The document discusses how different Christian denominations developed different interpretations of salvation based on the teachings of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Luther developed the notion of justification by faith alone through his interpretation of Romans, while Calvin believed in predestination based on his reading of Revelation. This challenged the Catholic Church's doctrine that salvation is earned through good works and membership in the Church. These differing views on salvation fractured Christian unity and led to the emergence of thousands of denominations worldwide.
Brief History of Christianity: Division of the ChurchHansol Lee
My perspective on the brief history of the Christian Church and its division on the "why" and "how".
Note: when reading, it is recommended you do not use fullscreen as that will hide the notes I have written for it
By Hansol Lee
Turning Point 5: The Coronation of Charlemagne (800)sandiferb
The coronation of Charlemagne markes on the decisive turning points in Church History as a symbol of the beginning of Christendom, a complex society that prevailed in medieval Europe for almost 800 years.
Turning Points, chapter 13, Rise & Spread of Pentecostalismsandiferb
The Rise and Spread of Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement (1906, 1960) is a major turning point in Church History according to Mark Noll, author of "Turning Points".
Brief History of Christianity: Division of the ChurchHansol Lee
My perspective on the brief history of the Christian Church and its division on the "why" and "how".
Note: when reading, it is recommended you do not use fullscreen as that will hide the notes I have written for it
By Hansol Lee
Turning Point 5: The Coronation of Charlemagne (800)sandiferb
The coronation of Charlemagne markes on the decisive turning points in Church History as a symbol of the beginning of Christendom, a complex society that prevailed in medieval Europe for almost 800 years.
Turning Points, chapter 13, Rise & Spread of Pentecostalismsandiferb
The Rise and Spread of Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement (1906, 1960) is a major turning point in Church History according to Mark Noll, author of "Turning Points".
Conversation on the Road to Ethiopia - 2Dave Stewart
The Ethiopian Eunuch’s conversion provides (for this lesson) three very important lessons: the importance of prophecy, understanding the scriptures, baptism. We examine the last two of these in this presentation.
IMHO, you cannot truly understand the history and theology of the modern Catholic Church until you read John O’Malley’s excellent histories, Trent, What Happened at the Council, and What Happened at Vatican II.
Was the Council of Trent a reactionary council? This is a common perception, that the Council of Trent initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation to defend the Catholic Church from the influences of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, and that the Vatican II Council was a rejection of Trent, steering the Catholic Church in a more liberal direction. Father O’Malley’s history leads to a different conclusion, that the actual Council of Trent, as opposed to the later impressions of Trent, is really a progressive council that is a precursor to Vatican II. Indeed, the documents of Vatican II and the subsequent Catholic Catechism both cite the Council of Trent extensively.
The post Reformation polemics are to blame for this misunderstanding of the nature of the Council of Trent. In Father O’Malley’s words, “When Pope Pius IV confirmed the council’s decrees, he forbade the printing of commentaries or notes on them without explicit permission of the Holy See.” The Pope really had no choice, the Catholic Church was besieged, had the Pope not restricted access to the minutes of the Council of Trent, protestants would have taken out of context and distorted the debates to discredit the Church. But this prevented balanced scholarship on Trent for four hundred years, until long after Pope Leo XIII opened the Vatican Archives in 1880.
Please read our blog on the Council of Trent:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/council-of-trent-the-reform-council-foreshadowing-vatican-ii/
Please click on the Amazon links to purchase these books and support our channel:
Trent: What Happened at the Council, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3B748US , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
What Happened at Vatican II Paperback, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3lY5xJb , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
And the Learn25 video lectures:
https://www.learn25.com/product/the-council-of-trent-answering-the-reformation-and-reforming-the-church/
Conversation on the Road to Ethiopia - 2Dave Stewart
The Ethiopian Eunuch’s conversion provides (for this lesson) three very important lessons: the importance of prophecy, understanding the scriptures, baptism. We examine the last two of these in this presentation.
IMHO, you cannot truly understand the history and theology of the modern Catholic Church until you read John O’Malley’s excellent histories, Trent, What Happened at the Council, and What Happened at Vatican II.
Was the Council of Trent a reactionary council? This is a common perception, that the Council of Trent initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation to defend the Catholic Church from the influences of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, and that the Vatican II Council was a rejection of Trent, steering the Catholic Church in a more liberal direction. Father O’Malley’s history leads to a different conclusion, that the actual Council of Trent, as opposed to the later impressions of Trent, is really a progressive council that is a precursor to Vatican II. Indeed, the documents of Vatican II and the subsequent Catholic Catechism both cite the Council of Trent extensively.
The post Reformation polemics are to blame for this misunderstanding of the nature of the Council of Trent. In Father O’Malley’s words, “When Pope Pius IV confirmed the council’s decrees, he forbade the printing of commentaries or notes on them without explicit permission of the Holy See.” The Pope really had no choice, the Catholic Church was besieged, had the Pope not restricted access to the minutes of the Council of Trent, protestants would have taken out of context and distorted the debates to discredit the Church. But this prevented balanced scholarship on Trent for four hundred years, until long after Pope Leo XIII opened the Vatican Archives in 1880.
