what is the consonant cluster
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what is the consonant and what is the consonant cluster and why Arabs learners have problems in learning English
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Syllable structure
This document discusses the components of syllables including the onset, nucleus, and coda. It defines these terms and provides examples of identifying each component in syllables. It also discusses different types of syllables such as open and closed syllables. Finally, it examines initial and final consonant clusters that can occur in syllable onsets and codas.
Syllabe
The document discusses various theories and concepts related to syllables, including:
1) Syllable structure consists of an onset, nucleus and coda. The nucleus is usually a vowel.
2) Sonority theory proposes that syllables correspond to peaks in airflow, with more sonorous segments like vowels forming syllable nuclei.
3) Prominence theory defines syllables as speech units with peaks of prominence from factors like stress, duration and pitch.
4) Chest pulse theory associates syllables with increases in air pressure during speech.
Chapter 7 strong and weak forms
This document discusses strong and weak forms in English pronunciation. It explains that many common English words can be pronounced either with a strong or weak form depending on stress. The strong form is used when a word is stressed or at the end of a phrase, while weak forms are used for unstressed words. Using weak forms is important for fluent English as it is how native speakers naturally speak. The document provides examples of words and their strong and weak forms to illustrate this concept.
Chap.8 the syllable
English Phonetics and Phonology
A practical course
Fourth edition
PETER ROACH
Emeritus Professor of Phonetics
University of Reading
Intonation
This document discusses English phonetics and phonology, specifically intonation. It defines intonation as the variation in pitch when speaking. Intonation serves four main functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discoursal. The attitudinal function uses intonation to express emotions. The accentual function uses stress to emphasize important syllables. The grammatical function uses intonation to recognize syntax and sentence type. The discoursal function uses intonation to signal new vs. given information and indicate expectations. Examples are provided for each function to illustrate how intonation conveys meaning.
Consonant Clusters
This document discusses consonant clusters in English phonology and phonetics. It defines consonant clusters as groups of two or more consonants that can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of words. It provides examples of initial clusters like "string" and categorizes them. It also discusses medial clusters within and between syllables. Finally, it analyzes final clusters of 2-4 consonants and provides production details and more examples.
connected speech
The document discusses features of connected speech in English, including assimilation, reduction, elision, and liaison. Assimilation refers to changes in sounds due to neighboring sounds, such as "this" becoming "thish" before "shop." Reduction involves shortening and weakening sounds like vowels. Elision is the omission of sounds, like the "t" sound in "next week." Liaison is the smooth joining of words, such as the "r" sound being pronounced in "car is" instead of just "car is." These features help English speech flow smoothly and quickly between words.
Consonant clusters
This document contrasts consonant clusters in English and Lebanese Arabic. It defines consonant clusters and discusses their structure and occurrence in each language. English allows initial clusters of up to 3 consonants and final clusters of up to 4 consonants. Lebanese Arabic allows much longer initial clusters of up to 7 consonants. The document analyzes specific cluster patterns and exceptions in both languages. It concludes that the phonotactic rules of one's native language influence how new languages are pronounced.
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Syllable structure
This document discusses the components of syllables including the onset, nucleus, and coda. It defines these terms and provides examples of identifying each component in syllables. It also discusses different types of syllables such as open and closed syllables. Finally, it examines initial and final consonant clusters that can occur in syllable onsets and codas.
Syllabe
The document discusses various theories and concepts related to syllables, including:
1) Syllable structure consists of an onset, nucleus and coda. The nucleus is usually a vowel.
2) Sonority theory proposes that syllables correspond to peaks in airflow, with more sonorous segments like vowels forming syllable nuclei.
3) Prominence theory defines syllables as speech units with peaks of prominence from factors like stress, duration and pitch.
4) Chest pulse theory associates syllables with increases in air pressure during speech.
