The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world. It transformed manufacturing from small-scale production done by hand to large-scale production using machines powered by steam engines fueled by coal. This required a reliable source of raw materials, capital, labor, and markets. The Industrial Revolution improved transportation but also led to unsafe working conditions, pollution, and wealth inequality between the new industrialists and the workers. Reforms were eventually implemented to address some of the negative social impacts.

1. The
Industrial
Revolution
(Part 1)

2. Factory Acts

3. What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• It was a dramatic change in the world in
the way that products were
manufactured. It went from
“manufacturing” (making by hand) one
at a time to the mass production of
goods by machines (hence the name the
Age of Machines).

4. What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• It began in Britain in the 1700s and was
at full steam by 1769 (when James Watt
developed an effective steam engine).

5. What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• The Industrial Revolution then spread to
other parts of Europe, North America,
and the rest of the world.

6. What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• Some parts of the world have not yet
experienced the Industrial Revolution
fully and are still basically agrarian
societies where people are subsistence
farmers
• Examples: parts of Africa, Asia, and the
Americas.

7. The Industrial Revolution
From:
• few people
making things
• making things
at home
• making things
by hand
• selling to
neighbours
To:
• many people
making things
• making things in
factories
• using machines
to make things
• selling country-
or world-wide

9. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
a. Labour Supply – a country needs
cheap, abundant labour
b. Food – adequate amounts of food for
that labour supply

10. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
c. Capital (money) – lots of money is
needed to build factories, buy
machines and pay workers.
Usually this money is
obtained through
(unfair) trade.
Build
Factories
Buy
Machines
Pay
Workers

11. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
d. Raw Materials – materials are needed
to build machines and products
cheaply. The two biggest needs are
iron and coal. Other materials such as
cotton, wool, wood, other metals, etc.
are all beneficial.

12. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
e. Markets –
enough people
who need to
buy products.
These people
usually lived in
large cities,
working in
factories, or in
colonies.
Overseas
Europe
Britain
Local

13. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
f. A laissez-faire capitalist government??

14. Capitalism
• Capitalism:
• an economic system in which most things are
owned by individuals or companies rather
than by the government. Free market supply
and demand determines price and production
of goods.

15. Laissez-faire government
• Laissez-faire is a French term that means “let
do / leave it be”
• It is an economic policy in which a
government does very little to regulate
business. Minimal government interference
is supposed to make the economy more
prosperous.
• However, it also has many
potential hazardous effects.

16. Where can it get these things?
What usually happens before an
I.R.?
a. Agricultural Revolution – provided food
and a labour supply.
b. Colonization – provided the mother
country with raw materials, capital, and
a market without benefiting the colony.

17. Recall the Results of the
Agricultural Revolution
1. Agricultural production increased
2. More food allowed for more population
3. Large farms with advanced methods pushed
small farms and farmers out of business.
4. Many farmers moved to the cities. The
population of cities increased rapidly.
5. Unemployed farmers took jobs in factories
and mines.

18. Major Areas of Change During
the Industrial Revolution
1. Textile Manufacturing
2. Steam Power
3. Mining
4. Factory production system
5. Transportation
6. Society

19. 1. Manufacturing Textiles
• Prior to the Industrial
Revolution, most cloth
and clothing was made
in homes.
• Women made things by
hand or used very
simple machines.

20. Manufacturing Textiles
• Clothing had
traditionally been made
in homes.
• At first, when new
machines were
invented, they were
brought into the homes
and used there.
• This was called Cottage
Industry.

21. Manufacturing Textiles
• A series of
inventions took
textile production
out of the home
into the factory.
• The machines
became too big
and too costly to
have in a home.

22. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

23. Spinning Mule

24. The Power Loom

25. Manufacturing Textiles
• Now machines did most of the work and
women and children made sure the
machines were running correctly.

26. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

27. Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
• Total production of textiles skyrocketed.

28. 2. Finding power for machines.
• Before the Industrial Revolution power came
from horses, oxen, or humans, or perhaps
from windmills or watermills.