Please read our blog on the Council of Trent:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/council-of-trent-the-reform-council-foreshadowing-vatican-ii/
Please click on the Amazon links to purchase these books and support our channel:
Trent: What Happened at the Council, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3B748US , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
What Happened at Vatican II Paperback, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3lY5xJb , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
And the Learn25 video lectures:
https://www.learn25.com/product/the-council-of-trent-answering-the-reformation-and-reforming-the-church/
Webinar Presentation: Influencing IT Decisions with SocialLinkedIn
B2B IT buyers are flocking to social networks to help inform purchase decisions and validate information from other sources. In fact, 85% now use social networks for business purposes. As an IT marketer, how do you adapt to this changing digital landscape?
This webinar from February 2013 presented results from a study commissioned by LinkedIn and conducted by Forrester Consulting Group and Research Now.
We also revealed:
• Why and how IT decision makers use social networks
• Which social platforms are most valuable
• How IT marketers like HP have leveraged social to influence decision makers
• Best practices for IT marketers to leverage social in their marketing mix
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
Homily: The Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity Sunday 2024.docxJames Knipper
Countless volumes have been written trying to explain the mystery of three persons in one true God, leaving us to resort to metaphors such as the three-leaf clover to try to comprehend the Divinity. Many of us grew up with the quintessential pyramidal Trinity structure of God at the top and Son and Spirit in opposite corners. But what if we looked at this ‘mystery’ from a different perspective? What if we shifted our language of God as a being towards the concept of God as love? What if we focused more on the relationship within the Trinity versus the persons of the Trinity? What if stopped looking at God as a noun…and instead considered God as a verb? Check it out…
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
Different Roads To Heaven My Paper On Luther, Calvin And Catholic Ideas Behind Salvation
1. Different Roads to Heaven: Luther, Calvin and the Catholic Church on Salvation
The internet is an amazing tool. A quick search online for the number of different
Christian denominations brings a list of literally thousands of websites. Around the world, the
latest estimate puts the number at somewhere between fifty and sixty thousand different versions
of the Christian religion. Yet, in essence, all Christians believe the same general principle: Jesus of
Nazareth, a Roman Jew from the province of Palestine who lived approximately 2000 years ago,
was the son of God made into living flesh. All Christians believe that the said Jesus was the long
awaited and promised messiah or savior, and that he suffered and died so that men could achieve
salvation. Amazingly enough, however, there are still thousands of separate denominations around
the world, many here in the United States. The variations can largely be attributed to different
interpretations of salvation, many of which come directly from the Bible, even if they are
contradictory to each other. It all started in the sixteenth century during the Protestant Reformation
when a number of reformers sought to revolutionize ideas behind salvation and the role the Church
played in the deliverance of Christians. While the Catholic Church continued to rely on the
doctrine of works and the idea of earning salvation, Martin Luther used an interpretation of Paul’s
letter to the Romans to develop the notion of justification by faith and John Calvin came up with
the idea of predestination based on his reading of the book of Revelation.
For the first thousand years of Christianity, there was only one church, generally called the
“Christian” church by historians. The pope, who lived in Rome, held immense power over the
entire population in Europe. Over the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the
church, called “Catholic” after the Great Schism with the Orthodox Church after 1054, flexed its
control over monarchs and the nobility as well. As literacy and education waned during the
medieval period, the Church seemed to be the only one who could understand the scriptures and
2. thus the mind of God. Europe stagnated for centuries. Heretics, those who dared to challenge the
Church’s teachings, were put through the inquisition, a church show trial designed to prune the
Church of its dead branches. Those convicted of heresy, many of whom had been tortured to
extract confessions, often had their souls purified by burning at the stake.
By the high middle ages, the Catholic Church had developed an idea behind salvation that
Christians had to earn their way into heaven. The first and primary part of this notion had to do
with membership in the Catholic Church itself. According to this line of thinking, God himself,
though his son Jesus, had created the Church when he appointed Peter as the first pope. Thus the
Church was apostolic and pure. Anyone who sought salvation outside the Church was
consequently outside God, a line of thinking that held the Church together century after century.
Heretics were also considered to be outside God, which of course led to the excesses of the
inquisition. As the years went on, the papacy also developed a series of acts called sacraments
designed as ways for Christians to show they had faith in Christ. These sacraments of course, had
to be done inside the Church, which in turn led to even more reliance on the papacy for salvation.
As literacy disappeared and the people of Europe became more and more ignorant, other steps on
the road to salvation appeared as well, including the idea of purgatory, the sale of indulgences and
the worship of relics.
Purgatory was first mentioned in Church documents that date to the medieval period. Still
part of church teaching in the modern age, it is supposed to be a place where departed souls await
their place in heaven, a kind of waiting room to see the almighty. Souls in purgatory were to be
cleansed of their sins through the prayers of the faithful still on Earth. They could also be
ransomed from purgatory through indulgences and the worship of relics.