Chapter 7 strong and weak forms
This document discusses strong and weak forms in English pronunciation. It explains that many common English words can be pronounced either with a strong or weak form depending on stress. The strong form is used when a word is stressed or at the end of a phrase, while weak forms are used for unstressed words. Using weak forms is important for fluent English as it is how native speakers naturally speak. The document provides examples of words and their strong and weak forms to illustrate this concept.
Chap.8 the syllable
English Phonetics and Phonology
A practical course
Fourth edition
PETER ROACH
Emeritus Professor of Phonetics
University of Reading
Intonation
This document discusses English phonetics and phonology, specifically intonation. It defines intonation as the variation in pitch when speaking. Intonation serves four main functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discoursal. The attitudinal function uses intonation to express emotions. The accentual function uses stress to emphasize important syllables. The grammatical function uses intonation to recognize syntax and sentence type. The discoursal function uses intonation to signal new vs. given information and indicate expectations. Examples are provided for each function to illustrate how intonation conveys meaning.
Consonant Clusters
This document discusses consonant clusters in English phonology and phonetics. It defines consonant clusters as groups of two or more consonants that can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of words. It provides examples of initial clusters like "string" and categorizes them. It also discusses medial clusters within and between syllables. Finally, it analyzes final clusters of 2-4 consonants and provides production details and more examples.
connected speech
The document discusses features of connected speech in English, including assimilation, reduction, elision, and liaison. Assimilation refers to changes in sounds due to neighboring sounds, such as "this" becoming "thish" before "shop." Reduction involves shortening and weakening sounds like vowels. Elision is the omission of sounds, like the "t" sound in "next week." Liaison is the smooth joining of words, such as the "r" sound being pronounced in "car is" instead of just "car is." These features help English speech flow smoothly and quickly between words.
Consonant clusters
This document contrasts consonant clusters in English and Lebanese Arabic. It defines consonant clusters and discusses their structure and occurrence in each language. English allows initial clusters of up to 3 consonants and final clusters of up to 4 consonants. Lebanese Arabic allows much longer initial clusters of up to 7 consonants. The document analyzes specific cluster patterns and exceptions in both languages. It concludes that the phonotactic rules of one's native language influence how new languages are pronounced.
Syllable
This document discusses syllables and syllable structure in the English language. Some key points:
- A syllable is the unit between a phoneme and a word and consists of at least one vowel sound.
- Words can be made up of one (monosyllabic), two (disyllabic), or more (polysyllabic) syllables.
- The nucleus of a syllable is obligatorily a vowel sound, while consonant sounds occur before (onset) and/or after (coda) the vowel, making syllables open or closed.
- English allows up to three consonant clusters at the beginning of a syllable and four at the end.
- Some consonant sounds can
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS
This document discusses the classification of English vowels according to four criteria: tongue position, mouth openness, lip shape, and length. It outlines the categories of front, central, and back vowels based on where the highest point of the tongue is placed in the mouth. Vowels are also classified as close, semi-close, semi-open, and open based on the openness of the mouth. Vowels can be rounded or unrounded depending on lip shape. Finally, vowels are either long or short based on length. The document also provides examples of assimilation rules where the final consonant sound of one word changes when followed by another word based on place or manner of articulation.
Syllable
This document provides an overview of syllables, including their nature, structure in English, and principles of syllable division. It defines a syllable phonetically as consisting of an onset, nucleus, and coda. The English syllable structure is described as having optional onsets with one or more consonants and codas with up to four consonants. Principles of maximal onsets and sonority are introduced for dividing syllables between words. Examples demonstrate possible consonant combinations in onsets, codas, and ambisyllabic consonants.
Syllables & Syllable structure
Syllables have three possible parts - an onset, nucleus, and coda. The onset is a consonant or consonant cluster at the start of a syllable. The nucleus forms the core and is usually a vowel or vowel combination. The coda is a consonant or consonant cluster at the end. In the word "cat", [c] is the onset, [a] is the nucleus, and [t] is the coda. The nucleus and any coda together form the rhyme of a syllable. Even in English, consonants like [á1ƒ] can be syllable nuclei.