29. Diagram
of a
Watermill

30. Invention of the Steam Engine
• The machines of the Industrial Revolution
needed much more power.
• This led to the invention of the steam
engine (by James Watt).

31. Steam Tractor

32. 3. Changes in Mining
• The use of steam engines and large
machines in factories depended on two
major things:
Coal (to power the steam engine)
Iron (to build the machines)
• As a result, there was a major increase
in mining.

33. 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914

34. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

35. British Pig Iron Production

36. Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
• Innovations such as the Bessemer
process make it possible to use steel
instead of iron.

37. 4. Factory Production
• Once businessmen had access to coal and
steel, they worked to create factories.
• Factories concentrated production in one
place [near materials].

38. 4. Factory Production
• Factories were located near sources of coal
and iron rather than labour or markets.
• Factories required a lot of capital
investment. Money was required to buy
the factory, and the machines, and to pay
the workers.
• Nevertheless, it was worthwhile to create
factories (especially if you didn’t pay the
workers very much).

39. The Factory System
• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

40. 5. Transportation
• Now there was a much larger quantity
of products being produced.
• Carts and horses on muddy roads were
inadequate.
• Methods of transportation had to
change to help get the products to
market quickly.

41. Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest
Transportation
Infrastructure

42. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

43. Steamships

44. An Early Steam Locomotive

45. Later Locomotives

46. The Impact of the Railroad

48. The
Industrial
Revolution
(Part 2)

49. Impact
On
Society

50. 6. Impact on Society
• As a result of the Industrial Revolution
the rich businessmen became richer.
These “bourgeoisie” lived in a fair
degree of luxury.

51. 19c Bourgeoisie:
The Industrial Nouveau Riche

52. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

53. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

54. Crystal Palace:
British Ingenuity on Display

55. Some People Criticized the
New Bourgeoisie

56. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

57. 6. Impact on Society
• The poor workers who created the
wealth did not have it so good.

58. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

59. Factory Wages
in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

60. Typical Industrial Town

61. Cities became the Centres
Of the Industrial Revolution

62. The New Industrial City

64. Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858

65. The Life of the New Urban Poor:
A Dickensian Nightmare!

66. Child Labor in the Mines

67. Child Labour in the Factories

70. Protestors
and
Reformers

71. Private Charities

72. The Luddites: 1811-1816
• Luddites attacked machines to try to
hurt the factory owners.

73. British
Soldiers
Fire on
British
Workers:
Let us die like
men, and not
be sold like
slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819

74. The Socialists
• Socialists believed that people as a society
should operate and own the means of
production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected
few.

75. The Socialists: Utopians
• Utopians tried to
build isolated
perfect
communities
[utopias].

76. The Socialists: Marxists
• Marxists/Communists tried to overthrow the
capitalists and change entire societies.

77. Government Response
• Workers’ unions, reformers, and politicians
with consciences worked for better laws.
• They successfully changed many
Government Policies
 Abolition of slavery
 Factory Acts
 Child labour eliminated
 Relief for the poor
 Reform of voting

78. Industrialization
Expands
To
Other Countries

79. By 1850:
Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
• Northeast France.
• Belgium.
• The Netherlands.
• German States.
• Northern Italy

80. Industrialization By 1850

81. Railroads on the Continent

82. Industrialization
in the United States
• The I.R. began later in the U.S., not really
gaining steam until the 1860s, after the Civil
War.

83. • Factories and Railways were built all
over the U.S., making it an industrial
power.

84. Major Immigration
to the U.S.

85. Share in World
Manufacturing Output:
1750-1900

86. End of the 19th Century:
New Inventions

87. End of the 19th Century:
New Inventions

88. End of the 19th Century:
New Inventions

89. End of the 19th Century:
New Inventions

90. Positive Overall Effects
• Development of industries –
textiles, mining, machine building.
• Development of several countries –
transportation, communication, employ
ment.
• Inventions – led to new standards of
living.
• Progress??

91. Negative Overall Effects
• Need for immigration for many people
to try to improve life.
• Unfair labour practices benefited the
rich and harmed the poor – child labour,
female labour at reduced pay.
• Pollution and rapacious devouring of
resources.
• Further colonization and exploitation.