3. According to Church teaching by 1500, indulgences were a way for Christians to purchase
the merits of Christ and the sacraments. In other words, the more money one had, the more sins
would be forgiven. Indulgences could be purchased for loved ones that had passed on or for sins
not yet committed. Thousands, perhaps millions of pounds of gold flowed into Rome and the
Vatican’s imperial banks. Over the years, the pope even came up with special indulgences to help
finance different building projects, the most famous of which was for the building of St. Peter’s
Cathedral in 1517 that brought out the ire of Martin Luther. Also common at the time was
payment by commoners for the opportunity to view relics, holy pieces of bone, wood and other
items of religious significance, another practice which Luther railed against as well.
Martin Luther was a monk from Saxony, a medieval state within the Holy Roman Empire
in today’s modern Germany. Before he attended the seminary and learned the ways of the Church,
Luther attended law school, during which time he learned how to use logical arguments to reason
positions. According to tradition, Luther was caught out in a ferocious storm one night and had a
religious experience when he was almost struck by lightning. He then dedicated his life to God,
left law school and joined the Augustinian order. Luther progressed quickly through the ranks, and
was soon recognized as a scholar, even among other members of the Church, although he himself
often doubted his faith. Eventually, he was sent to Wittenberg and received a PhD in theology,
after which he settled into a professorship in Wittenberg. When Johann Tetzel came through in
1517 selling papal indulgences for the building of St. Peter’s, Luther decided to speak out against
them.
On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote his now famous “95 Theses”, a series of arguments
against indulgences and the excesses of the Catholic Church, and then (according to legend) nailed
them to the Church door in the center of Wittenberg for all to see. Luther’s arguments against
4. indulgences and the doctrine of works centered on his interpretation of St. Paul’s letter to the
Romans from the Bible, and in particular Romans 1:17, in which Paul stated that salvation was
only possible though faith in God. Luther’s take on Paul’s words was that faith was the only
means to salvation, an idea that came to be known as Justification by Faith. Thus indulgences,
sacraments, relics and anything else, including membership in the Church, was unnecessary and
might even impede Christians from acknowledging their faith. Luther accordingly used logical
reasoning and the Bible itself, or at least his interpretation of it, against the Church. His works,
published in German on the new printing presses for all to read, led to an explosion of other
reformers, and set the stage for the Protestant Reformation. In essence, Luther had opened the
door for others to question the Church through different interpretations of scripture. One such
challenge came from John Calvin.
John Calvin was a French lawyer living in Geneva, Switzerland. Calvin was no theologian,
but like all educated Christians he read the Bible. As he struggled to understand the word of God,
Calvin came across a passage in the book of Revelation, the last book of the Christian New
Testament, considered by many then and now to be the final word of God. Revelation 14:1-3
speaks of the end of time, and of 144,000 people to be saved. Calvin interpreted this to be a literal
number of souls that we be redeemed. His thoughts became known simply as predestination.
Under Calvin’s ideas, since God is eternal and all-knowing, he alone knows, and has always
known, who is going to heaven at the end of time. Such thinking relies on the idea that the Bible is
the word of God and therefore must be true, a belief still held today by many denominations of
Christians. If God knows everything, and if 144,000 are to be saved at the end, then Calvin
believed it stood to reason that he knew who the 144,000 were, as though he had made a list in the
beginning of time and the list itself was thus eternal. Calvin believed that his name, of course, was
5. on the list, as did everyone who followed his line of thinking. Calvinist ideas about predestination
spread across Europe, to Scottish Presbyterians and even to the Puritans of colonial New England.
Needless to say, the Catholic Church did not accept such beliefs.
The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century forever shattered Christian unity in
Europe. Luther’s ideas on faith and Calvin’s ideas on predestination spread quickly on the printing
presses of the time and sparked not only a religious revival, but also a new impetus in literacy and
learning. Others began to read the Bible, both in Latin and in the newly printed copies of the
languages of Europe. As they did, different interpretations of God’s word began to emerge, a fact
that continues to this day. Even the Catholic Church itself experienced a reform movement in
response to Luther’s works, although the notions behind salvation remained unchanged. In today’s
world, one can travel throughout the world and see different denominations of Christianity,
hundreds, perhaps thousands, of which can be found all over America. When the nations of
Europe conquered and colonized the globe in the centuries before 1900, Christianity went with
them. Conversion rates were high, sometimes coming at the end of a sword. Yet, all Christians
believe that Jesus of Nazareth, a Roman Jew from Palestine, died 2000 years ago for their sins.
Belief in that principle makes one a Christian. Not believing in Christ as the messiah excludes one
from membership in a Christian Church. One wonders why there are so many versions. In the
beginning there was only one, but arguments over the concept of salvation from Luther, Calvin and
the Papacy fractured the Church in the sixteenth century and perhaps continues to do so today.