Aspects Of Connected Speech
1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "betcha".
3) Elision omits sounds like /t/ between consonants or in contractions like "can't". Assimilation changes sounds to match neighboring sounds.
Word stress (phonetics)
This document discusses word stress and sentence stress in English. It explains that in words with more than one syllable, one syllable is more prominent and receives more stress than the others. It provides examples of words and which syllable receives primary and sometimes secondary stress. It also discusses how stress patterns can change meaning, such as in verbs versus nouns. Additionally, it covers how stress works in compounds and sentences, with content words usually receiving more stress than grammatical words. Regular rhythm and intonation are also important aspects of pronunciation.
Sentence stress
The document discusses sentence stress in English. The main points are:
1. Sentence stress refers to emphasizing certain words within a sentence, giving the sentence rhythm.
2. Words in a sentence can be classified as either content words, which carry the main meaning, or structure words, which are less important grammatically. Content words receive stress while structure words are unstressed.
3. The time between stressed content words should remain constant to maintain the rhythm of English speech. Structure words can be said more quickly or slowly to achieve this constant rhythm.
Phonetics and phonology ii aspects of connected speech
The document discusses various aspects of connected speech in English, including elision, assimilation, compression, and linking. It provides examples of how sounds can be reduced, deleted, or influenced by neighboring sounds in fast, casual speech compared to citation forms. Elision involves the deletion of sounds, such as weak vowels between consonants. Assimilation is the influence of neighboring sounds on each other, which can be allophonic within words or phonemic. Compression involves shortening articulation of sounds, such as reducing diphthongs or compressing sequences into single syllables in fast speech.
Allophone presentation
This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
Basic linguistic notions
The document discusses the scope and subject of theoretical grammar. It defines theoretical grammar as the analysis of a language's structures based on linguistic principles and approaches, as opposed to practical grammar which provides rules for usage. It outlines some key linguistic concepts including the difference between language and speech, and the system of relations within a language including paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. It also describes the main levels of linguistic structure from phonology to text.
Types of Morphemes
This document discusses types of morphemes including free morphemes, bound morphemes, and zero morphemes.
Free morphemes can stand alone as words and have meaning on their own. They include lexical morphemes like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Grammatical free morphemes include articles, prepositions and pronouns.
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone and are affixes that attach to free morphemes, changing the word's meaning. Common bound morphemes are prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. Inflectional suffixes do not change a word's grammatical category while derivational suffixes do change the category. Some words have zero
Connected speech and intonation
The document discusses several phonological processes involved in connected speech: vowel reduction, where unstressed vowels are reduced to schwas; consonant assimilation, where consonants become more similar to adjacent sounds; consonant lenition, where consonants are weakened; and elision, where sounds are omitted. These processes help streamline rapid, casual speech for ease of articulation.
Syllabics
I. Syllable
A. Syllable Nucleus
II. Syllabics
A. Structure
1. onset
2. nucleus
3. Coda
B. Syllabic Consonants
Phoneme (2)
This document discusses phonemes, syllables, and syllabification. It begins by defining a phoneme as the smallest unit of sound in speech. There are 44 phonemes in English, represented by letters or letter combinations. A syllable contains at least one phoneme and can be broken into onset, nucleus, and coda. The nucleus is the core vowel sound. Minimal pairs are word pairs that differ by one phoneme, like "fan" and "van". The document also discusses phonological processes like vowel reduction and features of consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Vowels
The information in the presentation comes from Ch 4 in Teaching Pronunciation, 2nd Edition. Made by Jacqueline Trademan
Presentation On Weak Syllables
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines weak syllables as those with reduced vowels, often schwa, and lists common spelling patterns that indicate weak vowels. Strong syllables are stressed and have clearer vowel sounds. The relationship between syllable stress and word forms (strong vs. weak) is also explained, with examples of how stress affects pronunciation and meaning.
