on muddy roads were inadequate. • Methods of transportation had to change to help get the products to market quickly.
  • 44. An Early Steam Locomotive
  • 46. The Impact of the Railroad
  • 47.
  • 50. 6. Impact on Society • As a result of the Industrial Revolution the rich businessmen became richer. These “bourgeoisie” lived in a fair degree of luxury.
  • 52. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
  • 55. Some People Criticized the New Bourgeoisie
  • 56. Stereotype of the Factory Owner
  • 57. 6. Impact on Society • The poor workers who created the wealth did not have it so good.
  • 59. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
  • 61. Cities became the Centres Of the Industrial Revolution
  • 63.
  • 64. Problems of Pollution The Silent Highwayman - 1858
  • 65. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!
  • 66. Child Labor in the Mines
  • 67. Child Labour in the Factories
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 72. The Luddites: 1811-1816 • Luddites attacked machines to try to hurt the factory owners.
  • 73. British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819
  • 74. The Socialists • Socialists believed that people as a society should operate and own the means of production, not individuals. • Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
  • 75. The Socialists: Utopians • Utopians tried to build isolated perfect communities [utopias].
  • 76. The Socialists: Marxists • Marxists/Communists tried to overthrow the capitalists and change entire societies.
  • 77. Government Response • Workers’ unions, reformers, and politicians with consciences worked for better laws. • They successfully changed many Government Policies  Abolition of slavery  Factory Acts  Child labour eliminated  Relief for the poor  Reform of voting
  • 79. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent • Northeast France. • Belgium. • The Netherlands. • German States. • Northern Italy
  • 81. Railroads on the Continent
  • 82. Industrialization in the United States • The I.R. began later in the U.S., not really gaining steam until the 1860s, after the Civil War.
  • 83. • Factories and Railways were built all over the U.S., making it an industrial power.
  • 85. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900
  • 86. End of the 19th Century: New Inventions
  • 87. End of the 19th Century: New Inventions
  • 88. End of the 19th Century: New Inventions
  • 89. End of the 19th Century: New Inventions
  • 90. Positive Overall Effects • Development of industries – textiles, mining, machine building. • Development of several countries – transportation, communication, employ ment. • Inventions – led to new standards of living. • Progress??
  • 91. Negative Overall Effects • Need for immigration for many people to try to improve life. • Unfair labour practices benefited the rich and harmed the poor – child labour, female labour at reduced pay. • Pollution and rapacious devouring of resources. • Further colonization and exploitation.