Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico discusses the key concepts of phonology relevant to language teachers, covering phonemes, minimal pairs, and the organization of speech sounds. The document elaborates on phonetic features, phonotactics, syllable structures, and the processes of assimilation and elision in English. It serves as a comprehensive guide to the phonological aspects essential for linguistics education.

1. Jessie Grace Rubrico, PhD
Facilitator

2. SOUND
•Phonetics
•Phonology
STRUCT-URE
•Morphology
•Syntax
MEANING
• Semantics
LINGUISTICS
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

3. PHONETICS
AUDITORY ACOUSTICS
ARTICULATORY
PRODUCTION
ARTICULATION
DIPHTHONGS
VOWELS
CONSONANTS
Height of Tongue Place of Articulation Rounding of Lips
[+/- Voice] Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

4. Phonology
Studies the organization of speech sounds in a language
Phoneme : least unit of meaning
Segment
contrasts speech sounds
Minimal Pair
Minimal Set
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

5. Phoneme : Minimal Pair
contrasting pair /p/ and /m/
pad - mad
pat - mat
pet - met
> substituting one sound changes the meaning of the word
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

6. Minimal Set
words differentiated from one another by changing one phoneme in the same position of the word
feat, fit, fat, fate, fought, foot*
f_t
*(Yule, p46)
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

7. Features – differentiate one speech sound from others
presence of feature [+]
[+ voice]
[+bilabial]
[+stop]
absence of feature
[ - ]
[ - voice]
[-bilabial]
[-stop]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

8. Feature analysis
/t/ - [-voice,
+ alveolar,
+ stop]
/k/ - [- voice,
+ velar,
+ stop]
/t/ and /k/ - share some features – belong to the same natural class of sounds
tend to behave similarly: pl-kl; pr-kr
/v/ - [+ voice, + labiodental, + fricative] – behaves differently: [vl-]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

9. Phones and Allophones
[phone] –
Allophone - different forms/realizations of a phoneme
/t/ > [t] – star;
[th ] – tar (aspiration)
allophones do not change the meaning of the word
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

10. Aspiration in English (O’Grady 2009; p80)
[phæn]; [phejn]; [phowk]; [phæn];[phәrspájr]; [әphɑn]
[thown]; [thәkhila]; [әthæk]
[khәnú]; [khIn]
[sphæn]; [sphejn]; [sphowk]; [sthown]; [skhIn]; [sphlæt]; [slæph]; blɑkh]; [slɑth]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

11. sounds: Phonemes/ Segments
Organization: Phonotactics
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

12. Phonotactics
patterns of sound combinations allowed in a language
constraints operating on units larger than phonemes or segments: syllable
- nucleus : syllable must contain a
vowel/semi-vowel sound
- syllable also has a consonant
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

13. Syllables and clusters (Yule, 2009, p47)
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico , Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

14. Syllable
elements : onset, rhyme (rime)
rhyme: nucleus + coda
vowel + consonant/s
open syllable - onset + nucleus (no coda)
Ex. : me, to, so, no, be
closed syllables - onset + nucleus + coda
Ex. : cup, tap, hat, etc.
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

15. basic structure of English syllables :
-- V, VC, VCC
-- CV, CVC, CCVC, CCCVC
consonant cluster –two or more consonants in the onset and the coda
--onset –CC : stop, spat, black, bread,
throw
--coda –CC : toast, abort
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

16. Larger consonant clusters-
--CCC: strike, stress, splash, etc.
the first consonant is always an /s/
the next consonant must be a
[-voice] [+stop] - /p, t, k/
the third is either a liquid -/l, r/- or a glide /w/
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

17. Assimilation and Elision
Assimilation –one segment copies a feature of its neighboring segment
Ex: segments before nasals are
nasalized
pin – pin, pen, pan
I can go – [aj kæn go] > [ajkәŋgo]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

18. Elision
 Elision – non-articulation of a sound in
a word or phrase > efficient
You and me – [juәnmi] --/d/ omitted
 Friendship – [frenʃIp]
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology

19. References
McGregor, William B. 2009. Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
O'Grady, William D., Archibald, John, [eds.] (2009). Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction, 6th edition. Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
Yule G. 2006. The study of language. Cambridge: CUP.
Dr. Jessie Grace Rubrico, Linguistics for Language Teachers: Phonology/141014