Plosives
Plosive sounds in English language prepared by Farhad Ahmad and Sarwan Ayob, students in college of arts, university of Duhok.
Morphology and word formation processes
In English language, words are formed in a various way. These ways are discussed with examples in this slide.
Linguistics hanoi university
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology in the English language. It begins by defining phonetics and phonology, and discussing segmental and suprasegmental features. It then provides charts of the consonant and vowel phonemes in English, including their place and manner of articulation. The document discusses allophones, assimilation, and other connected speech processes. It also addresses syllables, stress, intonation, and other suprasegmental features of English pronunciation. In summary, the document is a reference on the sound system of English, covering its individual speech sounds and rules of pronunciation.
Syllable and syllabification
The document discusses the concept of the syllable in phonology. It defines a syllable as a unit of sound that is larger than a phoneme but smaller than a word. A syllable typically consists of three elements - the onset, nucleus (peak), and coda. The nucleus is obligatory and is usually a vowel or syllabic consonant, while the onset and coda are optional consonant segments. There are also discussions around different theories that attempt to define the syllable, such as theories based on sonority, prominence, or chest pulses during speech. The document also examines issues relating to syllable structure, types (open vs. closed), weight (light vs. heavy), and syllabification in English words.
why students hate school
Bullying, getting up early in the morning, and boring teaching styles and subject materials are some of the reasons students hate school according to the document. Bullying is defined as unwanted aggressive behavior among students that involves real or perceived power imbalances and can include threats, rumors, or physical or verbal attacks. Some students expressed disliking getting up early in winter when it is cold outside. Others felt class time was a waste and that students need more hours of sleep. Boring teaching styles and course materials were also cited as reasons why school is disliked.
بحث عن اللغه الانجليزيه
أهميتها تاريخها الصعوبات التي تواجه الكلاب العرب بتعلم اللغه الانجليزيه وبعض الحلول المقترحه
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Syllable
This document discusses syllables and syllable structure in the English language. Some key points:
- A syllable is the unit between a phoneme and a word and consists of at least one vowel sound.
- Words can be made up of one (monosyllabic), two (disyllabic), or more (polysyllabic) syllables.
- The nucleus of a syllable is obligatorily a vowel sound, while consonant sounds occur before (onset) and/or after (coda) the vowel, making syllables open or closed.
- English allows up to three consonant clusters at the beginning of a syllable and four at the end.
- Some consonant sounds can
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS
This document discusses the classification of English vowels according to four criteria: tongue position, mouth openness, lip shape, and length. It outlines the categories of front, central, and back vowels based on where the highest point of the tongue is placed in the mouth. Vowels are also classified as close, semi-close, semi-open, and open based on the openness of the mouth. Vowels can be rounded or unrounded depending on lip shape. Finally, vowels are either long or short based on length. The document also provides examples of assimilation rules where the final consonant sound of one word changes when followed by another word based on place or manner of articulation.
Syllable
This document provides an overview of syllables, including their nature, structure in English, and principles of syllable division. It defines a syllable phonetically as consisting of an onset, nucleus, and coda. The English syllable structure is described as having optional onsets with one or more consonants and codas with up to four consonants. Principles of maximal onsets and sonority are introduced for dividing syllables between words. Examples demonstrate possible consonant combinations in onsets, codas, and ambisyllabic consonants.
Syllables & Syllable structure
Syllables have three possible parts - an onset, nucleus, and coda. The onset is a consonant or consonant cluster at the start of a syllable. The nucleus forms the core and is usually a vowel or vowel combination. The coda is a consonant or consonant cluster at the end. In the word "cat", [c] is the onset, [a] is the nucleus, and [t] is the coda. The nucleus and any coda together form the rhyme of a syllable. Even in English, consonants like [á1ƒ] can be syllable nuclei.
