Industrialization led to rapid population growth and urbanization in Europe. As cities grew, overcrowding and poor living conditions emerged. Thomas Malthus argued that unchecked population growth would outpace food production. Socialists like Fourier and Owen established early utopian communities to address these issues. Industrialization then spread beyond Europe to countries like Russia and Japan, where governments invested heavily in modernizing infrastructure and developing industries. This globalized the impacts of industrialization.

1. Impacts of
Industrialization
how it changes everything

2. Population Grows

3. Demographics
• Both Fertility and Mortality rates drop
• So people live longer but have fewer
children
• Cost of living increase
• Urbanization rates jump

4. Thomas Malthus
• Writes Essay on the
Principle of Population
• Says that unchecked
population growth will
hold society back by
limiting resources
• Says famine and mass death is
the result
• Advocates moral restraint to
control population.

5. Slums form in cities
• London’s population is 1 million in 1800.
• 2.4 million in 1850, 6.5 million by 1900
• Infrastructure can’t handle it
• open sewers, outbreaks of cholera
• firetrap housing.

6. Migration ensues
• People leave Europe for North America
• 50 million migrate in 19th and 20th
centuries
• Brits to avoid slums, Irish b/c of potato
famine, Jews to avoid persecution
• Also Scandinavians and Germans leave
home

7. baseball starts! (soccer
too...)

8. Gender roles change
• men seen as primary breadwinners, but
women now can work as well
• secondary wage earners, paid less than
men.
• Expected to work, but expected to keep
the home as well.
• no such thing as day care...or health care...

9. Smells like....Socialism
(‘cause it is...Fox News take note...)
• Utopian Socialists: Charles Fourier and Robert
Owen
• oppose the competition of capitalism
• Try to create small scale societies without this to
improve living and working conditions
• New Lanark, Owen’s community: raises wages, cuts workday to 10
hours, provides housing and opens stores that sell at fair prices, provides
free education to all the children.
• But it isn’t financially viable, so communities fold, attempts shift to larger
scope...Marx remakes all of society...

10. Socialism and Reform
• Huge impact on ideas of how to reform
society.
• Reduce property requirements for male
voting (leads to universal suffrage...)
• health care, educational opportunities,
unemployment compensation, retirement
benefits
• Unions form in all industries to advocate
for the above

11. Industrialization beyond
Europe
• Russia is late to the party
• Russia in 1860 has 700 miles of RR track
• by 1900 has 36,000
• Sergei Witte, finance minister, pushes Tsar to
modernize and industrialize
• Oversees Trans-Siberian Railroad. Invites
European capitalists in to build & invest
• Russia develops massive coal, oil and steel and weapons industries

12. Japan plays too
• Government hires foreign experts to build and
instruct
• Government opens schools, builds shipyards,
factories, foundries then sells them to private
investors
• form the Zaibatsu: a trust/company formed
around a single family.
• banking, trade, mining, textiles

13. Global impact
• rural areas provide raw materials
• Urban areas provide industrial
• industry representatives scour the globe
for sources of material and labor
• LA, Africa, SE Asia, India become dependent
on export industry & don’t industrialize
• So wages stay low, domestic industry small