Aspects Of Connected Speech
1) Weak forms occur when commonly used words like prepositions and conjunctions are unstressed in connected speech. Their vowels shift towards a schwa sound.
2) Yod coalescence is where /j/ assimilates to a preceding /t/ or /d/ sound, like "but you" becoming "betcha".
3) Elision omits sounds like /t/ between consonants or in contractions like "can't". Assimilation changes sounds to match neighboring sounds.
Word stress (phonetics)
This document discusses word stress and sentence stress in English. It explains that in words with more than one syllable, one syllable is more prominent and receives more stress than the others. It provides examples of words and which syllable receives primary and sometimes secondary stress. It also discusses how stress patterns can change meaning, such as in verbs versus nouns. Additionally, it covers how stress works in compounds and sentences, with content words usually receiving more stress than grammatical words. Regular rhythm and intonation are also important aspects of pronunciation.
Sentence stress
The document discusses sentence stress in English. The main points are:
1. Sentence stress refers to emphasizing certain words within a sentence, giving the sentence rhythm.
2. Words in a sentence can be classified as either content words, which carry the main meaning, or structure words, which are less important grammatically. Content words receive stress while structure words are unstressed.
3. The time between stressed content words should remain constant to maintain the rhythm of English speech. Structure words can be said more quickly or slowly to achieve this constant rhythm.
Phonetics and phonology ii aspects of connected speech
The document discusses various aspects of connected speech in English, including elision, assimilation, compression, and linking. It provides examples of how sounds can be reduced, deleted, or influenced by neighboring sounds in fast, casual speech compared to citation forms. Elision involves the deletion of sounds, such as weak vowels between consonants. Assimilation is the influence of neighboring sounds on each other, which can be allophonic within words or phonemic. Compression involves shortening articulation of sounds, such as reducing diphthongs or compressing sequences into single syllables in fast speech.
Allophone presentation
This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
Basic linguistic notions
The document discusses the scope and subject of theoretical grammar. It defines theoretical grammar as the analysis of a language's structures based on linguistic principles and approaches, as opposed to practical grammar which provides rules for usage. It outlines some key linguistic concepts including the difference between language and speech, and the system of relations within a language including paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. It also describes the main levels of linguistic structure from phonology to text.
Types of Morphemes
This document discusses types of morphemes including free morphemes, bound morphemes, and zero morphemes.
Free morphemes can stand alone as words and have meaning on their own. They include lexical morphemes like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Grammatical free morphemes include articles, prepositions and pronouns.
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone and are affixes that attach to free morphemes, changing the word's meaning. Common bound morphemes are prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. Inflectional suffixes do not change a word's grammatical category while derivational suffixes do change the category. Some words have zero
Connected speech and intonation
The document discusses several phonological processes involved in connected speech: vowel reduction, where unstressed vowels are reduced to schwas; consonant assimilation, where consonants become more similar to adjacent sounds; consonant lenition, where consonants are weakened; and elision, where sounds are omitted. These processes help streamline rapid, casual speech for ease of articulation.
Syllabics
I. Syllable
A. Syllable Nucleus
II. Syllabics
A. Structure
1. onset
2. nucleus
3. Coda
B. Syllabic Consonants
Phoneme (2)
This document discusses phonemes, syllables, and syllabification. It begins by defining a phoneme as the smallest unit of sound in speech. There are 44 phonemes in English, represented by letters or letter combinations. A syllable contains at least one phoneme and can be broken into onset, nucleus, and coda. The nucleus is the core vowel sound. Minimal pairs are word pairs that differ by one phoneme, like "fan" and "van". The document also discusses phonological processes like vowel reduction and features of consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Vowels
The information in the presentation comes from Ch 4 in Teaching Pronunciation, 2nd Edition. Made by Jacqueline Trademan
Presentation On Weak Syllables
The document discusses weak and strong syllables in English. It defines weak syllables as those with reduced vowels, often schwa, and lists common spelling patterns that indicate weak vowels. Strong syllables are stressed and have clearer vowel sounds. The relationship between syllable stress and word forms (strong vs. weak) is also explained, with examples of how stress affects pronunciation and meaning.
Plosives
Plosive sounds in English language prepared by Farhad Ahmad and Sarwan Ayob, students in college of arts, university of Duhok.
Morphology and word formation processes
In English language, words are formed in a various way. These ways are discussed with examples in this slide.
Linguistics hanoi university
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology in the English language. It begins by defining phonetics and phonology, and discussing segmental and suprasegmental features. It then provides charts of the consonant and vowel phonemes in English, including their place and manner of articulation. The document discusses allophones, assimilation, and other connected speech processes. It also addresses syllables, stress, intonation, and other suprasegmental features of English pronunciation. In summary, the document is a reference on the sound system of English, covering its individual speech sounds and rules of pronunciation.
Syllable and syllabification
The document discusses the concept of the syllable in phonology. It defines a syllable as a unit of sound that is larger than a phoneme but smaller than a word. A syllable typically consists of three elements - the onset, nucleus (peak), and coda. The nucleus is obligatory and is usually a vowel or syllabic consonant, while the onset and coda are optional consonant segments. There are also discussions around different theories that attempt to define the syllable, such as theories based on sonority, prominence, or chest pulses during speech. The document also examines issues relating to syllable structure, types (open vs. closed), weight (light vs. heavy), and syllabification in English words.
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Phonetics and phonology ii aspects of connected speech
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what is the consonant cluster
- 1. There are no words start with /slp-/ or /srp-/. Why?!?!?!
- 2. Moza AE
- 3. Agenda What is Consonant ? There are some basic internal segmental structure What is consonant cluster? When does it occur? Conclusion References
- 4. Consonant: is a speech sound produced by completely or partly stopping the air being breathed out through the mouth. (Hornby: Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). English consonants are described by the ---- Based on A. Voicing B. Place of articulation C. Manner of Articulation
- 5. There are some basic internal segmental structure 1-The nucleus is the vowel in the middle of a syllable. 2-The onset is the optional sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus. 3-The coda is the optional sound or sounds that sounds occurring after the nucleus. Example : 1- cat 2-Twelfths
- 6. A consonant cluster (CC) is a group of two or more consonant sounds that come before (onset), after (coda), or between (medial) vowels. Also known simply as cluster. Note that clusters are determined based on the sounds, not the letters of the words.
- 7. When does it occur? In English the number of consonants in sequence could be 3 maximum in initial position and up to 4 in the final one and can of course occur in the median position. Initial three-consonant clusters always have the consonant voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ in the first position of the onset, one of the voiceless stops /p, t, k/ in the second, and one of the following liquids in third position /w, y, r, l/.
- 8. Example:
- 9. Concerning the second and third consonants of the cluster, the louder consonant will always be put closer to the nucleus, or vowel of the syllable. Thus we have “splash” /splæʃ/ and “spread” /spred/. However, there are four exceptions to this rule. The sequence of consonants /s + m + j/ occurs only once as an initial consonant in English in the word “smew”;/smju:/ (a diving duck). On the other hand, /spw/, /stw/, and /stl/, never occur.
- 10. Conclusion 1- There are three basic internal segmental structure O,N and C. 2-A consonant cluster is a group of two or more consonant sounds that come before , after , or between (medial) vowels.
- 11. OReferences O https://www.slideshare.net/sukkarif/consonant- clusters?qid=937487da-7b0b-4cf5-beca- 8e2d83d84519&v=&b=&from_search=1 O CÔTÉ . MARIE-HÉLÈNE 2000 .CONSONANT CLUSTER PHONOTACTICS Université de Montréal. O https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-consonant-cluster-cc-1689791